O’Connell, P.J.
In this Freedom of Information Act action, defendants appeal as of right an order of the circuit court granting summary disposition for plaintiff and enjoining defendants from charging more than the incremental cost of the duplication of voter registration records. We affirm the legal ruling of the lower court, but remand because the present record is insufficient to determine defendants’ incremental costs.
In January and December, 1992, plaintiff requested of defendants copies of certain public records, specifically, voter registration rolls. Plaintiff requested this information pursuant to the Freedom of Information Act (FOIA), MCL 15.231
et seq.)
MSA 4.1801(1)
et seq.,
which limits the amount a public body may charge for copies of public records to the “incremental cost of duplication or publication.” MCL 15.234(1); MSA 4.1801(4)(1). The parties agree that the term “incremental cost” encompasses only the additional cost of duplication; it does not take into account the initial capital expenditure that facilitates duplication.
Defendants readily complied with plaintiff’s requests, duplicating the voter registration rolls onto magnetic tape as requested by plaintiff. However, defendants charged plaintiff a fee that reflected not only the incremental cost of duplicating the public records, but which also included a flat “per name” charge. This “per name” charge, it was later disclosed, was meant to defray defendants’ capital expenditure in computerizing their maintenance of public records. With respect to plaintiff’s December request, deposition testimony suggested that the incremental cost of complying with the request was approximately $90.
However, defendants charged plaintiff approximately $640. The difference was meant to compensate defendants for their expenditure in computerizing their operations.
Plaintiff brought suit, challenging the manner in which defendants calculated the fee they charged for the copying of public records. Plaintiff contended that, pursuant to the FOIA, defendants could charge only the incremental cost of producing copies of public records.
Defendants argued that plaintiff’s particular request, namely, voter registration rolls, fell within an exception to the foia, and was governed instead by the Michigan Election Law, MCL 168.1
et seq.\
MSA 6.1001
et seq.
Because the Michigan Election Law allowed defendants to recover their “costs,” as opposed to their “incremental costs,” defendants submitted that they were entitled to charge a fee that reflected the cost of their capital expenditure as well as the incremental cost.
The circuit court ruled that plaintiff’s request was governed by the FOIA, and granted summary disposition for plaintiff, ordering defendants to refund the excess fee charged. The court also issued a permanent injunction forbidding defendants from charging more than their incremental costs in the future. Defendants now appeal as of right.
Although the record is unclear with regard to this issue, it appears the circuit court granted plaintiff’s motion for summary disposition, brought under MCR 2.116(C)(9) and (10), pursuant to MCR 2.116(C)(9) only. MCR 2.116(C)(9) provides that summary disposition is appropriate where “[t]he opposing party has failed to state a valid defense to the claim asserted
against him or her.” A motion brought pursuant to this subrule is analogous to one brought pursuant to MCR 2.116(C)(8) in that both motions are tested by the pleadings alone, with the court accepting all well-pleaded allegations as true. Where the nonmoving party’s defenses are “so clearly untenable as a matter of law that no factual development could possibly deny plaintiff’s right to recovery,” summary disposition pursuant to MCR 2.116(C)(9) is warranted.
Norgan v American Way Life Ins Co,
188 Mich App 158, 160; 469 NW2d 23 (1991), quoting
Hazel Park v Potter,
169 Mich App 714, 718; 426 NW2d 789 (1988) (internal quotation marks omitted). Our review of motions for summary disposition is de novo.
Stehlik v Johnson (On Rehearing),
206 Mich App 83, 85; 520 NW2d 633 (1994). '
To determine whether, the present defendants’ defenses were clearly untenable as a matter of law, we must first consider plaintiff’s cause of action. The Freedom of Information Act declares that it is the public policy of this state to entitle all persons to complete information regarding governmental affairs so that they may participate fully in the democratic process. Specifically, MCL 15.233(1); MSA 4.1801(3)(1), provides, in relevant part, that “[u]pon an oral or written request which describes the public record sufficiently to enable the public body to find the public record, a . person has a right to inspect, copy, or receive copies of a public record of a public body.” The fee that may be charged by the public body for this service is set forth in MCL 15.234; MSA 4.1801(4), which provides, in relevant part, as follows:
1) A public body may charge a fee for providing a copy of a public record. Subject to subsection (3),
the fee shall be
limited, to actual mailing costs, and to the actual incremental cost of duplication or publication including labor, the cost of search, examination, review, and the deletion and separation of exempt from nonexempt information
.
.
3) In calculating the costs under subsection (1), a public body may not attribute more than the hourly wage of the lowest paid, full-time, permanent clerical employee of the employing public body to the cost of labor incurred in duplication and mailing and to the cost of examination, review, separation, and deletion. A public body shall utilize the most economical means available for providing copies of public records. A fee shall not be charged for the cost of search, examination, review, and the deletion and separation of exempt from nonexempt information . . . unless failure to charge a fee would result in unreasonably high costs to the public body because of the nature of the request in the particular instance, and the public body specifically identifies the nature of these unreasonably high costs. [Emphasis supplied.]
To paraphrase plaintiff’s complaint, he pleaded that he was entitled to copies of the public records that he requested, MCL 15.233(1); MSA 4.1801(3)(1), that defendants could charge only “the actual incremental cost of duplication,” MCL 15.234(1); MSA 4.1801(4)(1), and that defendants had charged a fee in excess of that amount. Because defendants had violated the provisions of the FOIA, plaintiff argued, he was entitled to relief.
Defendants argued that their charges were lawful because they fell within an exception to the FOIA. The FOIA creates an exception to the fee structure set forth above, stating that that structure
does not apply to public records prepared under an act or statute specifically authorizing the sale of those public records to the public,
or where the amount of the fee for providing a copy of the public record is otherwise specifically provided by an act or statute.
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O’Connell, P.J.
In this Freedom of Information Act action, defendants appeal as of right an order of the circuit court granting summary disposition for plaintiff and enjoining defendants from charging more than the incremental cost of the duplication of voter registration records. We affirm the legal ruling of the lower court, but remand because the present record is insufficient to determine defendants’ incremental costs.
In January and December, 1992, plaintiff requested of defendants copies of certain public records, specifically, voter registration rolls. Plaintiff requested this information pursuant to the Freedom of Information Act (FOIA), MCL 15.231
et seq.)
MSA 4.1801(1)
et seq.,
which limits the amount a public body may charge for copies of public records to the “incremental cost of duplication or publication.” MCL 15.234(1); MSA 4.1801(4)(1). The parties agree that the term “incremental cost” encompasses only the additional cost of duplication; it does not take into account the initial capital expenditure that facilitates duplication.
Defendants readily complied with plaintiff’s requests, duplicating the voter registration rolls onto magnetic tape as requested by plaintiff. However, defendants charged plaintiff a fee that reflected not only the incremental cost of duplicating the public records, but which also included a flat “per name” charge. This “per name” charge, it was later disclosed, was meant to defray defendants’ capital expenditure in computerizing their maintenance of public records. With respect to plaintiff’s December request, deposition testimony suggested that the incremental cost of complying with the request was approximately $90.
However, defendants charged plaintiff approximately $640. The difference was meant to compensate defendants for their expenditure in computerizing their operations.
Plaintiff brought suit, challenging the manner in which defendants calculated the fee they charged for the copying of public records. Plaintiff contended that, pursuant to the FOIA, defendants could charge only the incremental cost of producing copies of public records.
Defendants argued that plaintiff’s particular request, namely, voter registration rolls, fell within an exception to the foia, and was governed instead by the Michigan Election Law, MCL 168.1
et seq.\
MSA 6.1001
et seq.
Because the Michigan Election Law allowed defendants to recover their “costs,” as opposed to their “incremental costs,” defendants submitted that they were entitled to charge a fee that reflected the cost of their capital expenditure as well as the incremental cost.
The circuit court ruled that plaintiff’s request was governed by the FOIA, and granted summary disposition for plaintiff, ordering defendants to refund the excess fee charged. The court also issued a permanent injunction forbidding defendants from charging more than their incremental costs in the future. Defendants now appeal as of right.
Although the record is unclear with regard to this issue, it appears the circuit court granted plaintiff’s motion for summary disposition, brought under MCR 2.116(C)(9) and (10), pursuant to MCR 2.116(C)(9) only. MCR 2.116(C)(9) provides that summary disposition is appropriate where “[t]he opposing party has failed to state a valid defense to the claim asserted
against him or her.” A motion brought pursuant to this subrule is analogous to one brought pursuant to MCR 2.116(C)(8) in that both motions are tested by the pleadings alone, with the court accepting all well-pleaded allegations as true. Where the nonmoving party’s defenses are “so clearly untenable as a matter of law that no factual development could possibly deny plaintiff’s right to recovery,” summary disposition pursuant to MCR 2.116(C)(9) is warranted.
Norgan v American Way Life Ins Co,
188 Mich App 158, 160; 469 NW2d 23 (1991), quoting
Hazel Park v Potter,
169 Mich App 714, 718; 426 NW2d 789 (1988) (internal quotation marks omitted). Our review of motions for summary disposition is de novo.
Stehlik v Johnson (On Rehearing),
206 Mich App 83, 85; 520 NW2d 633 (1994). '
To determine whether, the present defendants’ defenses were clearly untenable as a matter of law, we must first consider plaintiff’s cause of action. The Freedom of Information Act declares that it is the public policy of this state to entitle all persons to complete information regarding governmental affairs so that they may participate fully in the democratic process. Specifically, MCL 15.233(1); MSA 4.1801(3)(1), provides, in relevant part, that “[u]pon an oral or written request which describes the public record sufficiently to enable the public body to find the public record, a . person has a right to inspect, copy, or receive copies of a public record of a public body.” The fee that may be charged by the public body for this service is set forth in MCL 15.234; MSA 4.1801(4), which provides, in relevant part, as follows:
1) A public body may charge a fee for providing a copy of a public record. Subject to subsection (3),
the fee shall be
limited, to actual mailing costs, and to the actual incremental cost of duplication or publication including labor, the cost of search, examination, review, and the deletion and separation of exempt from nonexempt information
.
.
3) In calculating the costs under subsection (1), a public body may not attribute more than the hourly wage of the lowest paid, full-time, permanent clerical employee of the employing public body to the cost of labor incurred in duplication and mailing and to the cost of examination, review, separation, and deletion. A public body shall utilize the most economical means available for providing copies of public records. A fee shall not be charged for the cost of search, examination, review, and the deletion and separation of exempt from nonexempt information . . . unless failure to charge a fee would result in unreasonably high costs to the public body because of the nature of the request in the particular instance, and the public body specifically identifies the nature of these unreasonably high costs. [Emphasis supplied.]
To paraphrase plaintiff’s complaint, he pleaded that he was entitled to copies of the public records that he requested, MCL 15.233(1); MSA 4.1801(3)(1), that defendants could charge only “the actual incremental cost of duplication,” MCL 15.234(1); MSA 4.1801(4)(1), and that defendants had charged a fee in excess of that amount. Because defendants had violated the provisions of the FOIA, plaintiff argued, he was entitled to relief.
Defendants argued that their charges were lawful because they fell within an exception to the FOIA. The FOIA creates an exception to the fee structure set forth above, stating that that structure
does not apply to public records prepared under an act or statute specifically authorizing the sale of those public records to the public,
or where the amount of the fee for providing a copy of the public record is otherwise specifically provided by an act or statute. [MCL 15.234(4); MSA 4.1801(4)(4) (emphasis supplied).]
Defendants contended that the Michigan Election Law “specifically authorizes the sale” of voter registration rolls. Section 522(1) of the Michigan Election Law, MCL 168.522(1); MSA 6.1522(1), states that
[a] county clerk who has a computerized file of registered voters in the county shall make, certify, and deliver to any person a computer tape, disk, or listing, as specified by the person, of the names and addresses of the registered electors of a township, city, village, school district, ward, or precinct
upon the payment to the clerk of the cost of making, certifying, and delivering the tape, disk, or listing.
[Emphasis supplied.]
Because the Michigan Election Law thus provides for the sale of voter registration records and also provides for the recovery of the “cost” of copying voter registration rolls onto magnetic tape, as opposed to the “incremental cost” as provided for under the foia, defendants contended that they were justified in passing on their
total cost
to plaintiff.
The main issue on appeal is, therefore, a narrow one. We must determine whether § 522(1) of the Michigan Election Law is a “statute specifically authorizing the sale” of voter registration rolls so as to fall within that exception to the foia. We conclude that it is not.
This Court is familiar with several statutes
specifically
authorizing the “sale” of various public documents and records. For example, MCL 24.259(2); MSA
3.560(159)(2), in the context of the Michigan Register, states that “[t]he department of management and budget shall hold [individual copies of the Michigan Register] for sale at a price not less than the publication and distribution costs.” Similarly, MCL 4.1204(3); MSA 2.138(204)(3), allows for “the sale of access” to legislative data bases. A primary definition of the word “specific” is “explicit.”
Random House Webster’s College Dictionary,
p 1285, def 1. We are confident that these examples
specifically,
that is, explicitly, authorize sales.
In contrast, the Michigan Election Law, § 522, provides only for the payment of costs of preparing copies of voter registration records, as opposed to their sale. Clearly, this is not
explicit
authorization of the sale of voter registration rolls. Defendants argue, in effect, that this Court should not consider “sale” a magic word, that language providing for the recovery of costs is tantamount to a sale, to a sale “at cost.” Defendants’ position is not entirely without merit. However, one of the cardinal rules of statutory construction is that each word of a statute is to be afforded meaning if at all possible.
Altman v Meridian Twp,
439 Mich 623, 635; 487 NW2d 155 (1992). Our construction, construing the word “specifically” in accordance with its dictionary definition of “explicitly,” complies with this rule of construction. Defendants have advanced no interpretation of the word “specifically” favorable to their position. Therefore, in the absence of a countervailing argument regarding the meaning of the word “specifically” as used in the foia, we conclude that the Michigan Election Law contains no
specific
authorization for the
sale
of voter registration records. Accordingly, defendants’
actions do not fall within the exception to the foia’s “incremental costs” limitation, and defendants were in violation of the FOIA when they charged more than their incremental costs of preparing copies of voter registration rolls. Because no factual development could possibly deny plaintiff’s right to recovery, summary disposition pursuant to MCR 2.116(C)(9) was appropriate.
Defendants raise three other allegations of error that we will address briefly. First, defendants argue that the circuit court erred in awarding plaintiff damages for his January 1992 FOIA request when plaintiff’s pleadings indicated only that he had been wronged with respect to his December 1992 foia request. However, defendants raised no objection when the January 1992 FOIA request was addressed in the proceedings below. “[IJssues not raised in a pleading may be tried by implied consent and then treated as if they had been raised in the pleadings.”
Goins v Ford Motor Co,
131 Mich App 185, 195; 347 NW2d 184 (1983); see also MCR 2.118(C)(1). Because defendants did not object below, we deem them to have given their implied consent to the adjudication of issues pertaining to plaintiff’s January 1992 FOIA request.
Second, defendants contend that the circuit court erred in denying their motion for a change of venue. This issue is moot because “[n]o order, judgment, or decree shall be void or voidable solely on the ground that there was improper venue.” MCL 600.1645; MSA 27A.1645. The proper manner in which to raise this issue is an interlocutory appeal from the order denying the motion for a change of venue. See, e.g.,
Gross v General Motors Corp,
199 Mich App 620, 625; 502
NW2d 365 (1993), rev’d on other grounds 448 Mich 147; 528 NW2d 707 (1995).
Third, defendants challenge the amount of damages awarded. The circuit court awarded plaintiff a specific dollar amount in damages, but the record does not reflect the court’s reasoning in arriving at that figure. Because the appropriate award in the present case would turn on defendants’ incremental cost in complying with plaintiff’s requests, a matter apparently not argued before the circuit court, we remand to allow the parties to present evidence regarding this issue.
Affirmed, but remanded for a hearing addressing the issue of damages. Jurisdiction is not retained.