IN THE COURT OF CRIMINAL APPEALS OF TENNESSEE
AT KNOXVILLE FILED OCTOBER SESSION, 1997 December 12, 1997
Cecil Crowson, Jr.
Appellate C ourt Clerk
CLAUDE KENT GREGG, ) C.C.A. NO. 03C01-9705-CC-00188 )
Appe llant, )
)
) HAMBLEN COUNTY
VS. )
) HON. JAMES E. BECKNER STATE OF TENNESSEE, ) JUDGE )
Appellee. ) (Vehicular Homicide)
ON APPEAL FROM THE JUDGMENT OF THE CRIMINAL COURT OF HAMBLEN COUNTY
FOR THE APPELLANT: FOR THE APPELLEE:
HEISKELL WINSTEAD JOHN KNOX WALKUP 4325 Highway 66 South, Attorney General and Reporter Suite 101 Rogersville, TN 37857 PETER M. COUGHLAN Assistant Attorney General 425 Fifth Avenu e North
Nashville, TN 37243-0493
C. BERKLEY BELL
District Attorney General 510 Allison Street
Morristown, TN 37814
OPINION FILED ________________________ AFFIRMED DAVID H. WELLES, JUDGE
OPINION
The Defendant, Claude Kent Greg g, app eals as of rig ht purs uant to Rule 3 of the Tenn essee R ules of Appe llate Procedure . He was co nvicted by a Hamblen County jury of vehicular homicide by intoxication1 , a Class C felony at the time the offense was committed.2 He was sentenced as a standard offender to the m inimum of the range of three years incarceration to be served in the Hamblen County Jail. The Defendant raises two iss ues in this ap peal: (1) That the evidence was insufficient to support a verdict of guilt for vehicular homicide, and (2) that the trial judge abused his discretion by denying pro bation. W e affirm the judgm ent of the tria l court.
At approximately 2:40 a.m., Terry Sexton, an officer with the Morristown Police Department was at the intersection of Liberty Hill and East Mo rris Boulevard in Morristown. He observed a blue Chevrolet C ama ro pas s him heading eastbo und at a pproxim ately 48 to 50 miles per hour. Officer Sexton followed the Camaro, which increased its speed to approximately 61 miles per hour. The officer stopped the vehicle. The driver of the Camaro was the Defen dant, with whom Officer Sexton was acquainted. A som ewhat h eavy-se t, blonde woman was seated on the front passenger side of the vehicle. The Defendant got out of h is vehicle. Officer Sexton detected no odor of alcohol and observed that the Defe ndan t was s teady on his feet. Ba ckup officer C hris Lawson arrived in his cruiser and watched from inside the car. The Defendant
1 Tenn. Code A nn. § 39-13-213(a)(2)(1991).
2 The legislature has subsequently amended the vehicular homicide statute, providing that a conviction involving intoxication constitutes a Class B felony. Tenn. Code Ann. § 39-13-213(b).
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waved to him. As Officer Lawson was leaving, he saw a heavy-set blonde woman, later identifie d as A man da Fu ell, in the passenger seat of the Camaro. After talking with the Defendant for approximately five minute s, Officer Sexton warned him about his speed and let the Defendant proceed. The Defendant was driving the C amaro when h e left.
About twenty (20) minutes later, Paul Carr and h is ex-w ife were talking in his home when they heard a loud noise. They ran to the window and saw that it was a car accident and that the electrical wires were down. Paul Carr called 911, got his flashlight and went outside. He saw that a car had hit a power pole. He maneuvered his way through the downed power lines and saw a woman in the car. She did not appear to be breathing. He heard a noise and saw the Defendant lying on the driveway. The Defendant was breathing, but it sounded choked. The female was lying on her back across the driver’s side seat. The passeng er side was cru shed into the m iddle of the car.
Sher iff’s Captain Otto Purkey was the first to arrive at the scene of the accident on Highway 11-E in Whitesburg. He arrived at 3:13 a.m. He observed the Defendant lying in the driveway. He also saw the fem ale pa ssen ger lying in the car, and she appeared to be dead. She was lying partially on her back across the console. Her feet were under the passenger dashboard. The hatchback and “T-tops” from the roof were gone. Captain Purkey notified the Tenn essee Highw ay Patro l to investigate the accid ent.
Tracy Sebastian, a paramedic with the Mo rristown-H amble n E.M.S ., arrived on the scene. He examined the Defendant, then examined Ms. Fuell and
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determined that she was dead due to the apparent injuries and the absence of life signs. He ca lled for a n extrica tion un it beca use it w as ap paren t that it wo uld be nece ssary to remo ve the fe male victim. He called for a n amb ulance to transport the Defendant to the h ospita l. The D efend ant wa s com bative w hile Sebastian attemp ted to intub ate and immo bilize him. S ebastian noticed th e smell of alcohol emanating from the Defendant’s mouth. The Defendant was bleeding and his b lood also smelled like alcoho l.
Ms. Fuell, the female victim, appeared pulseless and apneic, and her color was pale, indica ting subs tantial blee ding. There was bleeding from the head and arms, as well as multiple lacerations over her body. Sebastian also noted that the car wa s pus hed in on the right sid e. The victim’s arms and head were hanging out at the edge of the driver’s side door and her body was in front of or unde rneath the ste ering w heel.
Rob McFarlane was the paramedic in charge of the accident scene. He arranged for a Lifestar helicopter to transport the Defendant to Knoxville for treatme nt. McFarlane was informed by another paramedic that M s. Fuell was dead. McFarlane looked in the car only briefly for some equipment and glanced at the victim . He assumed she was the driver and listed the Defendant as a passenger in the wreck. McFarlane treated the Defendant. He testified that the Defendant was unconscious, but became combative during the ambulance ride.
Bryan Robinson was one of the extrication personnel with the Morristown Rescue Squa d whic h was called to the scene. The squad was dispatched at approx imate ly 3:11 a.m. and arrived on the scene at 3:23 a.m. They used an
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“omni tool” to pry the driver’s side door off. The steering wheel appeared to be on the victim ’s chest. The victim appeared to be of stocky build. Mr. Robinson observed that her torso was lying across the console and the lower part of her legs were under the passenger side dashboard. The team pushed up the dashboard to remove the victim.
Dr. John T heodo re Han cock trea ted the Defendant at Morristown-Hamblen Hospital before he was transported to Knoxville. A test revealed that the Defendant had a 0.125% blood alcohol level, over the legal limit of 0.10%.3 The Defendant appeared to have a closed-head injury. No pain medication was administered. Another blood alcohol test conducted at approximately 5:25 a.m. at the Un iversity o f Ten ness ee Ho spital in Knox ville sho wed a blood leve l of 0.11% alcoh ol. Dr. H anco ck also exam ined th e victim , Ama nda F uell. She appeared to have crepitus, or air pockets, under her skin, indicative of some type of trauma. Her front tooth was broken and the ring finger on her left hand was displace d. She a lso had m ultiple lacera tions on th e left thigh an d calf.
Trooper David Micha el Brown conducted an investigation regarding the acciden t. He arrived at the scene at approxim ately 3:46 a.m. Emergency personnel and Captain Purkey were already at the scene. He determined that it was a one -vehicle acciden t. The blue C amaro w as traveling east on 11-E towards Bulls Gap. The vehicle left the roadway and slid 172 feet through a yard until it struck a utility po le broadside at the passenger door. The Defendant had been ejected. The other occupant, Ms. Fuell, was lying acros s the driver ’s seat, partially on her back. Her head was down toward s the ro cker p anel o f the driv er’s
3 Tenn. Code A nn. § 55-10-401(a)(2).
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door, her hips were lying across the co nsole, and he r feet were in what w as left of the passenger compartment under the dashboard. The car was a 1985 blue Cama ro registered to the Defendant. The passenger door was co mpres sed into the dashboard. The glass in the hatchb ack was g one and th e “T-tops” we re found some distance away. Slide marks were evident in the grass the night of the accident, but were gone the next day after the grass was mowed. He inventoried the vehicle and fo und photo graphs an d a pool cue . On cross- examination, Trooper Brown admitted that he made no reference to the location of the victim ’s feet in the report he had filed. No fiber tests were conducted on the car. Trooper Brown denied that anyone pointed out the presence of hair on the passenger door or the windshield. He did not find any jewelry in the vehicle. No fingerprints tests were conducted.
The Defenda nt’s mother, Billie Ree dy, testified on his beha lf. She stated that she pointed out to Trooper Brown the presence of hair on the passenger door that looked like her son’s. She also testified that she showed him long blonde hair by th e drive r’s door. She also drove from the intersection of Hale and East Morris B oulevard , where th e Defe ndant w as initially stopp ed, and the location of the wreck. She estimated the distance at 7.7 miles and that it took ten minutes to ge t there when trave ling 40 to 45 m iles per hour.
Trena Jefferson, the Defendant’s sister, testified that she examined the vehicle after the accident. She found part of a clip-on earring on the driver’s side dashboard. She also found blonde hair on the driver’s door and the steering whee l. She stated that Ms. Fuell did not have pierced ears and that they worked together as hair stylists.
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The Defendant testified at trial. He stated that he had no memory of the acciden t. He did remem ber that he was in the Army in 1994, and that he went to the “Rod Run” in Pigeon Forge, Tenn essee , in April, 1995. He did not remember the victim, Amanda Fuell. He recalled that he was in rehabilitation for his arm. On cross-examination, the Defendant stated that he started to regain his memory three days before he was scheduled to be releas ed from the ho spital. He did not recall drinking before the accident. The State introduced a hospital record containing statements made by the Defendant about his life: “Satisfactory sex life, no children, live in a ranch-type home, four people live in the home.” The Defendant did not recall making any statements.
The State offered Trooper Brown in rebuttal, who again denied that anyone showed him hair on the wrecked vehicle. Lisa Harris also testified that Ms . Fuell had pierced ears because she had pierced the victim’s ears approximately two months before the accident. She admitted that som eone could wear another type of earring even if one’s ears were pierced. Steve Barnard testified that he left a leather jacket at the Defendant’s house in January or February of 1995. He talked to the Defendant about the jacket after the wreck and the Defendant remembered that it was at the house. Mitsy Crittendon testified for the Defendant that she saw Billie Reedy show Trooper Brown the hair on the vehicle.
The jury found the De fendant guilty of vehicular homicide while intoxicated, a Class C felony. He was sentenced to the minimum sentence of three years. The trial court denied probatio n and o rdered th e Defe ndant to serve his sentence in confinement. The Defendant appeals both his conviction and sentence.
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I. Sufficiency of the Evidence
As his first issue, the Defendant argues that the evidence was insufficient to support a verdict of guilt for vehicular homicide. When an accused challenges the sufficiency of the convicting evidence, the standard is whether, after reviewing the evidence in the light most favorable to the prosecution, any rational trier of fact could have found the essential elem ents o f the crim e beyo nd a re ason able doubt. Jackson v. Virgin ia, 443 U.S. 307, 319 (1979). Questions concerning the credibility of the witnesses, the weight and value to be given the evidence, as well as all factual issues raised by the evidence , are resolved by the trier of fact, not this court. State v. Pappas, 754 S.W.2d 620, 623 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1987). Nor may this court reweigh or reevaluate the evidence . State v. Cabbage, 571 S.W .2d 832 , 835 (T enn. 19 78).
A jury verdict approved by the trial judge accredits the State’s witnesses and resolves all conflicts in fa vor of the S tate. State v. Grace, 493 S.W.2d 474, 476 (Tenn. 197 3). On ap peal, the S tate is entitled to the stron gest legitim ate view of the evide nce an d all inferen ces there from. Cabbage, 571 S.W.2d at 835. Because a verdict of guilt removes the presumption of innocence and replaces it with a presumption of guilt, the accused has the burden in this court of illustrating why the evidence is insufficient to support the verdict returned by the trier of fact. State v. Tug gle, 639 S.W .2d 913 , 914 (T enn. 19 82); Grace, 493 S.W.2d at 476.
In the case at bar, the Defendant contends that the evidence was insufficient to prove that he w as driving the automobile when the accident
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occurred. The elements necessary to prove vehicular homicide by means of intoxication are that there was a “reckless killing of another by the operation of an automobile . . . [a]s the proximate cause of the driver’s intoxication as set forth in § 55-10-401.” Tenn. Code Ann. § 39-13-213 (a)(2). Tennessee Code Annotated section 55-10-401 states:
(a) It is unlawful for any person to drive or to be in physical control of any automobile or other motor driven vehicle on any of the public roads and highways of the state, or on any stree ts or alleys, or while on the premises of any shopping center, trailer park or any apartment house complex, or any other premises which is generally frequented by the public at large, while:
(1) Under the influence of any in toxican t, mariju ana, n arcotic drug, or drug produ cing st imula ting effects on the central nervous system; or
(2) The alcoh ol con centra tion in s uch p erson 's bloo d or bre ath is ten-hundredths of one percent (.10%) or more.
The Defendant notes that the case against him was purely circumstantial. He maintains that the he was convicted based on circumstantial evidence alone and that the State did not rule out the reasonable possibility that Ms. Fuell was driving the Camaro. A crime may be established by circumstantial evidence alone. State v. Tharpe, 726 S.W.2d 896, 899-900 (Tenn. 1987). However, before an accused may be convicted of a criminal offense based only upon circumstantial evidence, the facts and circumstance s “mus t be so stro ng and cogen t as to exclude every other rea sonab le hypoth esis save the guilt of the defend ant.” State v. Crawford, 225 Tenn. 478, 482, 470 S.W.2d 610, 612 (1971). In other words, a “web of guilt must be woven around the defendant from which he cannot escape and from which facts and circumstances the jury could draw no other
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reaso nable inference save the guilt of the defendan t beyond a reaso nable d oubt.” Id. at 484, 61 3.
The Defendant highlights the fact that the victim was trap ped in the car with her chest pressed under the steering wheel and that he was found outside of the vehicle. He also contends that when he was stopped for spe eding appro ximate ly thirty minutes before th e accide nt, he did n ot appe ar intoxicate d. He argues that Ms. Fuell’s position in the car, her broken tooth, her left finger out of joint and the lacerations to the left side of her body suggest that she was driving. The Defendant highlights the fact that more time passed than that needed to travel the distance between where he was stopped and where the accident occurred and tha t no alcoh olic bevera ge con tainers w ere foun d in or nea r the wrec k.
Yet, after a careful review of the evidence considered in the light most favora ble to the State, we must conclude that the evidence was su fficient to convict the Defendant of vehicular homicide. The Defendant focuses on the way the victim was fo und in the veh icle. He sugg ests th at it indic ates th at she could have been d riving the ve hicle. However, neither the State nor the Defendant offered evidenc e that, in any way, demonstrated that the victim was more likely to have been driving the vehicle than that sh e was a pa ssenger. T here has been no explanation regarding the source of the victim’s injuries. Nor does the timing of the accid ent lend its elf to any particular hypothesis regarding who was driving or what occurred in the interim. Furthermore, the existence and lo cation of hair and jewelry in the ve hicle w as co nteste d and clearly resolved by the jury in favor of the State. Indee d, the State pres ented eviden ce that the vehicle invo lved in the accident was registered to the Defendant and th at he w as drivin g sho rtly
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before the accid ent. Although he did not appear intoxicated at the traffic stop, the Defe ndan t’s blood alcohol was 0.125% after the ac ciden t and a param edic sme lled alcohol on his breath. Furthermore, the witnesses at the scene described the victim as draped over the drive r’s side, but her feet were pinned or located under the passenger’s side dashboard.
W e recog nize th at in ca ses inv olving c ircum stantia l eviden ce, the State’s proof must e xclude a ll other reas onable hypothe ses. Yet, when considering the evidence presen ted at trial, it is app arent tha t the jury did not consider the Defe ndan t’s theory a reasonable one. The location of the victim’s body in the vehicle, without more , is not probative of any the ory. Again , the State is entitled to the strongest legitimate view of the evidence and all inferences therefrom. Cabbage, 571 S.W .2d at 835 . In this light, there was su fficient eviden ce to support the Defendant’s conviction. Therefore, we c onclu de tha t this issu e is without m erit.
II. Denial of Probation
In his second issue in this appeal, the Defendant argues that the trial judge abused his discre tion in failing to grant probation. When an accused challenges the length, range, or the manner of service of a senten ce, this cou rt has a du ty to conduct a de novo review of the sentence with a presumption that the determinations mad e by the trial court are correct. Tenn. Code Ann. § 40-35- 401(d). This presumption is "conditioned upon the affirmative showing in the record that the trial court considered the sentencing princip les and all relevant facts and circums tances ." State v. Ashby, 823 S.W .2d 166, 169 (Tenn. 199 1).
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In conducting a de novo review of a sentence, this court must consider: (a)
the evidence, if any, received at the trial and the sentencing hearing; (b) the presentence report; (c) the principles of senten cing and argum ents as to sentencing alternatives; (d) the nature and characteristics of the criminal conduct involved; (e) any statutory mitigating or enhancement factors; (f) any statement that the de fenda nt ma de on his ow n beh alf; and (g) the p otentia l or lack of potential for rehab ilitation or treatm ent. Ten n. Cod e Ann. §§ 40-35-102, -103, and -21 0; see State v. S mith, 735 S.W .2d 859, 863 (Tenn. Crim . App. 1987 ).
If our review reflects that the trial court followed the statutory sentencing procedure, imposed a lawful sentence after having given due consideration and proper weight to the factors and principles set out under the sentencing law, and that the trial c ourt's findings of fact are adequately supported by the record, then we may not modify the sentence even if we would have preferred a different result. State v. Fletcher, 805 S.W .2d 785, 789 (Tenn. Crim . App. 1991 ).
Although probation "must be automatically considered as a sentencing option for eligible defendants, the d efenda nt is not au tomatica lly entitled to probation as a matter of law." Tenn. Code Ann. § 40-35-303(b) (1990) (Sentencing Commission Comments ). This Court must begin its sentencing determination by reviewing the purposes of sentencing set forth in Tennessee Code Annota ted sectio n 40-35 -102. State v. Davis, 940 S.W.2d 558,559 (Tenn. 1997).
If an accused has been convicted of a Class C, D or E felony and sentenced as an es pecially m itigated or s tandard offender, there is a
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presumption, rebuttable in nature, that the accused is a favorable candidate for alternative sentencing unless disqualified by some provision of the Tennessee Criminal Sentencing Reform Act of 1989. Tennessee Code Annotated section 40-35-1 02 provid es in part:
(5) In recognition that state prison capacities and the funds to build and main tain them are limited, convicted felons com mitting the mo st severe offenses, posse ssing crim inal histories evincing a clear disre gard for the laws and morals of society, and evincing failure of past efforts at rehabilitation shall be given first priority regarding sentencing involving incarceration; and
(6) A defendant who does not fall within the parameters of subdivision (5) and is an especially mitigated or standard offender convic ted of a Class C, D or E felony is presumed to be a favorable candidate for alternative sente ncing option s in the abse nce o f evidence to the contrary.
The sentencing proce ss m ust ne cess arily commence with a determination of whether the accused is entitled to the benefit of the pres umptio n. Ashby, 823 S.W.2d at 169. As our supreme court said in Ashby: "If [the] determination is favorable to the defendant, the trial court must presume that he is subject to alternative senten cing. If the co urt is prese nted with e vidence sufficient to overcome the presumption, then it may sentence the defendant to confinement accord ing to the statuto ry provision [s]." Id. "Evidence to the contrary" may be found in applying the considerations that govern sentences involving confinem ent, which are set forth in Tennessee Code Annotated section 40-35-103 (1):
(A) Confinement is necessary to protect society by restraining a defend ant who has a lon g history of c riminal co nduct;
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(B) Confinement is necessary to avoid depreciating the seriousness of the offens e or co nfinem ent is particu larly suited to provide an effective deterrence to others likely to commit similar offenses; or
(C) Measures less restrictive than confinement have frequently or recently b een ap plied uns uccess fully to the de fendan t.
See Davis , 940 S.W .2d at 561 ; Ashby, 823 S.W.2d at 169. The presumption can be succ essfully reb utted by fa cts conta ined in the presen tence re port, evidence presented by the state, the testimony of the accused or a defense witness, or any other source p rovided it is m ade a p art of the rec ord. State v. Bonestel, 871 S.W .2d 163, 167 (Tenn. Crim . App. 1993 ).
Beyond this, a defendant has the burden of establishing his or her suitability for total probation. Tenn. Code Ann. § 40-35-303(b). To be granted full probatio n, a defen dant m ust demonstrate that probation will "subserve the ends of justice and th e bes t interes t of both the pu blic and the defend ant." State v. Boggs, 932 S.W.2d 467, 477 (Tenn . Crim. A pp. 199 6); State v. Bingham, 910 S.W.2d 448, 456 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1995)(citing Hoop er v. State , 201 Tenn. 156, 161, 297 S.W.2d 78, 81 (1956)). The trial court must consider a sentence which is the “least severe measure necessary to achieve the purposes for which the sentence is imposed” and “[t]he potential or lack of potential for the rehabilitation or treatm ent for the d efenda nt.” Tenn . Code Ann. § 4 0-35-10 3(4), (5).
In the case sub judice, the State proposed no enhancement factors, nor were any mitigating factors considered. The trial judge sentenced the Defendant to the three (3) year minimum in the range for a standard offender for a Class C
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felony. 4 The trial jud ge prop erly cons idered th e Defe ndant a presum ed can didate for alternative sentencing. The State offered no rebuttal evidence. The Defendant offered witnesses who testified that he w ould be a suitable candida te for full probation. The presentence report indicates that the Defendant was twenty-five years old at the time of sentencing. He graduated from Cherokee High School in 19 89, served in the A rmy until 1994, an d worked for M inco before and after the accident. He had no criminal record, but reported a speeding ticket in Knoxville in 1994.
The trial court considered several factors, but emphasized that deterrence was an important reason for denying probation. The trial judge stated: “Unfortunately, drinkin g and driving cases are now consuming most of the docke ts in the four counties that I go to, including Hamblen County. I don’t know why, but alread y this mo nth we’ve tr ied m ore D UI’s than a nything else, a nd tha t’s true in Greene County and Hawkins County . . . .” The trial judge also considered the circumstances of the offense in denying probation. Namely, he mentioned the blood alcohol level and th at som eone w as killed in th e accide nt. Howeve r, he added that probation would not serve the ends of justice because of the need for general deterrence.
Probation may be denied based on the circumstances of the offense, however "as committed, [they] must be 'especially violent, horrifying, shocking, repre hens ible, offensive, or otherwis e of an ex cessive o r exagge rated de gree,'
4 In 1995, shortly after the offense in question was committed, the legislature raised the offense of vehicular homicide as the proximate result of intoxication from a Class C felony to a Class B felony, with a m inimum senten ce for a R ange I of fender of eight (8) ye ars. See Tenn. Code Ann. § 39-13-213(b); Tenn. Pub. Acts.1995, ch. 415, § 1.
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and the nature of the offen se mu st outwe igh all factors favoring p robation ." State v. Trav is, 622 S.W.2d 529, 534 (Tenn. 1981); State v. Cleaver, 691 S.W.2d 541, 543 (Tenn. 1985). This principle has been codified in section 40-35- 103(1)(B) which cons iders confinement to avoid depreciating the seriousness of the offense. State v. Hartley, 818 S.W .2d 370, 375 (Tenn. Crim . App. 1991 ); see also State v. Fletcher, 805 S.W .2d 785 , 787 (Tenn. C rim. App. 199 1). Sentencing decisions sho uld not, howeve r, turn on a generalization of the crime committed, such as the fact that a death occurred. State v. Bingham, 910 S.W.2d 448, 456 (Tenn . Crim. A pp. 199 5); but see State v. Ramsey, 903 S.W.2d 709, 714 (T enn. Crim. A pp. 1995).
Probation may also be denied based on whether the sentence will deter others. The S entenc ing Act p rovides th at "[p]unish ment s hall be im posed to prevent crime and promote respect for the law by ... [p]roviding a general deterrent to those likely to violate the criminal laws of this state." Tenn. Code Ann. § 40-35 -102(3)( A). Also, o ur supre me co urt has re iterated tha t “because there is a degree of deterrence uniformly present in every case, however, the significance of this fa ctor ‘var ies wid ely with the cla ss of offen se and the facts of each case’ . . . a ‘finding of deterrence cannot be conclusory only but must be supp orted b y proo f.’ Davis, 940 S.W .2d at 560(citations o mitted).
The trial court considered the circumstances of the offense to deny probation. He noted the blood alcohol level and the fact that someone was killed as a result of the crime. Although the accident was obviously violent and horrifying, the fact that the victim died is not a controlling consideration when death is an element of an offen se othe rwise eligib le for alterna tive senten cing.
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State v. Bingham, 910 S.W.2d 448, 556 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1995). However, the State correctly co unters th at the goal of specific deterrence of the Defendant shou ld be considered. The Defendant was pulled over by an officer because of his speed just minutes before the accident occurred. Clearly, the warning was not effective, the State argues, because the speed he was traveling before the accident was sufficient to carry the vehicle 172 feet off the roadway and into a utility pole. W e agree that the fac t that the D efenda nt was w arned ju st prior to the accid ent me rits consid eration to d eter him from su ch future condu ct.
The trial cou rt also fo und th e nee d for de terren ce of d runke n driving in Hamblen County. The Defendant argues that there was not sufficient proof of the need for deterrence a s required by Ashby. Howeve r, the trial co urt spe cifically noted that the court dockets he worked on were consumed by DUI offenses . We conclude that this, in conjunction with the circumstan ces of the offens e, were sufficient grounds upon which to deny probation. We conclude that the trial judge did not ab use his d iscretion in d enying p robation for the De fendan t.
Accord ingly, we affirm the judgm ent of the tria l court.
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DAVID H. WELLES, JUDGE
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CONCUR:
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GARY R. WADE, JUDGE
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JERRY L. SMITH, JUDGE