T.C. Memo. 2019-161
UNITED STATES TAX COURT
GROWMARK, INC. & SUBSIDIARIES, Petitioner v. COMMISSIONER OF INTERNAL REVENUE, Respondent
Docket No. 23797-14. Filed December 11, 2019.
George William Benson and Andrew R. Roberson, for petitioner.
Justin D. Scheid, Rogelio A. Villageliu, and Tess deLiefde, for respondent.
MEMORANDUM FINDINGS OF FACT AND OPINION
PARIS, Judge: Respondent issued a notice of deficiency to petitioner
determining deficiencies of $461,696 and $2,958,319 for 2009 and 2010,1
1 Because petitioner’s taxable year begins on September 1 and ends on August 31, the taxable years in issue ran from September 1, 2008, to August 31, 2010. For ease of discussion the Court will refer to the taxable years in issue as (continued...) -2-
[*2] respectively. Petitioner challenged respondent’s adjustments in the notice of
deficiency. Petitioner also asserted in its petition that it is entitled to reduce its
taxable income by $6,938,292 and $7,329,491 for 2009 and 2010, respectively,
arguing that it incorrectly calculated its cost of goods sold (COGS) for each year
using its net excise tax liabilities.2
After concessions,3 the issues for decision are: (1) whether petitioner must
compute its section 199 domestic production activities deduction (DPAD)
separately for patronage and nonpatronage activities, (2) if separate computations
are not required, whether petitioner may use its DPAD to offset any of its taxable
income or must allocate its DPAD between its patronage and nonpatronage
accounts, (3) if allocation is required, the proper method of allocation, and (4)
whether the alcohol fuel and biodiesel mixture credits under section 6426(b) and
1 (...continued) 2009 and 2010. Unless otherwise indicated, all section references are to the Internal Revenue Code in effect at all relevant times, and all Rule references are to the Tax Court’s Rules of Practice and Procedure. 2 The correct calculation of petitioner’s COGS--and its entitlement to reduce its taxable income accordingly--will be addressed in a separate opinion. 3 On November 25, 2015, the parties filed a stipulation of settled issues agreeing to certain adjustments to petitioner’s expenses and income for 2009 and 2010. These settled issues are binding in the parties’ Rule 155 computations. -3-
[*3] (c) reduce excise taxes for purposes of petitioner’s COGS calculation. The
fourth issue will be decided in a separate opinion.
FINDINGS OF FACT
I. Background
Petitioner is an affiliated group of corporations comprising Growmark, Inc.
(Growmark), and multiple subsidiaries. For Federal income tax purposes
petitioner files a consolidated return. When petitioner timely filed its petition, its
principal place of business was in Illinois.
Growmark is an agricultural cooperative that sells fuels, lubricants, plant
nutrients, crop protection products, seed, structures, and equipment. Growmark
also provides grain marketing assistance and other services. Growmark is member
owned, and its members include farmer cooperatives and individual farmers.
Growmark does business with its members and certain nonmembers (collectively,
patrons) on a patronage basis. Patrons are eligible to share in patronage dividends
paid by Growmark. Growmark does business with all other nonmembers
(nonpatrons) on a nonpatronage basis, and nonpatrons are not eligible to share in
patronage dividends.4
4 Sec. 1.1388-1(e), Income Tax Regs., provides that “patron” includes “any person with whom or for whom the cooperative association does business on a (continued...) -4-
[*4] For Federal income tax purposes Growmark is a corporation operating on a
cooperative basis to which part I of subchapter T applies (subchapter T
cooperative). Growmark is a nonexempt subchapter T cooperative and a specified
agricultural or horticultural cooperative within the meaning of section
199(d)(3)(F).
II. Tax Returns
In 2009 and 2010 Growmark operated its business through several
divisions, each of which conducted business on a patronage basis with patrons and
on a nonpatronage basis with nonpatrons. Growmark also had an investment
operations division that it treated as nonpatronage. Growmark conducted other
activities on a nonpatronage basis through wholly owned subsidiaries. The
divisions of Growmark relevant to petitioner’s 2009 and 2010 DPAD
computations were (1) Growmark’s grain division, through which it marketed
grain for its member cooperatives and nonpatrons, and (2) the lubricant business
conducted by the energy department of Growmark’s wholesale supplies division,
which was involved in the procurement, marketing, and distribution of refined and
renewable fuels, lubricants and greases, and other energy products.
4 (...continued) cooperative basis, whether a member or a nonmember of the cooperative association”. -5-
[*5] A. 2009 Return
Growmark, acting as agent for petitioner’s consolidated return group, timely
filed (with an extension) Form 1120-C, U.S. Income Tax Return for Cooperative
Associations, for 2009. Petitioner computed the DPAD for its expanded affiliated
group (EAG),5 which for 2009 included (1) Growmark, (2) Seedway, LLC
(Seedway), a seed company wholly owned by Growmark treated as a disregarded
5 Sec. 199(d)(4) provides a special rule for an EAG’s DPAD computation and the allocation of the EAG’s DPAD among its members:
(4) Special rule for affiliated groups.--
(A) In general.--All members of an expanded affiliated group shall be treated as a single corporation for purposes of this section.
(B) Expanded affiliated group.--For purposes of this section, the term “expanded affiliated group” means an affiliated group as defined in section 1504(a), determined--
(i) by substituting “more than 50 percent” for “at least 80 percent” each place it appears, and
(ii) without regard to paragraphs (2) and (4) of section 1504(b).
(C) Allocation of deduction.--Except as provided in regulations, the deduction under subsection (a) shall be allocated among the members of the expanded affiliated group in proportion to each member’s respective amount (if any) of qualified production activities income. -6-
[*6] entity for Federal income tax purposes that produced and marketed seed and
that operated on a nonpatronage basis, (3) AgVantage FS, Inc. (AgVantage), a
company that marketed and sold farm supplies and grain and that operated on a
nonpatronage basis, and (4) FS Financial Services Corp. (FS Financial), a wholly
owned subsidiary of Growmark that provided insurance brokerage services and
operated on a nonpatronage basis.
In completing its Form 1120-C for 2009 petitioner allocated Growmark’s
domestic production gross receipts (DPGR), see sec. 199(c)(4) (defining
“domestic production gross receipts”), and the wages it reported on Form W-2,
Wage and Tax Statement (W-2 wages), between the patronage and nonpatronage
columns on its Schedule G, Allocation of Patronage and Nonpatronage Income
and Deductions. Growmark did not split its business operations on the basis of
patronage and nonpatronage activities, nor did it dedicate specific assets or
persons to patronage and nonpatronage activities. On Schedule G petitioner
allocated items between the patronage and nonpatronage columns on the basis of
the volume of business done with members. Seedway and AgVantage operated on
a nonpatronage basis for 2009, and petitioner reported their DPGR and W-2 wages
in the nonpatronage column on Schedule G. -7-
[*7] For 2009 Growmark was a member of three different limited liability
companies (LLCs) from which it received distributive shares of qualified
production activities income (QPAI) and W-2 wages. See sec. 199(c)(1) (defining
“qualified production activities income”). For 2009 Growmark held an interest in
each of the following LLCs: (1) Pro-Pet, LLC (Pro-Pet), from which Growmark
purchased pet food that it resold to patrons on a patronage basis and to nonpatrons
on a nonpatronage basis, (2) Allied Seed, LLC (Allied Seed), from which
Growmark purchased seed that it resold to patrons on a patronage basis and to
nonpatrons on a nonpatronage basis, and (3) Mid-America Biofuels, LLC (Mid-
America Biofuels), which produced biofuels for sale to customers. For 2009
neither Growmark nor any other member of petitioner’s EAG purchased biofuel
from Mid-America Biofuels for resale to patrons on a patronage basis. On
Schedule G petitioner allocated Growmark’s distributive shares of QPAI and W-2
wages from Pro-Pet and Allied Seed between the patronage and nonpatronage
columns on the basis of the volume of business conducted with members in each
product line. All of Growmark’s distributive shares of QPAI and W-2 wages from
Mid-America Biofuels were assigned to the nonpatronage column.
For 2009 FS Financial, AgVantage, and New Century FS, Inc. (New
Century), a wholly owned subsidiary of Growmark, held interests in various LLCs -8-
[*8] from which they received distributive shares of QPAI and W-2 wages. On
Schedule G petitioner reported all of those distributive shares in the nonpatronage
column. Additionally, Growmark’s grain division had W-2 wages attributable to
FS Financial’s ownership interests in the LLCs. Petitioner reported those W-2
wages in the nonpatronage column on Schedule G.
For 2009 Growmark made payments to patrons that qualified as per-unit
retain allocations paid in money (PURPIMs) for purposes of sections 1382(b) and
1388. Petitioner reported the payments Growmark made to its patrons in the
patronage column on Schedule G. Additionally, AgVantage received payments
from other cooperatives that qualified as PURPIMs and reported those payments
in the nonpatronage column on Schedule G. In computing its QPAI and taxable
income for purposes of its DPAD computation, petitioner added back the
PURPIMs Growmark paid and subtracted out the PURPIMs AgVantage received.6
In computing its 2009 DPAD petitioner did not separate any amounts as
patronage and nonpatronage. Instead, it performed a single computation
aggregating all amounts from the members of its EAG. Petitioner then allocated
6 See infra pp. 13-14 for a discussion of the mechanics of a specified agricultural or horticultural cooperative’s DPAD computation. -9-
[*9] the total DPAD amount on Schedule G between the patronage and
nonpatronage columns on the basis of QPAI.7
B. 2010 Return
Growmark, acting as agent for petitioner’s consolidated return group, timely
filed (with an extension) Form 1120-C for 2010. Petitioner computed the DPAD
for its EAG, which for 2010 included (1) Growmark, (2) Seedway, which operated
on a nonpatronage basis, (3) the AgVantage grain division of Growmark,8 which
operated on a patronage basis, and (4) FS Financial, which operated on a
nonpatronage basis.
In completing its Form 1120-C for 2010 petitioner allocated Growmark’s
DPGR and W-2 wages between the patronage and nonpatronage columns on its
Schedule G on the basis of the volume of business done with members. For 2010
all of the grain marketed by the AgVantage grain division was marketed for
patrons on a patronage basis, and petitioner reported the AgVantage grain
division’s DPGR and W-2 wages in the patronage column on Schedule G.
7 Solely for purposes of this allocation petitioner separately computed a “patronage QPAI” and a “nonpatronage QPAI”. To compute each QPAI petitioner separated the elements of the DPAD computation into patronage and nonpatronage categories in accordance with the separation it used for Schedule G purposes. 8 At the beginning of petitioner’s taxable year 2010 AgVantage merged into Growmark. - 10 -
[*10] Seedway operated on a nonpatronage basis for 2010, and petitioner reported
its DPGR and W-2 wages in the nonpatronage column on Schedule G.
For 2010 Growmark received distributive shares of QPAI and W-2 wages
from Pro-Pet, Allied Seed, and Mid-America Biofuels. Petitioner allocated
Growmark’s distributive shares of QPAI and W-2 wages from Pro-Pet between the
patronage and nonpatronage columns on Schedule G on the basis of the volume of
business conducted with members through the product line. All of Growmark’s
distributive shares of QPAI and W-2 wages from Allied Seed9 and Mid-America
Biofuels were assigned to the nonpatronage column on Schedule G. Additionally
Growmark’s grain division had W-2 wages attributable to FS Financial’s
ownership interests in the LLCs. Petitioner reported those W-2 wages in the
nonpatronage column on Schedule G.
For 2010 FS Financial, the AgVantage grain division of Growmark, and the
New Century retail division of Growmark held interests in various LLCs from
which they received distributive shares of QPAI and W-2 wages. For 2010
petitioner did not operate on a patronage basis through any of the LLCs in which
FS Financial, the AgVantage grain division, or the New Century retail division
9 For 2010 Growmark sold seed purchased from Allied Seed on a nonpatronage basis. - 11 -
[*11] held an interest. On Schedule G petitioner reported the distributive shares
received by FS Financial, the AgVantage grain division, and the New Century
retail division in the nonpatronage column.
During 2010 Growmark and the AgVantage grain division of Growmark
made payments to patrons that qualified as PURPIMs, and they received payments
from other cooperatives that qualified as PURPIMs. In 2010 an LLC in which FS
Financial held an interest received payments that qualified as PURPIMs. In
computing its QPAI and taxable income for purposes of its DPAD computation,
petitioner added back the PURPIMs Growmark and the AgVantage grain division
paid and subtracted out the PURPIMs they received. Petitioner also subtracted out
its distributive share of the PURPIMs received by the LLC in which FS Financial
held an interest. Petitioner included the PURPIMs Growmark and the AgVantage
grain division paid and received in the patronage column on Schedule G.
Petitioner included its distributive share of the PURPIMs received by the LLC in
which FS Financial held an interest in the nonpatronage column on Schedule G.
In computing its 2010 DPAD petitioner did not separate any amounts as
patronage and nonpatronage. Instead, it performed a single computation
aggregating all amounts from the members of its EAG. Petitioner then allocated - 12 -
[*12] the DPAD between the patronage and nonpatronage columns on Schedule G
on the basis of QPAI.10
During 2010 petitioner received DPAD passed through from other
cooperatives. On Schedule G petitioner did not allocate the passed-through
DPAD between the patronage and nonpatronage columns as it did with the DPAD
it generated. Instead, petitioner assigned the DPAD passed through from each
cooperative to the patronage and nonpatronage columns on the basis of the nature
of the relationship between petitioner and the cooperative.11
OPINION
I. DPAD
Section 199 was added to the Internal Revenue Code by the American Jobs
Creation Act of 2004, Pub. L. No. 108-357, sec. 102(a), 118 Stat. at 1424, to
provide a tax deduction for certain domestic production activities.12 The
10 Solely for purposes of this allocation petitioner separately computed a “patronage QPAI” and a “nonpatronage QPAI”. To compute each QPAI petitioner separated the elements of the DPAD computation into patronage and nonpatronage categories in accordance with the separation it used for Schedule G purposes. 11 For example, Growmark received DPAD from a cooperative from which it obtained fuel for resale to patrons on a patronage basis. Petitioner assigned that passed-through DPAD to the patronage column on Schedule G. 12 The Tax Cuts and Jobs Act of 2017, Pub. L. No. 115-97, sec. 13305(a) and (continued...) - 13 -
[*13] deduction is for an amount equal to a percentage13 of the lesser of the
taxpayer’s QPAI or taxable income. Sec. 199(a). The taxpayer’s DPAD cannot
exceed 50% of the W-2 wages of the taxpayer for the taxable year. Sec. 199(b)(1).
A. Computation
Section 199(d)(3) includes rules applicable to specified agricultural and
horticultural cooperatives, which are exempt and nonexempt subchapter T
cooperatives engaged in the manufacturing, production, growth, or extraction of
any agricultural or horticultural product or in the marketing of agricultural or
horticultural products. Sec. 199(d)(3)(F). Such cooperatives determine taxable
income without regard to any deduction under section 1382(b) (relating to
patronage dividends and per-unit retain allocations (PURAs)) or section 1382(c)
(relating to nonpatronage distributions). Sec. 199(d)(3)(C).
Under section 199(d)(3)(C) a nonexempt specified agricultural or
horticultural cooperative must compute its taxable income for purposes of its
DPAD computation without regard to the deductions under section 1382(b) for
12 (...continued) (c), 131 Stat. at 2126, eliminated sec. 199 for taxable years beginning after December 31, 2017. 13 The DPAD was “phased in” beginning in 2005. For petitioner’s taxable years 2009 and 2010 the allowable deduction was for an amount equal to 6% of the lesser of its QPAI or taxable income. - 14 -
[*14] patronage distributions and PURAs, whether paid in money as PURPIMs or
in certificates.14 The patron, then, disregards from its computation of taxable
income for purposes of its own DPAD computation patronage distributions and
PURAs it received from a cooperative. Sec. 1.199-6(l), Income Tax Regs.
The parties disagree about the proper method for computing petitioner’s
DPAD given Growmark’s status as a nonexempt subchapter T cooperative. This
Court recently addressed the proper method of computation for a nonexempt
subchapter T cooperative’s DPAD in Ag Processing, Inc. a Coop. & Subs. v.
Commissioner (Ag Processing), 153 T.C. ___, ___ (slip op. at 38-46) (Oct. 16,
2019). This Court reviewed the text, purpose, and history of section 199 and
concluded that section 199 does not require a nonexempt subchapter T cooperative
to compute separate DPAD amounts for its patronage and nonpatronage activities.
Ag Processing, 153 T.C. at ___ (slip op. at 44). There is no substantive difference
between the nonexempt subchapter T cooperative in Ag Processing and Growmark
that would lead the Court to conclude otherwise in this case. Therefore, petitioner
14 This is commonly known as “adding back” patronage dividends and PURAs. Exempt subch. T cooperatives must also compute taxable income without regard to the deductions allowable under sec. 1382(c) relating to nonpatronage distributions. - 15 -
[*15] is not required to compute separate DPAD amounts for its patronage and
nonpatronage activities.
B. Allocation
Petitioner argues that it is entitled to use the full amount of DPAD against
all income sources. Alternatively, petitioner argues that if it is required to allocate
its DPAD between its nonpatronage and patronage accounts on Schedule G, it may
do so using a reasonable method of allocation.
1. Requirement
Under the general rules of subchapter T a cooperative must separate its
patronage income and expenses/deductions from its nonpatronage income and
expenses/deductions to compute the amount available for patronage dividends and
to limit the use of its patronage losses. Farm Serv. Coop. v. Commissioner, 619
F.2d 718, 725 (8th Cir. 1980), rev’g 70 T.C. 145 (1978); see Ag Processing, 153
T.C. at ___ (slip op. at 43-44); Buckeye Countrymark, Inc. v. Commissioner, 103
T.C. 547 (1994); Certified Grocers of Cal., Ltd. v. Commissioner, 88 T.C. 238
(1987). In Ag Processing, 153 T.C. at ___ (slip op. at 47-48), this Court held that
once computed, DPAD must be allocated between the nonexempt subchapter T
cooperative’s patronage and nonpatronage accounts on Schedule G. - 16 -
[*16] 2. Method
The parties disagree about the proper method of allocating petitioner’s
DPAD between the patronage and nonpatronage columns on Schedule G. On its
Schedule G for 2009 and 2010 petitioner allocated the DPAD it generated between
its patronage and nonpatronage accounts on the basis of QPAI. With respect to
the passed-through DPAD petitioner received from other cooperatives of which it
was a patron, petitioner assigned each passed-through amount directly to the
patronage or nonpatronage column on Schedule G on the basis of petitioner’s
business relationship with the cooperative.
Petitioner argues that allocation on the basis of QPAI is a “reasonable
method of allocation” under section 199, referencing the EAG rule and the
regulations under section 199 that use QPAI as a basis for allocating DPAD. See,
e.g., sec. 199(d)(4)(C); sec. 1.199-7(c), Income Tax Regs. Respondent argues that
using QPAI as the basis for allocation is improper and reiterates his position that
DPAD should be computed separately for patronage and nonpatronage activities.
Section 199(d)(4) dictates the initial allocation that petitioner must make by
allocating DPAD to each member of its EAG on the basis of QPAI. However,
under this Court’s holding in Ag Processing, a nonexempt subchapter T
cooperative must allocate its DPAD between patronage and nonpatronage - 17 -
[*17] accounts because of subchapter T, not section 199.15 This Court noted that
typically the assignment of a particular item is dependent upon its relationship to
the cooperative’s business purpose. Ag Processing, 153 T.C. at ___ (slip op. at
46-47) (citing Ill. Grain Corp. v. Commissioner, 87 T.C. 435, 459 (1986)).
Petitioner generally allocated items of income and expense/deduction between the
patronage and nonpatronage columns on Schedule G. It allocated the DPAD that
was passed through from other cooperatives on the basis of its business
relationship to that cooperative. In Ag Processing, 153 T.C. at ___ (slip op. at 47),
this Court further stated: “Where an item of income or expense/deduction is
attributable to both patronage and nonpatronage activity, however, it is appropriate
to allocate that item between patronage and nonpatronage accounts”. Petitioner
generally followed that rule for Schedule G purposes16 and should allocate its
15 A nonexempt subch. T cooperative would calculate a single DPAD under sec. 199 and then allocate that amount between its patronage and nonpatronage columns on Schedule G. In the case of an EAG, each member of the EAG would receive an allocation of DPAD on the basis of its QPAI. Sec. 199(d)(4)(C). Then any nonexempt subch. T cooperative member of the EAG would allocate its DPAD between its patronage and nonpatronage accounts on its Schedule G. The Court knows of no reason that an EAG that also files a consolidated return, such as petitioner, cannot also use this method. 16 Petitioner allocated Growmark’s DPGR and W-2 wages, for example, on the basis of the volume of business done with members. Respondent does not dispute--and the Court need not address--whether petitioner’s Schedule G (continued...) - 18 -
[*18] aggregate DPAD using the same method it used for its other Schedule G
allocations.
II. Conclusion
The Court concludes that in accordance with this Court’s holding in Ag
Processing, petitioner is not required to compute separate DPAD amounts for its
patronage and nonpatronage activities. Also in accordance with this Court’s
holding in Ag Processing, petitioner must allocate its aggregately computed
DPAD between its patronage and nonpatronage accounts. Because the Schedule
G allocation is done pursuant to subchapter T, not section 199, petitioner should
allocate the aggregate DPAD on its Schedule G using the same method it used for
its other Schedule G allocations. The remainder of this case concerning
petitioner’s COGS calculation will be the subject of a separate opinion.
16 (...continued) allocations were proper.