Cole, J.
It is essential to determine at the outset the nature of this action, because upon that quéstion rests entirely the sufficiency of the defense. The counsel for the defendant insists that it is purely an action of trespass de bonis asporta-tis, while the counsel for the plaintiff claims that it should be treated as an action of trover for a conversion. The point is technical, yet it seems to be a vital one in view of the justification set up in the answer and established upon the trial. Upon looking at the complaint, we have no doubt that it is simply an action for a tortious taking and carrying away of personal property from the possession of the plaintiff.
The complaint charges and alleges, in substance, that on the 26th day of September, 1876, the defendant wrongfully broke and entered upon the farm of the plaintiff, and took from his possession the personal property described, being the property of the plaintiff, and then and there carried the same [663]*663awajq and converted it to bis own use. Thus it will be seen that the gravamen of the charge is a wrongful and unlawful taking of personal property from the possession of the plaintiff; and this act, of course, was the matter which the defendant was called upon to justify. He did attempt to justify the taking, by alleging in his answer that the property in question was seized by the sheriff by virtue of certain warrants of attachment which were sued out by him and other parties, all creditors of one Nelson Grafton, who, it was alleged, was either the owner of the same, or had fraudulently disposed of the property to the plaintiff for the purpose of defrauding his creditors.
On the trial, the defendant was permitted to give testimony, against the plaintiff’s objection, in support of these averments of the answer, showing that all the plaintiffs in the attachment suit named were creditors of Nelson Grafton, and that the property was seized upon writs of attachment sued out by them; and also introduced proof which tended very strongly to impeach the validity of the sale made by Nelson Grafton to the plaintiff, as -against the former’s creditors. The warrants of attachment were offered in evidence by the plaintiff; and were valid and regular in form. The plaintiff also introduced papers and transcripts of the justice’s docket of proceedings in the attachment suits, which showed that the sheriff seized the property on the warrants of attachment, and subsequently sold it under executions issued on judgments rendered therein. But it appeared that these judgments were invalid, by reason of the failure of the justice to cause notice to the attachment defendant to be posted or published as required by law, where personal service of the writs was not made. Champion v. Argall, 25 Wis., 521. It appeared that the defendant was present, aiding and directing the officer when he seized the property irpon the attachments, but did not in -any other way participate in its taking or possession.
[664]*664Now the question, arising in various ways upon the record, is, whether the defendant could justify the original taking under the writs of attachment without showing regular subsequent proceedings in the attachment suits. lie was allowed to prove, as we think, properly, that the plaintiffs in those suits were creditors of Nelson Grafton (Bean v. Loftus, ante, p. 371), the seizure on the attachments against plaintiff’s vendor, and that there were reasonable grounds for questioning the bona fieles of the sale made to him. But the counsel for the plaintiff insists that though the property was seized in the first instance upon valid attachments, still this fact affords no legal excuse or justification for -the taking, because, as the writs were not properly served on the attachment defendant, the proceedings did not and could not terminate in valid judgments. He says the subsequent unlawful disposal of the property, under executions issued on void judgments, had the effect to deprive both the officer and defendant of the right to justify the oi'iginal taking under valid process, and rendered them liable as trespassers ab initio.
We do not concur in this.view of the law. In the present case we have only to do with the sufficiency of the justification of the'defendant, who had no other participation in the taking than by aiding the officer to make the levy on that occasion. ITe has not been guilty of abuse of authority, or of any wrongful act, which would render him liable as a trespasser. The failure of jurisdiction in the attachment suits is not attributable .to any act of omission or commission on his part. It was the fault alone of the justice, who failed to have the proper notice published. It is true, it appears that the defendant received a portion of the money realized on the sale of the property under the executions, and possibly rendered himself liable therefor in some other form of action. That is a point, however, we need not now consider. But the question here is, whether this action of trespass can be maintained against the defendant under the facts and circumstances clearly [665]*665established. It will be borne in mind that the original taking was under lawful writs; and with this taking the'agency of the defendant in the matter ends, unless, on account of the defect in the subsequent proceedings, which was not owing to his fault, he is liable to be treated as a trespasser db initio; and we do not think he can be held liable on that ground, there being no proof of any positive wrong on his part, which would tend to show that the original taking, though lawful, was for some other indirect or unjustifiable purpose. Nothing of the kind can be claimed here.
Of course, the rule is well settled that one who at first acts with propriety under an authority or license given by law, and afterwards abuses it, may be treated as a trespasser from the beginning. The reason of the rule, as stated by an elementary writer, is, “ that it would be contrary to sound public policy to permit a man to justify himself under a license or authority allowed him by law, after he had abused the license or authority thus allowed him, and used it for improper purposes. The presumption of law is, that he who thus abuses- authority assumed the exercise of it in the first place for the purpose of abusing it. The abuse is, therefore, Very justly held to’ be a forfeiture of all protection which the law would otherwise give.” Waterman on Trespass, § 493. Also, Ross v. Philbrick, 39 Maine, 29; Everett v. Herrin, 48 Maine, 537. But latterly courts are not inclined to extend the rule which makes one a trespasser by relation; and the above author says that, “according to modern English cases, to implicate one as a trespasser db initio, he must do, or consent to, some act which goes to show that the original taking was with the purpose of putting the thing to an illegal use. These decisions rest upon the avowed ground of narrowing, to the utmost, the doctrine of making officers and others trespassers by means of some technical irregularity in the detail of their duties.” Section 492.
In Stoughton v. Mott, 25 Vt., 668, will be found a very [666]*666learned and full discussion of this question by Redpield, C. J., where many of the authorities are cited and commented on. See, also, Eaton v. Cooper et al.,
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Cole, J.
It is essential to determine at the outset the nature of this action, because upon that quéstion rests entirely the sufficiency of the defense. The counsel for the defendant insists that it is purely an action of trespass de bonis asporta-tis, while the counsel for the plaintiff claims that it should be treated as an action of trover for a conversion. The point is technical, yet it seems to be a vital one in view of the justification set up in the answer and established upon the trial. Upon looking at the complaint, we have no doubt that it is simply an action for a tortious taking and carrying away of personal property from the possession of the plaintiff.
The complaint charges and alleges, in substance, that on the 26th day of September, 1876, the defendant wrongfully broke and entered upon the farm of the plaintiff, and took from his possession the personal property described, being the property of the plaintiff, and then and there carried the same [663]*663awajq and converted it to bis own use. Thus it will be seen that the gravamen of the charge is a wrongful and unlawful taking of personal property from the possession of the plaintiff; and this act, of course, was the matter which the defendant was called upon to justify. He did attempt to justify the taking, by alleging in his answer that the property in question was seized by the sheriff by virtue of certain warrants of attachment which were sued out by him and other parties, all creditors of one Nelson Grafton, who, it was alleged, was either the owner of the same, or had fraudulently disposed of the property to the plaintiff for the purpose of defrauding his creditors.
On the trial, the defendant was permitted to give testimony, against the plaintiff’s objection, in support of these averments of the answer, showing that all the plaintiffs in the attachment suit named were creditors of Nelson Grafton, and that the property was seized upon writs of attachment sued out by them; and also introduced proof which tended very strongly to impeach the validity of the sale made by Nelson Grafton to the plaintiff, as -against the former’s creditors. The warrants of attachment were offered in evidence by the plaintiff; and were valid and regular in form. The plaintiff also introduced papers and transcripts of the justice’s docket of proceedings in the attachment suits, which showed that the sheriff seized the property on the warrants of attachment, and subsequently sold it under executions issued on judgments rendered therein. But it appeared that these judgments were invalid, by reason of the failure of the justice to cause notice to the attachment defendant to be posted or published as required by law, where personal service of the writs was not made. Champion v. Argall, 25 Wis., 521. It appeared that the defendant was present, aiding and directing the officer when he seized the property irpon the attachments, but did not in -any other way participate in its taking or possession.
[664]*664Now the question, arising in various ways upon the record, is, whether the defendant could justify the original taking under the writs of attachment without showing regular subsequent proceedings in the attachment suits. lie was allowed to prove, as we think, properly, that the plaintiffs in those suits were creditors of Nelson Grafton (Bean v. Loftus, ante, p. 371), the seizure on the attachments against plaintiff’s vendor, and that there were reasonable grounds for questioning the bona fieles of the sale made to him. But the counsel for the plaintiff insists that though the property was seized in the first instance upon valid attachments, still this fact affords no legal excuse or justification for -the taking, because, as the writs were not properly served on the attachment defendant, the proceedings did not and could not terminate in valid judgments. He says the subsequent unlawful disposal of the property, under executions issued on void judgments, had the effect to deprive both the officer and defendant of the right to justify the oi'iginal taking under valid process, and rendered them liable as trespassers ab initio.
We do not concur in this.view of the law. In the present case we have only to do with the sufficiency of the justification of the'defendant, who had no other participation in the taking than by aiding the officer to make the levy on that occasion. ITe has not been guilty of abuse of authority, or of any wrongful act, which would render him liable as a trespasser. The failure of jurisdiction in the attachment suits is not attributable .to any act of omission or commission on his part. It was the fault alone of the justice, who failed to have the proper notice published. It is true, it appears that the defendant received a portion of the money realized on the sale of the property under the executions, and possibly rendered himself liable therefor in some other form of action. That is a point, however, we need not now consider. But the question here is, whether this action of trespass can be maintained against the defendant under the facts and circumstances clearly [665]*665established. It will be borne in mind that the original taking was under lawful writs; and with this taking the'agency of the defendant in the matter ends, unless, on account of the defect in the subsequent proceedings, which was not owing to his fault, he is liable to be treated as a trespasser db initio; and we do not think he can be held liable on that ground, there being no proof of any positive wrong on his part, which would tend to show that the original taking, though lawful, was for some other indirect or unjustifiable purpose. Nothing of the kind can be claimed here.
Of course, the rule is well settled that one who at first acts with propriety under an authority or license given by law, and afterwards abuses it, may be treated as a trespasser from the beginning. The reason of the rule, as stated by an elementary writer, is, “ that it would be contrary to sound public policy to permit a man to justify himself under a license or authority allowed him by law, after he had abused the license or authority thus allowed him, and used it for improper purposes. The presumption of law is, that he who thus abuses- authority assumed the exercise of it in the first place for the purpose of abusing it. The abuse is, therefore, Very justly held to’ be a forfeiture of all protection which the law would otherwise give.” Waterman on Trespass, § 493. Also, Ross v. Philbrick, 39 Maine, 29; Everett v. Herrin, 48 Maine, 537. But latterly courts are not inclined to extend the rule which makes one a trespasser by relation; and the above author says that, “according to modern English cases, to implicate one as a trespasser db initio, he must do, or consent to, some act which goes to show that the original taking was with the purpose of putting the thing to an illegal use. These decisions rest upon the avowed ground of narrowing, to the utmost, the doctrine of making officers and others trespassers by means of some technical irregularity in the detail of their duties.” Section 492.
In Stoughton v. Mott, 25 Vt., 668, will be found a very [666]*666learned and full discussion of this question by Redpield, C. J., where many of the authorities are cited and commented on. See, also, Eaton v. Cooper et al., 29 Vt., 444, where the same distinguished jurist, in delivering the opinion of the court, in effect states that “ the talcing of property by virtue of a writ of attachment may be justified by the officer and creditors’ attorney, without showing regular subsequent proceedings in obtaining judgment, taking out execution,” etc. But, without spending more time upon the question, we will say that the cases generally tend to support the proposition laid down in Gates v. Lounsbury, 20 Johns., 427, that “ when an act is lawfully done, it cannot be made unlawful unless by some positive act incompatible with the exercise of the legal right to do the first act.” In the light of these authorities it is impossible to say, upon the evidence in this case, that the defendant can be held liable as a trespasser from the beginning, because the justice lost jurisdiction of the attachment suits through failure to give the requisite notice to the attachment defendant. The case of Bromley v. Goodrich, 40 Wis., 131, is so dissimilar to this in its facts that it is readily distinguishable. This view of the law is decisive of this case, and results in a judgment of affirmance.
By the Court. — The judgment of the circuit court is affirmed.