Green v. State

• Court: Supreme Court of Georgia
• Decided: March 6, 2017
• Docket: S16A1842
• Status: 200

Opinion

300 Ga. 707 FINAL COPY

S16A1842. GREEN v. THE STATE.

GRANT, Justice.

Appellant Willie Moses Green was indicted and tried for malice murder

and related crimes in connection with the November 2004 stabbing death of

Marita Bradshaw. At trial, Green asserted an insanity defense, which the jury

rejected, finding Green guilty but mentally ill. Green now appeals, contending

that the trial court erred on two occasions in its response to courtroom outbursts

by Green and that his trial counsel rendered ineffective assistance. Finding no

reversible error, we affirm.1

1 The crimes were committed on November 20, 2004. On March 3, 2005, a Cobb County grand jury indicted Green for malice murder, felony murder predicated on aggravated assault, and aggravated assault. Following a more than three-year period of incompetency, during which Green was committed at a State psychiatric facility, Green was determined to be competent and returned to Cobb County for trial. At the conclusion of a trial held May 11-14, 2009, the jury found Green guilty but mentally ill as to all charges. The trial court sentenced Green to life imprisonment for malice murder; the felony murder count was vacated by operation of law, and the aggravated assault count merged into the malice murder count. See Malcolm v. State, 263 Ga. 369, 371-374 (4), (5) (434 SE2d 479) (1993). On May 18, 2009, Green filed a motion for new trial. Following a hearing, the trial court denied the motion on May 9, 2014. Green filed a timely notice of appeal on June 4, 2014, which was amended on November 2, 2015. The case was docketed in this Court to the September 2016 term and thereafter was submitted for decision on the briefs. 1. Viewed in the light most favorable to the jury’s verdicts, the evidence

shows that on November 20, 2004, Cobb County police responded to a 911 call

regarding a domestic dispute in progress outside the home where Green resided

with his fiancée, Marita Bradshaw. This 911 call, from one of Green’s

neighbors, was followed by another 911 call from Green, who identified himself

and told the dispatcher that he had just stabbed someone to death. When law

enforcement arrived, Green raised his hands in the air, told the officer that he

had stabbed the victim, and pointed to where she was lying, unresponsive, in the

driveway. Near the victim’s body was a bloody screwdriver; there was blood

on Green’s left hand. An autopsy of the victim later revealed a total of 18 stab

wounds, the nature of which was consistent with infliction by a screwdriver.

Soon after his arrest, Green underwent a court-ordered competency

evaluation by forensic psychologist Dr. Kevin Richards, who determined that

Green was incompetent due to a severe mental disorder. As a result, Green was

committed for treatment at Central State Hospital, a maximum-security State

mental health facility, where he remained until June 2008, when another Central

State psychologist, Dr. Patricia Marterer, determined that Green had regained

competency, and Green was returned to Cobb County for trial. Green contested

2 the competency determination, and in April 2009, a competency trial was held,

at which a jury found Green competent to stand trial.

During jury selection at his subsequent criminal trial, after having been

admonished several times for being disruptive, Green began a rambling

colloquy, and exclaimed that he had been “committed at Central State Hospital

for the rest of my life” and that he “was too dangerous to live in society.”

Deputies escorted Green from the courtroom, and the trial judge explained to the

prospective jurors that Green was being removed because of his outburst, but

would be allowed to return when he had calmed down. Green’s counsel moved

for a mistrial, which was denied. At the conclusion of voir dire, as the selected

jurors were being announced, Green interrupted, telling the jurors that they

could send him to prison, that he had been mistreated at the hospital, and that he

was worried about other patients being mistreated in similar fashion. Green was

again escorted from the courtroom, at which point the court told the jury, “I

think it only fair, ladies and gentlemen, that you know we had a competency

trial before a jury for Mr. Green about two weeks ago and he was found

competent to stand trial. That’s why he’s here.” There was no objection to this

comment.

3 The State presented testimony from the lead investigator regarding his

post-arrest interview of Green, as well as a recording of the interview itself. In

the interview, Green told the investigator that he had stabbed the victim after she

had asked him to leave her home. Green also reported that the victim had given

him a shirt that gave him a rash all over his body; that she contaminated his

food; and that she caused lightning to emanate from his posterior when she

spoke or took such actions as flipping a light switch or opening a soda can. The

prosecution also presented testimony from a Cobb County sheriff’s deputy, to

whom Green had remarked in reference to the crime, “I know what I did and I

don’t have remorse.”

Green himself testified at trial that every time the victim spoke, hit a light

switch, or expelled gas, lightning would emanate from his posterior; he

attributed this power to “witchcraft or roots or something.” Green also testified

that he had been mentally ill for 25 years and that, though he was currently

taking medication, he had not been doing so at the time of the crime. He

testified further that the victim had been jealous, accusing him of “messing

around on the job,” that he had tried to get away from the victim but she would

not let him go, and that he had killed the victim after having “lost it.” He stated

4 at one point that he did not remember the day of the killing but later stated that

he remembered calling the police and indicated that he was so “out of it” that he

“probably didn’t stab her but one time” though he believed he had “stabbed her

a hundred times.” At numerous points during his testimony, Green expressed

his belief that the jury could not convict him because the autopsy photographs

of the victim did not depict her face. He also testified that he knew it was wrong

to take another person’s life.

The defense also presented the testimony of Dr. Richards, who had

conducted Green’s initial competency evaluation in 2005 and whom defense

counsel had subsequently retained to contest his competency after Green’s

release from Central State. Dr. Richards testified that, having conducted a

second evaluation of Green in late 2008, he continued to believe that Green was

not competent to stand trial due to his acute mental illness. Dr. Richards opined

further that, at the time of the murder, Green had been suffering from a delusion

that the victim was terrorizing him with the lightning bolts and that his only

recourse was to kill her. Despite the knowledge that killing was wrong, Green

was compelled by this delusion, Dr. Richards opined, to kill the victim.

5 In rebuttal, the prosecution offered the testimony of Dr. Marterer, the

clinical psychologist who had conducted Green’s competency evaluation at

Central State in 2008. Dr. Marterer testified to her conclusion that although

Green did have delusions regarding the victim, they were long-held and chronic

and were not the precipitating factor in the killing. Rather, Dr. Marterer

testified, in her opinion, Green had killed the victim because of his anger at

being put out of the victim’s home.

Green does not dispute that the evidence presented at trial and summarized

above is sufficient to sustain his convictions. Nevertheless, we have carried out

an independent review of that evidence, and conclude that it was legally

sufficient to enable a rational jury to conclude beyond a reasonable doubt that

Green was guilty of the crimes of which he was convicted. Jackson v. Virginia,

443 U. S. 307 (99 SCt 2781, 61 LE2d 560) (1979). The jury was likewise

authorized to reject Green’s insanity defense. See Choisnet v. State, 295 Ga.

568, 571 (1) (761 SE2d 322) (2014).

2. Green contends that the trial court erred in denying his motion for

mistrial after the first of Green’s outbursts before the jury. “Measures to be

taken as a result of demonstrations and outbursts which occur during the course

6 of a trial are matters within the trial court’s discretion unless a new trial is

necessary to [e]nsure a fair trial.” Messer v. State, 247 Ga. 316, 324 (6) (276

SE2d 15) (1981). See also Grant v. State, 298 Ga. 835,838 (2) (785 SE2d 285)

(2016) (denial of a mistrial constitutes reversible error only if mistrial was

required to preserve defendant’s right to a fair trial); Brannan v. State, 275 Ga.

70, 80-81 (12) (561 SE2d 414) (2002) (no abuse of discretion in declining to

grant mistrial due to witness’s display of emotion).

Here, the trial judge was walking the fine line of accommodating Green’s

right to be present at all critical stages of his trial, see, e.g., Sammons v. State,

279 Ga. 386, 387 (2) (612 SE2d 785) (2005), while also attempting to maintain

orderly and fair proceedings in his courtroom. See OCGA § 15-1-3 (1)

(prescribing court’s power to “preserve and enforce order in its immediate

presence”); Glenn v. State, 205 Ga. 32 (52 SE2d 319) (1949) (recognizing

court’s duty to mitigate prejudicial conduct during trial). Faced with Green’s

disruptive conduct, the trial judge admonished Green several times to stop,

warned him he would be removed if he did not, and was finally compelled to

remove Green when he began pronouncing that he was a danger to society. The

judge then offered the jury a brief explanation for what had occurred. The

7 court’s response to Green’s outburst was reasonable and within its discretion.

See, e.g., Todd v. State, 261 Ga. 766, 768 (3) (410 SE2d 725) (1991) (no abuse

of discretion in responding to courtroom outburst by instructing jury to

disregard the incident rather than declaring mistrial); Forney v. State, 255 Ga.

316, 318 (3) (338 SE2d 252) (1986) (no abuse of discretion in responding to

victim’s wife’s emotional display by having her escorted from courtroom and

instructing jurors to resist emotion in their deliberations).

3. Green next contends that the trial court erred when, in response to

Green’s subsequent outburst, it informed the jury that Green’s competency to

stand trial had been recently adjudicated, without simultaneously instructing the

jury regarding the legal distinction between competency and sanity. We find no

reversible error. As an initial matter, because Green’s trial counsel failed to

interpose an objection to the court’s statement on this or any other ground, this

issue has not been preserved for appellate review. See, e.g., King v. State, 286

Ga. 721, 722 (690 SE2d 852) (2010) (“[i]t is well settled that ‘(e)rrors not raised

in the trial court will not be heard on appeal’”).2 2 Contrary to Green’s contention, we do not view the court’s statement as an improper expression of the judge’s opinion “as to what has or has not been proved or as to the guilt of the accused,” OCGA § 17-8-57 (2009), which, at the time of Green’s 2009 trial, would have constituted reversible error even absent an objection. See State v. Gardner, 286 Ga. 633, 634 (690 SE2d 164)

8 But even if the issue had been preserved, we would find no reversible

error. Any comment from the trial court as to the distinction between sanity and

competency would have been confusing and out of context at that early stage of

the proceedings, where the parties had yet to even give their opening statements.

Even assuming the judge had erred in making this comment without, at the same

time, distinguishing competency from sanity, there was no harm to Green

insofar as the jurors were educated on the distinction between these two

concepts as the trial unfolded. Specifically, Dr. Richards explained without

contradiction that competency refers to one’s mental state at the time of trial,

and “doesn’t have anything to do with what [a person’s] mental state was when

they did what they’re accused of doing.” Accordingly, any initial

misimpressions the jury may have had as a result of the trial court’s comment

would have been resolved during the course of the trial and would thus have

been no cause for reversal.

4. In his final enumeration, Green contends that his trial counsel rendered

ineffective assistance. We again disagree. To establish ineffective assistance

of counsel, a defendant must show that his counsel’s performance was (2010). The court’s statement merely confirmed for the jury a point which, having already been determined by a previous jury, was not at issue in the trial at hand. See id. at 634-635.

9 professionally deficient and that such deficient performance resulted in

prejudice to the defendant. Strickland v. Washington, 466 U. S. 668, 687 (III)

(A) (104 SCt 2052, 80 LE2d 674) (1984); Wesley v. State, 286 Ga. 355, 356 (3)

(689 SE2d 280) (2010). To prove deficient performance, one must show that

his attorney “performed at trial in an objectively unreasonable way considering

all the circumstances and in the light of prevailing professional norms.” Romer

v. State, 293 Ga. 339, 344 (3) (745 SE2d 637) (2013); see also Strickland, 466

U. S. at 687-688 (III) (A). To prove prejudice, one must establish a reasonable

probability that, in the absence of counsel’s deficient performance, the result of

the trial would have been different. Strickland, 466 U. S. at 695 (III) (B). If the

defendant fails to establish either the “deficient performance” or the “prejudice”

prong of the Strickland test, this Court is not required to examine the other.

Green v. State, 291 Ga. 579, 580 (2) (731 SE2d 359) (2012).

Here, Green alludes vaguely to “numerous matters” he raised at the

motion for new trial hearing in relation to his counsel’s performance at trial.

This Court is not required, however, to cull the record in search of support for

an appellant’s claims, see Wallace v. State, 296 Ga. 388, 392 (4) (b) (768 SE2d

480) (2015), and we decline to do so here. The only specific instance of

10 deficient performance Green has identified is counsel’s failure to object to the

trial judge’s statement regarding the prior adjudication of Green’s competency.

But, given our holding in Division 3, supra, that the trial court did not commit

reversible error in making such a statement, counsel’s failure to object cannot

give rise to a claim of ineffectiveness. See, e.g., Howard v. State, 288 Ga. 741,

747 (6) (707 SE2d 80) (2011) (where no reversible error in jury instruction at

issue, appellant could not establish ineffectiveness from trial counsel’s failure

to interpose an objection to that instruction).

Judgment affirmed. All the Justices concur.

Decided March 6, 2017.

Murder. Cobb Superior Court. Before Judge Leonard.

Edwin J. Wilson, for appellant.

D. Victor Reynolds, District Attorney, Michael S. Carlson, Assistant

District Attorney; Samuel S. Olens, Attorney General, Patricia B. Attaway

Burton, Deputy Attorney General, Paula K. Smith, Senior Assistant Attorney

General, Matthew B. Crowder, Assistant Attorney General, for appellee.