Given, C. J.
1. Railroads: injury to brakeman: ruiesoPoompany. I. We first notice the questions made in the record upon admitting and rejecting testimony. The witness Corcoran was asked: ‘ ‘Do you know, from your experience 011 this road, and other roads, what the general custom is as to the duties of the brakeman in obeying the orders of his conductor?” The defendant objected, because the rules defining the duties of the brakeman were in print, which objection was overruled and witness permitted to answer. It did appear by previous inquiries that brakemen were furnished with time-cards, on which rules and directions were printed, but it did not appear whether any rule on this subject was embraced therein. There was no error in admitting this testimony,, as it does not appear to have been secondary.
2-orders. , Corcoran was rear brakeman on the train. He was permitted to testify, over defendant’s objections, that Costelo, the conductor, in the absence of deceased, told Corcoran “to tell Gorman £0 cut 0ff the engine and stop the train for the crossing : and I did so. I did not hear anything said by Costelo to Gorman. When I made that remark I did not tell him that Costelo had told me to tell him. I just simply said so myself. He knew I was rear brakeman.” Appellant contends that, as this order was not given as coming from the conductor Costelo, it was immaterial, and the deceased was not bound to obey it, or justified in attempting to obey it, as an order from his superior. While it is true Corcoran did not tell him where the order came from, yet it was admissible as showing the circumstances under which deceased acted. We think it was for the .jury to say, [513]*513tinder all the facts and circumstances, whether he might reasonably understand it to be an order from the conductor. There was no error in admitting that testimony, nor in overruling the defendant’s motion to withdraw the same from the jury.
3' expectancy-oí llfeJohnson’s New Universal Encyclopedia was offered for the purpose of showing the expectancy of life, and admitted over defendant’s objection that it had not been sufficiently identified as being a standard authority on that subject. The abstract shows that Gardner Cowles was asked: “Are you acquainted with Johnson’s New Universal Encyclopedia?” He answered: “Yes, I had something to do with the book.” Appellee’s amendment to abstract shows that he was asked further questions: “State whether it is a standard and scientific work.” He answered : “That is my impression of the work. I think it is so considered.” This question and answer appears in the bill of exceptions as originally filed, and sustains appellee’s amendment to abstract. We think upon this identification the evidence was properly admitted.
4 Evidence- ' cefved^er6’ close of testimony. On the morning following the close of the testimony, defendant asked to be permitted’to read in evidence the deposition of Jacob Wolf, taken under stipu^a^on j said deposition just having been received by that morning’s mail. Defendd ° ant objected, because the case had been rested by both parties, which objection was sustained. •The stipulation was that the deposition, when so taken, should be admitted in evidence on the trial subject to all just objections on the ground of immateriality, irrelevancy and incompetency, and any other objection which may be hereto attached. It was in the discretion of the court to say whether this deposition should be admitted at the time it was offered. We see no abuse of this discretion, and therefore no error in excluding the deposition.
[514]*514' injury0to ' brakeman: Employment1 [513]*513II. The several assignments of error presenting the question of the sufficiency of the evidence to support [514]*514the verdict will be considered together, and, first, as to the allegation of negligence. . , . , „ ^lere ls n0 testimony to support the charge of negligence in employing Thomas Gorman as brakeman. It appears that he was nearly twenty-two years of age. There is nothing to show that he was not physically and mentally qualified to learn and perform the duties of a brakeman. True, he was without experience in that business; but it is not negligence to employ one who is physically and mentally qualified for the business, merely because he lias' not yet had experience. It is only by instructing the inexperienced that the necessary supply of experienced help can be secured. The duties of an employer to an inexperienced employe are different from those he may owe to one of experience. He has to instruct him as to the performance of his duties, and to exercise towards him that degree of eare which his experience requires; in other words, what would be due care in dealing with one of experience might not be due care in dealing with one who is known to be inexperienced. It appears beyond question that Corcoran, the rear brakeman, was directed by Costelo, the conductor, to tell deceased “to cut off the engine, and stop the train for the crossing,” and that Corcoran did so tell him. Though inexperienced in the duties of a brakeman, deceased will be taken to have known such matters pertaining to that business as are of common knowledge. We think we may say that it is a matter of common knowledge that brakemen are subject to the orders of the conductor with reference to their duties, and that such orders are often given by the conductor through one brakeman to another. It was for the jury to say, in the light of this common knowledge, and under all the circumstances of the case, whether deceased understood the order given him by Corcoran to be the order of the conductor. There is evidence, therefore, to support the charge that deceased was ordered by the conductor to uncouple the engine from the train; but the giving of such an order is not necessarily negligence.
[515]*515There is no testimony to support the charge that it was negligence, because the deceased was without any proper rules and regulations to govern him.
6' dér'tolm-or" eng?ne“negíS genoe. It is claimed to have been negligence because he was without proper instructions and information as to his duties, and the danger of his employ-ment. The uncontradicted testimony of Mr. Owen, engineer, shows that he had explained to him quite fully how to proceed to make that very uncoupling immediately before.
It is claimed that the giving of the order was negligence, because deceased was without any knowledge of the dangers to which he would be exposed in obeying it. He will be assumed to have such knowledge on that subject as would be common to inexperienced persons. He knew that the object of detaching the engine was to let it move away from the train, and that the train was to be allowed to continue to move for a certain distance. He knew to fall under that moving train would be dangerous. He had been told by the engineer to be careful, and not give any signal to move the engine until he was safely secured on the car, and to take hold of the handle at the end of the car, and be sure he had a sure foothold on the end of the car before he gave the signal that he had pulled the pin. He not only knew of the dangers to which he would be exposed in obeying the order, but was quite fully instructed how to avoid them.
It is alleged that the order was negligent because it required deceased to uncouple the engine from the train while the same was in motion.
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Given, C. J.
1. Railroads: injury to brakeman: ruiesoPoompany. I. We first notice the questions made in the record upon admitting and rejecting testimony. The witness Corcoran was asked: ‘ ‘Do you know, from your experience 011 this road, and other roads, what the general custom is as to the duties of the brakeman in obeying the orders of his conductor?” The defendant objected, because the rules defining the duties of the brakeman were in print, which objection was overruled and witness permitted to answer. It did appear by previous inquiries that brakemen were furnished with time-cards, on which rules and directions were printed, but it did not appear whether any rule on this subject was embraced therein. There was no error in admitting this testimony,, as it does not appear to have been secondary.
2-orders. , Corcoran was rear brakeman on the train. He was permitted to testify, over defendant’s objections, that Costelo, the conductor, in the absence of deceased, told Corcoran “to tell Gorman £0 cut 0ff the engine and stop the train for the crossing : and I did so. I did not hear anything said by Costelo to Gorman. When I made that remark I did not tell him that Costelo had told me to tell him. I just simply said so myself. He knew I was rear brakeman.” Appellant contends that, as this order was not given as coming from the conductor Costelo, it was immaterial, and the deceased was not bound to obey it, or justified in attempting to obey it, as an order from his superior. While it is true Corcoran did not tell him where the order came from, yet it was admissible as showing the circumstances under which deceased acted. We think it was for the .jury to say, [513]*513tinder all the facts and circumstances, whether he might reasonably understand it to be an order from the conductor. There was no error in admitting that testimony, nor in overruling the defendant’s motion to withdraw the same from the jury.
3' expectancy-oí llfeJohnson’s New Universal Encyclopedia was offered for the purpose of showing the expectancy of life, and admitted over defendant’s objection that it had not been sufficiently identified as being a standard authority on that subject. The abstract shows that Gardner Cowles was asked: “Are you acquainted with Johnson’s New Universal Encyclopedia?” He answered: “Yes, I had something to do with the book.” Appellee’s amendment to abstract shows that he was asked further questions: “State whether it is a standard and scientific work.” He answered : “That is my impression of the work. I think it is so considered.” This question and answer appears in the bill of exceptions as originally filed, and sustains appellee’s amendment to abstract. We think upon this identification the evidence was properly admitted.
4 Evidence- ' cefved^er6’ close of testimony. On the morning following the close of the testimony, defendant asked to be permitted’to read in evidence the deposition of Jacob Wolf, taken under stipu^a^on j said deposition just having been received by that morning’s mail. Defendd ° ant objected, because the case had been rested by both parties, which objection was sustained. •The stipulation was that the deposition, when so taken, should be admitted in evidence on the trial subject to all just objections on the ground of immateriality, irrelevancy and incompetency, and any other objection which may be hereto attached. It was in the discretion of the court to say whether this deposition should be admitted at the time it was offered. We see no abuse of this discretion, and therefore no error in excluding the deposition.
[514]*514' injury0to ' brakeman: Employment1 [513]*513II. The several assignments of error presenting the question of the sufficiency of the evidence to support [514]*514the verdict will be considered together, and, first, as to the allegation of negligence. . , . , „ ^lere ls n0 testimony to support the charge of negligence in employing Thomas Gorman as brakeman. It appears that he was nearly twenty-two years of age. There is nothing to show that he was not physically and mentally qualified to learn and perform the duties of a brakeman. True, he was without experience in that business; but it is not negligence to employ one who is physically and mentally qualified for the business, merely because he lias' not yet had experience. It is only by instructing the inexperienced that the necessary supply of experienced help can be secured. The duties of an employer to an inexperienced employe are different from those he may owe to one of experience. He has to instruct him as to the performance of his duties, and to exercise towards him that degree of eare which his experience requires; in other words, what would be due care in dealing with one of experience might not be due care in dealing with one who is known to be inexperienced. It appears beyond question that Corcoran, the rear brakeman, was directed by Costelo, the conductor, to tell deceased “to cut off the engine, and stop the train for the crossing,” and that Corcoran did so tell him. Though inexperienced in the duties of a brakeman, deceased will be taken to have known such matters pertaining to that business as are of common knowledge. We think we may say that it is a matter of common knowledge that brakemen are subject to the orders of the conductor with reference to their duties, and that such orders are often given by the conductor through one brakeman to another. It was for the jury to say, in the light of this common knowledge, and under all the circumstances of the case, whether deceased understood the order given him by Corcoran to be the order of the conductor. There is evidence, therefore, to support the charge that deceased was ordered by the conductor to uncouple the engine from the train; but the giving of such an order is not necessarily negligence.
[515]*515There is no testimony to support the charge that it was negligence, because the deceased was without any proper rules and regulations to govern him.
6' dér'tolm-or" eng?ne“negíS genoe. It is claimed to have been negligence because he was without proper instructions and information as to his duties, and the danger of his employ-ment. The uncontradicted testimony of Mr. Owen, engineer, shows that he had explained to him quite fully how to proceed to make that very uncoupling immediately before.
It is claimed that the giving of the order was negligence, because deceased was without any knowledge of the dangers to which he would be exposed in obeying it. He will be assumed to have such knowledge on that subject as would be common to inexperienced persons. He knew that the object of detaching the engine was to let it move away from the train, and that the train was to be allowed to continue to move for a certain distance. He knew to fall under that moving train would be dangerous. He had been told by the engineer to be careful, and not give any signal to move the engine until he was safely secured on the car, and to take hold of the handle at the end of the car, and be sure he had a sure foothold on the end of the car before he gave the signal that he had pulled the pin. He not only knew of the dangers to which he would be exposed in obeying the order, but was quite fully instructed how to avoid them.
It is alleged that the order was negligent because it required deceased to uncouple the engine from the train while the same was in motion. The order itself did not so direct, but the testimony of the engineer, and all the circumstances, show that that is what was expected and required. It is not necessarily negligence to require an uncoupling to be made while the engine and cars are in motion; indeed, it.appears by the testimony that it is a common and necessary practice under certain circumstances, such as existed at that time. We gather from the testimony that the train and engine were standing still. The purpose was to move the cars up to a certain [516]*516crossing, and the engine to a point beyond, for the purpose of taking water. This was to be accomplished by starting the train, and, after giving it sufficient momentum to carry the cars to the crossing, to detach the engine, and let it proceed with greater speed to a point beyond. This could have been accomplished by bringing the train to a halt at the crossing, letting out the slack, detaching the engine, and then moving it to the place of taking water. But it appears from the testimony that such a course is not always practicable in railroading, and that it is a necessary and common practice to make such uncouplings while the train is moving slowly. We conclude that there is nothing in the testimony to show that the giving of the order was negligence merely because it required the uncoupling to be made while the train was in motion.
The third allegation of negligence is that the defendant did not furnish proper appliances and protection for such uncoupling. There is no evidence whatever to support this allegation, but, on the contrary, the appliances are all shown to have been proper, and in proper condition.
„_____ —vjmdiie ’ The fourth and only remaining charge of negligence is that the “engine was negligently run at an unusual rate of speed.” The only testimony to support this allegation is that of Harry Omstead, who stood upon the sidewalk, not twenty feet from the track, and seven to nine rods distant from the point where the deceased was killed, and in the direction in which the engine and train were moving. Stating what he saw in the darkness of the evening, and under these circumstances, he says: ‘ ‘ They had got to the main line and were running along down. They were running very slow, and the engine had pulled out away from the train very quick, starting to leave the train, so that the train would not run into it. When the lantern dropped, or just before the lantern dropped, it pulled out very quick away from the train.” John M. Patton testified that he saw deceased pull the pin; that he stood within sixty feet of him on the east [517]*517side of the track; that he had one foot on the foothold and his left arm around the other step or handle, his arm through the ring of his lantern, and that he pulled the pin with his right hand: “After pulling the pin, he turned towards the car to give the signal, and says: ‘All right; go ahead.’ When he said that the engine moved off very slow. After the engine moved ahead, he turned and grabbed up for another ladder on the end of the car, and fell back. The engine had got between thirty and forty feet from the end of the head car when he fell back.” Owen, the engineer, and Taft, the fireman, testified that an airbrake was used on that engine, and that “the air released gradually, and the engine dropped away from the train gradually; that it did not move away with a jerk, but smoothly.” Granting that the engine pulled away from the train very quickly, as stated by Omstead, it does not show any negligent moving of the engine, as the purpose of- detaching it was that it might move in advance of, and necessarily at a greater speed than, the train. We think there was no evidence of negligence in either of the respects alleged, such as to sustain the general verdict, nor the fifth and sixth special findings.
8_._,con_ negiigence: proof^ of evidence. III. Appellant does not point, out specifically wherein he claims that the court erred, as stated in the fourteenth, fifteenth, sixteenth and seventeenth assignments of error. The burden °f proof is upon the plaintiff to show that deceased was not guilty of negligence contributing to the injury, but this need not necessarily be by direct proofs, but in the very nature of things must often be found, if at all, from the facts and circumstances of the case. We have carefully examined the instructions of the court upon this subject, and find them to be correct.
9' spéeiáj-interrogatoiy. IY. The court refused on request of defendant to submit the following special finding: “(7) What negligent act was done, or what duty omitted, by any employe of the defendant ¿ypicp caused the accident to the decedent, [518]*518Gorman ?” Appellant claims that by this question he sought to coniine the jury to a consideration of the issue presented by the pleadings. We think the investigation called for by the question was to leave the jury to canvass the whole field of negligence, rather than the acts alleged. There was no error in refusing to submit this special finding.
10. ihstbuotions: stating issues. 'jpropOTiy re-Y. The court, upon its own motion, gave to the jury instructions upon sixteen propositions of law, all of which were applicable to and quite oovereq the case. In stating the issues, the court substantially copied the petition. The court should have pointed out more specifically the negligence charged, and directed the jury to inquire as to that only. In addition to the instructions given upon his own motion, the court gave two instructions at the request of the plaintiff, and five at the request of the defendant, with a sixth as modified by the court, refusing seventeen additional instructions asked by the defendant. We have examined these instructions as given and refused, and are satisfied that the law of the case was fully presented in those given. It would not have contributed to clearness of understanding on the part of the jury to have added the seventeen refused to the number given. Without noticing each of those refused specially, we may say generally that, while they do embrace principles of law, they are rather in the nature of special interrogatories, — a formulating of the ifs and ands of the case, rather than a plain statement of principles of law applicable to it. Because of the absence of testimony to sustain either of the allegations of negligence, the judgment of the district court is
Reversed.