1 2 3 4 5 6 UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT 7 NORTHERN DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA 8
10 GOOGLE LLC, 11 Plaintiff, No. C 20-06754 WHA
12 v.
13 SONOS, INC., ORDER STAYING CASE 14 Defendant.
15 16 INTRODUCTION 17 In this action for declaratory judgment of patent noninfringement, the patent holder moves 18 to dismiss this case in favor of its own action, filed elsewhere a few hours later. For the 19 following reasons, this case is STAYED. 20 STATEMENT 21 This complaint for declaratory relief opens yet another theater in the ongoing global patent 22 war between accused infringer Google LLC and patent owner Sonos, Inc. The specifics of the 23 disputed technology, however, do not come into play on this order. 24 With our parties already embroiled in the ITC, this district, and in Canada, France, 25 Germany, and the Netherlands, at 12:52 p.m. on September 28, patent owner’s counsel sent 26 Google an email:
27 Attached please find a courtesy copy of the complaint that we will Patents 9,967,615; 10,779,033; 9,344,206; 10,469,966; and 1 9,219,460 . . . . 2 Enclosed was an eighty-seven page complaint delineating the allegations of infringement to be 3 filed, according to the caption, in the United States District Court for the Western District of 4 Texas, Waco Division. In response, at 11:41 p.m. that evening, Google filed its own thirteen- 5 page complaint for declaratory relief of noninfringement of the same five patents here in the 6 Northern District of California (Dkt. No. 1). 7 As promised, patent owner filed its complaint a few hours later on September 29 in the 8 Western District of Texas, Waco Division. Sonos, Inc. v. Google LLC, No. C 20-00881 ADA 9 (W.D. Tex.) (Judge Alan D. Albright). Patent owner now moves to dismiss this declaratory 10 action in favor of the Texas action. This order follows full briefing and oral argument (held 11 telephonically due to COVID-19). 12 ANALYSIS 13 Our case presents two matters of discretion. On the one hand, the Declaratory Judgment 14 Act provides courts a “unique and substantial discretion in deciding whether to declare the 15 rights of litigants.” Wilton v. Seven Falls Co., 515 U.S. 277, 286–88 (1995). “[W]ell-founded 16 reasons for declining to entertain a declaratory judgment action” will be found within “the 17 purposes of the Declaratory Judgment Act and the principles of sound judicial administration.” 18 See Comm’cns Test Design, Inc. v. Contec, LLC, 952 F.3d 1356, 1361 (Fed. Cir. 2020). On the 19 other hand, judicial comity counsels deference (via stay, transfer, or dismissal) to the first-filed 20 of two actions presenting identical parties and issues to avoid conflicting decisions and promote 21 judicial efficiency, unless a party’s bad faith or improper purpose, the convenience of the 22 forum, and the “considerations of judicial and litigant economy, and the just and effective 23 disposition of disputes” counsel otherwise. Where these two instances join, “district courts 24 enjoy a ‘double dose’ of discretion: discretion to decline to exercise jurisdiction over a 25 declaratory judgment action and discretion when considering and applying the first-to-file rule 26 and its equitable exceptions.” Id. at 1362–63; Elecs. For Imaging, Inc. v. Coyle, 394 F.3d 1341, 27 1347 (Fed. Cir. 2005); Alltrade, Inc. v. Uniweld Prods., Inc., 946 F.2d 622, 628 (9th Cir. 1991). 1 In the acute circumstance apparent here, Google’s choice of forum carries no weight, nor 2 does the fact that it managed to file first, for the following reasons. 3 First, the manifest purpose of Google’s suit was to beat the clock and defeat the patent 4 owner’s choice of venue. On September 28 just after noon, patent owner shared “a courtesy 5 copy of the complaint that we will file Tuesday, September 29th in the United States District 6 Court.” Leaving no good deed unpunished, Google turned around and filed its own complaint 7 at the twelfth hour, purely to beat patent owner to a courthouse — not even by a full day, but by 8 a matter of hours. 9 Second, Google’s complaint utterly fails to meet the standard for obtaining declaratory 10 relief because it does not explain how its accused products avoid infringement of the asserted 11 patents. As the undersigned has held consistently since the abrogation of Form 18, a 12 declaratory relief complaint must explain “how each accused product or service specifically 13 does not meet at least one claim limitation, such that it does not infringe the asserted patent.” 14 Comcast Cable Comm’cns, LLC v. OpenTV, Inc., 319 F.R.D. 269, 273 (N.D. Cal. 2017); see 15 also, Bot M8 v. Sony, No. C 19-07027 WHA, 2020 WL 418938, at *1 (N.D. Cal. Jan. 27, 2020); 16 see also Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556 U.S. 662, 678 (2009); Bell Atl. Corp. v. Twombly, 550 U.S. 544, 17 555 (2007). True, the Federal Circuit has construed this burden as minimal in a case of “simple 18 technology,” a term surely inapplicable here, yet even there the adequate complaint contained 19 some factual matter (e.g., photographs of the accused product) to be compared to the claim 20 language. See Disc Disease Solutions v. VGH Solutions, Inc., 888 F.3d 1256, 1260 (Fed. Cir. 21 2018). 22 Google’s complaint stumbles under this minimal burden. It offers no allegations of fact in 23 support of its five claims of noninfringement. This order repeats, to emphasize that this is not 24 an exaggeration, that Google’s complaint offers no allegation of fact in support of the claims of 25 noninfringement. Five times, the complaint alleges “Google does not directly or indirectly 26 infringe the [relevant] patent, either literally or under the doctrine of equivalents, at least 27 because the Google Accused Products do not comprise [a word-for-word recitation of the claim 1 In stark contrast, patent owner’s eighty-seven page Texas complaint details how the 2 accused products infringe each element of each asserted claim in nearly sixty pages of claim 3 charts. It is again manifest that Google and its attorneys threw this ramshackle complaint 4 together in a matter of hours just to beat the clock and try to “file first” in its hometown. 5 Google does not seriously contest this. Rather, it contends that patent owner already had 6 notice of the issues in this case, as patent owner started the dispute. That’s not good enough, for 7 Google was required to affirmatively explain why its accused products omitted one or more of 8 each claim limitation in suit. Google’s argument, in essence, concedes that its declaratory 9 complaint means nothing without reference to patent owner’s Texas complaint, which again 10 counsels deference to that proceeding. 11 * * * 12 Google’s choice of forum is entitled to no weight. Rather, the proper course is to stay this 13 case and defer to Judge Albright’s ruling on Google’s just-filed motion to transfer under Section 14 1404 and its factors, such as any forum select clause, the convenience of the parties, the 15 comparative time to trial, the interests of justice, and whether any of the many hundreds of 16 engineers Google apparently employs in the Western District will be called as witnesses. If the 17 judge grants such a motion, the undersigned will take the case. If he denies such motion then 18 our case will remain stayed indefinitely in favor of the Texas action.
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1 2 3 4 5 6 UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT 7 NORTHERN DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA 8
10 GOOGLE LLC, 11 Plaintiff, No. C 20-06754 WHA
12 v.
13 SONOS, INC., ORDER STAYING CASE 14 Defendant.
15 16 INTRODUCTION 17 In this action for declaratory judgment of patent noninfringement, the patent holder moves 18 to dismiss this case in favor of its own action, filed elsewhere a few hours later. For the 19 following reasons, this case is STAYED. 20 STATEMENT 21 This complaint for declaratory relief opens yet another theater in the ongoing global patent 22 war between accused infringer Google LLC and patent owner Sonos, Inc. The specifics of the 23 disputed technology, however, do not come into play on this order. 24 With our parties already embroiled in the ITC, this district, and in Canada, France, 25 Germany, and the Netherlands, at 12:52 p.m. on September 28, patent owner’s counsel sent 26 Google an email:
27 Attached please find a courtesy copy of the complaint that we will Patents 9,967,615; 10,779,033; 9,344,206; 10,469,966; and 1 9,219,460 . . . . 2 Enclosed was an eighty-seven page complaint delineating the allegations of infringement to be 3 filed, according to the caption, in the United States District Court for the Western District of 4 Texas, Waco Division. In response, at 11:41 p.m. that evening, Google filed its own thirteen- 5 page complaint for declaratory relief of noninfringement of the same five patents here in the 6 Northern District of California (Dkt. No. 1). 7 As promised, patent owner filed its complaint a few hours later on September 29 in the 8 Western District of Texas, Waco Division. Sonos, Inc. v. Google LLC, No. C 20-00881 ADA 9 (W.D. Tex.) (Judge Alan D. Albright). Patent owner now moves to dismiss this declaratory 10 action in favor of the Texas action. This order follows full briefing and oral argument (held 11 telephonically due to COVID-19). 12 ANALYSIS 13 Our case presents two matters of discretion. On the one hand, the Declaratory Judgment 14 Act provides courts a “unique and substantial discretion in deciding whether to declare the 15 rights of litigants.” Wilton v. Seven Falls Co., 515 U.S. 277, 286–88 (1995). “[W]ell-founded 16 reasons for declining to entertain a declaratory judgment action” will be found within “the 17 purposes of the Declaratory Judgment Act and the principles of sound judicial administration.” 18 See Comm’cns Test Design, Inc. v. Contec, LLC, 952 F.3d 1356, 1361 (Fed. Cir. 2020). On the 19 other hand, judicial comity counsels deference (via stay, transfer, or dismissal) to the first-filed 20 of two actions presenting identical parties and issues to avoid conflicting decisions and promote 21 judicial efficiency, unless a party’s bad faith or improper purpose, the convenience of the 22 forum, and the “considerations of judicial and litigant economy, and the just and effective 23 disposition of disputes” counsel otherwise. Where these two instances join, “district courts 24 enjoy a ‘double dose’ of discretion: discretion to decline to exercise jurisdiction over a 25 declaratory judgment action and discretion when considering and applying the first-to-file rule 26 and its equitable exceptions.” Id. at 1362–63; Elecs. For Imaging, Inc. v. Coyle, 394 F.3d 1341, 27 1347 (Fed. Cir. 2005); Alltrade, Inc. v. Uniweld Prods., Inc., 946 F.2d 622, 628 (9th Cir. 1991). 1 In the acute circumstance apparent here, Google’s choice of forum carries no weight, nor 2 does the fact that it managed to file first, for the following reasons. 3 First, the manifest purpose of Google’s suit was to beat the clock and defeat the patent 4 owner’s choice of venue. On September 28 just after noon, patent owner shared “a courtesy 5 copy of the complaint that we will file Tuesday, September 29th in the United States District 6 Court.” Leaving no good deed unpunished, Google turned around and filed its own complaint 7 at the twelfth hour, purely to beat patent owner to a courthouse — not even by a full day, but by 8 a matter of hours. 9 Second, Google’s complaint utterly fails to meet the standard for obtaining declaratory 10 relief because it does not explain how its accused products avoid infringement of the asserted 11 patents. As the undersigned has held consistently since the abrogation of Form 18, a 12 declaratory relief complaint must explain “how each accused product or service specifically 13 does not meet at least one claim limitation, such that it does not infringe the asserted patent.” 14 Comcast Cable Comm’cns, LLC v. OpenTV, Inc., 319 F.R.D. 269, 273 (N.D. Cal. 2017); see 15 also, Bot M8 v. Sony, No. C 19-07027 WHA, 2020 WL 418938, at *1 (N.D. Cal. Jan. 27, 2020); 16 see also Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556 U.S. 662, 678 (2009); Bell Atl. Corp. v. Twombly, 550 U.S. 544, 17 555 (2007). True, the Federal Circuit has construed this burden as minimal in a case of “simple 18 technology,” a term surely inapplicable here, yet even there the adequate complaint contained 19 some factual matter (e.g., photographs of the accused product) to be compared to the claim 20 language. See Disc Disease Solutions v. VGH Solutions, Inc., 888 F.3d 1256, 1260 (Fed. Cir. 21 2018). 22 Google’s complaint stumbles under this minimal burden. It offers no allegations of fact in 23 support of its five claims of noninfringement. This order repeats, to emphasize that this is not 24 an exaggeration, that Google’s complaint offers no allegation of fact in support of the claims of 25 noninfringement. Five times, the complaint alleges “Google does not directly or indirectly 26 infringe the [relevant] patent, either literally or under the doctrine of equivalents, at least 27 because the Google Accused Products do not comprise [a word-for-word recitation of the claim 1 In stark contrast, patent owner’s eighty-seven page Texas complaint details how the 2 accused products infringe each element of each asserted claim in nearly sixty pages of claim 3 charts. It is again manifest that Google and its attorneys threw this ramshackle complaint 4 together in a matter of hours just to beat the clock and try to “file first” in its hometown. 5 Google does not seriously contest this. Rather, it contends that patent owner already had 6 notice of the issues in this case, as patent owner started the dispute. That’s not good enough, for 7 Google was required to affirmatively explain why its accused products omitted one or more of 8 each claim limitation in suit. Google’s argument, in essence, concedes that its declaratory 9 complaint means nothing without reference to patent owner’s Texas complaint, which again 10 counsels deference to that proceeding. 11 * * * 12 Google’s choice of forum is entitled to no weight. Rather, the proper course is to stay this 13 case and defer to Judge Albright’s ruling on Google’s just-filed motion to transfer under Section 14 1404 and its factors, such as any forum select clause, the convenience of the parties, the 15 comparative time to trial, the interests of justice, and whether any of the many hundreds of 16 engineers Google apparently employs in the Western District will be called as witnesses. If the 17 judge grants such a motion, the undersigned will take the case. If he denies such motion then 18 our case will remain stayed indefinitely in favor of the Texas action. 19 It is, of course, certainly possible that Sonos is just as guilty of forum shopping here as 20 Google. At the hearing, counsel for Sonos maintained that they filed in the Western District of 21 Texas because that district has continued to hold patent trials despite the pandemic, whereas our 22 own district has largely ceased holding jury trials. Indeed, counsel represented, Judge Albright 23 had just finished another patent trial in recent weeks. At least at first glance, the Court saw 24 some logic in this response, although by now there may be dozens of patent cases standing in 25 line to Judge Albright’s courtroom. 26 Shortly after the hearing, however, the undersigned learned otherwise by way of a writ of 27 mandamus from the Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit directing Judge Albright to 1 court of appeals, we have now learned, has rejected Sonos’s argument that a “court’s suggestion 2 that it could more quickly resolve [a] case based on its scheduling order” be given dispositive 3 weight:
4 The [court congestion] factor concerns whether there is an appreciable difference in docket congestion between the two 5 forums. Nothing about the court’s general ability to set a schedule directly speaks to that issue. 6 7 In re Adobe Inc., 823 Fed. App’x 929, 932 (Fed. Cir. 2020) (citations omitted). Nevertheless, 8 the proper course remains to stay the present action until Judge Albright can rule on Google’s 9 motion to transfer. The judge will no doubt account for the Federal Circuit’s recent direction. 10 In the meantime, Google shall amend its complaint. To be clear, this amendment does not 11 cure Google’s failures detailed above or alter the analysis of which suit ought to proceed. That 12 would reward Google’s litigation gimmick, to anchor venue with a bare bones complaint and 13 then fix it up by amendment. Cf. Foman v. Davis, 371 U.S. 178, 182 (1962). Rather, this 14 amendment will ensure that we are prepared to proceed at pace in the event that Judge Albright 15 decides this case should go forward. 16 CONCLUSION 17 This action and the accompanying international campaign are emblematic of the worst 18 aspects of patent litigation. In just nine months, these parties have managed to escalate their 19 dispute seemingly without bound, filing suits in the ITC, twice in this district, in the Central 20 District of California, in the Western District of Texas, in Canada, France, Germany, and the 21 Netherlands, all about home speaker systems. The resources invested into this dispute already 22 are doubtless enormous. By the end, our parties’ legal bills will likely have been able to build 23 dozens of schools, pay all the teachers, and provide hot lunches to the children. 24 This case is STAYED except that Google SHALL move for leave to file a first amended 25 complaint that meets the standard articulated above by DECEMBER 11 AT NOON. That is, 26 Google shall specify, for every accused product for which it seeks a declaration of 27 noninfringement, how the product fails to satisfy at least one limitation of every challenged 1 proceedings and promptly provide Judge Albright a copy of this order. A further status 2 conference is SET for MARCH 25, 2021 AT 11:00 A.M. 3 IT IS SO ORDERED. 4 Dated: November 20, 2020. 5 6 LIAM ALSUP 7 UNITED STATES DISTRICT JUDGE 8 9 10 11 a 12
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