Goodwin v. State

96 Ind. 550, 1883 Ind. LEXIS 21

Opinions

Elliott, J.

The appellant was convicted of murder in the first degree, and sentenced to the State’s prison for life. The evidence conclusively proves that he shot to death his brother, John R. Goodwin, and the only question for the decision of the jury which, under the evidence, fairly admitted of dispute, was as to the mental condition of the accused at the time the homicide was committed.

Threats of the accused to shoot his brother, made thirty years before the homicide, when the former was a lad of fifteen, were proved, and the ruling of the court admitting this evidence is assailed as erroneous. There was other evidence-of long continued hostility of the accused towards the de- , ceased, and it can not be said, as matter of law, that ill-will may not begin in boyhood and continue into the years of manhood. The existence and continuance of malevolent feelings was a question of fact, and it was proper to submit to the jury all evidence bearing upon that question, leaving to them the decision of its credibility and weight.

Threats against life are always admissible against an accused, but their remoteness from the time of the homicide is a circumstance to be considered in determining the weight and effect to be assigned them. People v. Cronin, 34 Cal. 191; State v. Ford, 3 Strob. (S. C.) 517; Keener v. State, 18 Ga. 194.

Witnesses were allowed to state the contents of a letter written by the accused, wherein he directed the person to whom it was addressed to get his pistol from his brother, and retain it until his return from the place where the letter was Avritten. There was no error in admitting this evidence. The foundation for the admission of secondary evidence had been laid by proof of the destruction of the letter, and the only question is as to the releA’ancy of the testimony. It is al-' ways proper to.give evidence of the preparation for crime, such as the purchase or procurement of weapons, and it was not, therefore, improper to give evidence tending to show that some time before the homicide the accused took measures to secure a deadly weapon. It was proper to alloAv the. evidence of the direction to secure and retain the pistol to go to the jury, and in so ruling the court did not decide anything as to the weight and effect of such evidence. In adjudging that evidence is competent, the court does not,' as counsel assume,, instruct the jury that it is to influence their decision; the court does no more than declare that the evidence is entitled to be heard; all else is left to the judgment of the jury.

Where the declarations of an accused are susceptible of two interpretations, one consistent with innocence, the other indicative of guilt, they are admissible in evidence. Attendant circumstances or connected facts may greatly modify, and, indeed, completely change, the meaning and effect of ambiguous expressions. Such declarations are to be considered in connection with all the other evidence in the case and are to be interpreted by the light it throws upon them.

Counsel are in error in assuming that the court in ruling that such declai’ations are admissible decides that they shall receive an interpretation inconsistent with innocence. The ruling has no such effect, for it extends no further than a decision that they shall be heard and considered in connection with the other evidence, leaving to the jury the duty of annexing to them their just signification.

The court refused to permit one of the appellant’s witnesses to answer this question : “ If the defendant was different from other people in his manner of living, or acting, or speaking, or eating, state in what respect?” In this there was no error. The question opened entirely too wide a field of investigation. The sanest men differ in their habits of life and conduct, and no good could have resulted from entering upon, such a boundless field of inquiry. Criminal responsibility is not measured by men’s peculiarities of habit, or eccentricities in modes of living. Comparisons such as that which the question called upon the witness to make would embarrass and perplex juries, rather than assist and enlighten them. The counsel were allowed to elicit from the witness not only an opinion of the mental condition of appellant, but also a full account of his habits, conduct and declarations, and thus received all the benefit from the witness’s testimony that they had any right to ask.

There was no error in refusing to permit one of the expert witnesses called by the appellant to give the jury a definition of the word “ monomania.” It is not proper to ask witnesses to define words which have a fixed and well known signification, except, perhaps, in cross-examination.

It is contended with great earnestness and ability that the prosecutor, in propounding a hypothetical question to an expert witness, where insanity is the point in issue, must embody in his question all the matters of which there is any evidence; in other words, that the whole case must be embodied in the assumption made in the question of the examining counsel. In support of this contention we are referred to People v. Thurston, 2 Park. Cr. C. 49. We are unwilling to follow that case, for we are firmly convinced that it is unsound in principle, incapable of just application in practice, and unsanctioned by authority. A doctrine which requires a prosecutor to assume and embody in one question conflicting testimony can not be defended on any ground consistent with sound reason. It would operate unjustly in practice, because it would impose upon an examining counsel the necessity of assuming as true that which he denies in fact, and thus the jury would be confused and perplexed by an apparent .admission of facts antagonistic to the theory of the prosecution. It would require the court, whenever an objection was interposed, to determine what facts were proved, and what were not, and thus compel an invasion of the province of the jury. It would produce endless wrangling and confusion, darken and obscure the investigation of the recondite subject of mental capacity, and place the falsest testimony and the absurdest statements on an equality with the truest and most reasonable. On the other hand, no harm can be done the accused by holding that the examining counsel may assume such a case as the evidence in his judgment makes out, and which keeps within the range of the relevant testimony, because the prisoner’s counsel may, on cross-examination, add to the hypothetical case supposed by the prosecutor, such facts as he deems the evidence to have established, or subtract from it such facts as he supposes to have been disproved, or not to have been proved. We are not without decisions in onr reports. In Bishop v. Spining, 38 Ind. 143, Worden, C. J., admirably stated the rule: “The party seeking an opinion in such case may, within reasonable limits, put his case hypothetically as he claims it to have been proved, and take the opinion of the witness thereon, leaving the jury, of course, to determine whether the hypothetical case put is the real one proved.” This doctrine is asserted in the cases of Guetig v. State, 66 Ind. 94, Nave v. Tucker, 70 Ind. 15, Davis v. State, 35 Ind. 496 (9 Am. R. 760), and is well sustained by the decisions of other States, as the citations given by Wharton in his work on criminal evidence abundantly show. We find in the case of Cowley v. People, 83 N. Y. 464 (38 Am. R. 464), a statement of the rule which deserves repetition. In speaking of a hypothetical question the court said: “The very meaning of the word is that it supposes, assumes something for the time being. Each side, in an issue of fact, has its theory of what is the true state of the facts, and assumes that it can prove it to be.so to the satisfaction of the jury; and so assuming, shapes hypothetical questions to experts accordingly. And such is the correct practice.” Guiterman v. Liverpool, ete., Co., 83 N. Y. 358.

It was not error to refuse permission to ask a non-expert witness whether the accused could control his appetite for intoxicating liquor. Men who are not insane must control their appetites and passions. With quite as much propriety might a witness be asked in a case of rape whether the accused could control his lustful desire, and with just as much reason might a witness be asked whether a prisoner could control his anger or master his desire for revenge, and to permit such things to excuse crime would be to break down all law and set a premium on masterful eyil. passions. While' the law shields from punishment one who does an act when insane from the continued use of intoxicating liquor, it does-not permit him to set up his voluntary drunkenness as an excuse for taking human life. If the rule for which counsel contends should prevail, then the common drunkard, whose appetite controls his mind and will, may with impunity commit the gravest crimes, but, happily, the law is subject to no such reproach. Cluck v. State, 40 Ind. 263; Gillooley v. State, 58 Ind. 182; Bradley v. State, 31 Ind. 492; People v. Ferris, 2 Crim. L. Mag. 18; State v. Hundley, 46 Mo. 414; Carter v. State, 12 Texas, 500; U. S. v. McGlue, 1 Curtis C. C. 1.

The question in this case was not whether the appellant could refrain from strong drink, but whether he was insane when he slew his brother. If, however, the question had been the power of the accused to refrain from the use of liquor, the interrogatory would have been improper, for the reason that it is not competent to ask' a witness whether a man has capacity to do or refrain from doing a particular thing. It is proper to inquire generally as to mental capacity, but it is not proper to inquire whether there is or is not capacity to do a specific act, as, for instance, to execute a will, make a contract, or commit a designated crime. 2 Taylor Ev. 1229.

The appellant’s counsel assail the action of the court in permitting Thomas A. Goodwin to testify after the evidence for the defence was in, but we can not reverse upon this ground. The matter of admitting evidence in reply is so much within the discretion of the trial court that the appellate courts uniformly refuse to interfere unless it clearly appears that there has been an abuse of discretion resulting in manifest injury to the accused. Merrick v. State, 63 Ind. 327; Pittsburgh, etc., R. R. Co. v. Noel, 77 Ind. 110; Case v. Grim, 77 Ind. 565; Garter v. Zenblin, 68 Ind. 436; Gardiner v. People, 6 Park. C. C. 155; State v. Hudson, 50 Iowa, 157; Phillips v. State, 6 Texas App. 44.

The case before us is not one warranting our interference. We are, moreover, inclined to think that the material parts of the witness’s testimony were strictly competent in rebuttal. The conversations which the witness had with his brother, the appellant, while they tended to prove motive, tended also to prove that the accused conversed intelligently and possessed full command of his reasoning faculties and will power. We do not understand that testimony tending to show sanity is to be rejected because it bears against the accused upon some other point.

The evidence shows that the appellant was examined before a commission composed of two justices of the peace and a physician, declared insane, and ordered to be committed to the hospital for the insane. The judgment of the justices, even if competent evidence at all, was not conclusive upon the question of appellant’s sanity, and it was competent 'for the State to introduce evidence tending to show his mental condition before and after the proceedings before the justices. The statute authorizing such proceedings does not contemplate that they shall be conclusive adjudications, but that they shall have the effect to entitle the person pronounced insane to be placed in the hospital for treatment. The proceedings do not estop the person declared insane from asserting his sanity, nor do they preclude others from litigating that question.

It is settled law that a non-expert witness must state the facts upon which he bases his opinion. There must be some facts upon which the opinion can rest, or it must not be expressed ; what facts are sufficient to justify the formation and expression of an opinion by a non-expert witness, it is by no means easy to declare. It is, however, agreed by the authorities that if the witness shows an acquaintance with the accused, that he has had conversation with him, or that he has had business dealings or social intercourse with him, he may, having stated the facts, express an opinion. Colee v. State, 75 Ind. 511; Leach v. Prebster, 39 Ind. 492; People v. Wreden, 12 Reporter, 682; State v. Felter, 25 Iowa, 67; Schlencker v. State, 9 Neb. 241; Powell v. State, 25 Ala. 21; Stubbs v. Houston, 33 Ala. 555.

The value of an opinion expressed by a non-expert witness depends upon the facts on which it rests, but its competency is not measured by this standard, for an opinion of little value may nevertheless be competent. If any material facts at all are stated by the witness warranting the inference that he has sufficient knowledge to form an opinion, it is the duty of the court to permit it to go to the jury for whatever it may be worth. We have' read with care the testimony of all the non-expert witnesses named in the brief of counsel, and see no reason to doubt the correctness of the ruling of the trial court holding their opinion competent.

The fourteenth instruction is an exact copy of one approved in the case of Binns v. State, 66 Ind. 428, and on the authority of that case we hold that there was no error in giving it, although we can not regard the instruction as a model worthy of imitation. The instruction immediately following the one just mentioned reads thus: “In the grade of felonious homicide there must be the element of malice and pi-e-meditation. If either of these elements be absent, there can be no conviction of this grade of homicide. A premeditated design or purpose is one resulting from thought and reflection. A design conceived and afterwards so deliberately considered as to become resolved and fixed is regarded by the law as premeditated.” The objection to this instruction is that it contradicts the one preceding it, but we are not inclined to adopt this view. We think it is to be considered in connection with the former, and when the two are taken together, as they may well be, they express the law as favorably to the appellant as was proper. Binns v. State, supra; Achey v. State, 64 Ind. 56.

It was not error to inform the jury, as instruction number-seventeen did, that among the usual evidences of premeditation are previous preparation to take life, expressions of ill-will and hatred, and previous threats to kill.

The twenty-third instruction is somewhat confused, but, taken in connection with those which immediately precede and follow, its meaning is very plain. In the twenty-second instruction the jury were told, among other things, that, “ Under our law a person of unsound mind can not be convicted of any crime,” and when this is read in connection with instruction twenty-three, the meaning of the latter instruction is that no matter what may have caused the mental unsoundness the defendant was entitled to an acquittal; but, although there was some mental derangement, still if “ he had mental capacity sufficient to adequately comprehend the nature and consequences of his act, and unimpaired will power fully sufficient to control an impulse to commit crime, he was not entitled to an acquittal upon the ground of mental incapacity.”' Thus understood — and taking it in connection with the instruction with which it was closely associated, no reasonable man could have otherwise understood it — the instruction correctly expressed the law.

We are not disposed to question the soundness of the rule that instructions must not be contradictory; but we do affirm that one instruction may be qualified and explained by another intimately connected with it, and that if all the instructions upon the same point, taken together, correctly state the law, there is no error. Achey v. State, supra. As said in a recent work, “ The jury are presumed to have understood the charge according to the fair import of its terms when taken together.” Thompson Charging the Jury, 173.

Where there is mental capacity sufficient to fully comprehend the nature and consequences of an act, and unimpaired will power strong enough to master an impulse to commit a crime, there is criminal responsibility. This subject has been so ably and thoroughly discussed of late that it needs no discussion from us. The only doubt unsolved is whether it is proper to separate the will power from the understanding, but this has been done by our cases, as well as many others, and we must take it as a settled principle. Guiteau’s Case, 3 Crim. L. Mag. 347; S. C. 10 Fed. R. 161, and notes; Bradley v. State, 31 Ind. 492.

The twenty-fourth instruction is criticised because it informs the jury, among other things, that mere mental depravity is not insanity; but the criticism is unjust. This doctrine of moral insanity never did have a place in the law, and is now repudiated by the better authority. This is proved in the authorities cited in the note to Guiteau’s Case, 3 Crim. L. Mag. 375, Fed. R. 161, and North Am. R., January, 1882.

This instruction is also criticised because it says that “ depression following from physieial illness, and such as in all respects ordinarily takes place with men possessing fair average mental powers,” is not insanity. There is no ground for criticism. If what the instruction asserts is not law, then it is law that the depression ordinarily resulting from physical illness makes men insane, and excuses them from the consequences of criminal acts, and this surely is a conclusion that no reasonable man would undertake to maintain.

The twenty-fifth instruction is copied from one approved in Guetig v. State, 66 Ind. 94 (32 Am. R. 99), and is a correct statement of the law. Instructions to Juries, 524.

The 29th instruction reads thus: “ Insanity of a permanent nature, when once shown to exist, is presumed to continue until the contrary appears, but where delirium tremens is set up as a defence, the delirium must exist at the time the act was committed, as there is no presumption of its existence from antecedent fits from which the offending party has recovered.” There is nothing in this instruction of which the appellant can justly complain. Whether it states the law too strongly against the State in the introductory sentence we need not inquire, for, if it did, that would afford appellant no reasou for complaint. It certainly states the law correctly as to delirium tremens, for this is a mere transient derangement of the mind, and there is no presumption of its recurrence or continuance. 2 Bishop Grim. Proc., section 674. We think the instruction was not irrelevant to the case made by the evidence. We do not understand that the court in charging the jury is bound to confine itself to such phases of the case as counsel deem the important ones, but may instruct upon all the material phases which the case may assume under the evidence.

The thirty-first instruction reads thus: “ The opinions of medical experts are to be considered by you in connection with all the other evidence in the case, but you are not bound to act upon them to the exclusion of all other evidence. Taking into consideration these opinions, and giving them just weight, you are to determine for yourselves, from the whole evidence, whether the accused was or was not of sound mind, yielding him the benefit of a reasonable doubt, if any such doubt arises.” The objection urged against this instruction is that it informs the jury that the testimony of experts is not entitled to greater weight than that of non-expert witnesses. We do not think the argument is correct either in point of fact or law. The instruction does not, as counsel assume, direct the j ury to act upon one class of evidence to the exclusion of the others, but in plain terms instructs them to consider the whole evidence. But counsel’s theory of the law is radically wrong. It would have been error for the court to tell the jury that the expert witnesses, speaking merely as to matters of opinion, and basing their opinions on hypothetical questions, were entitled to more credit than witnesses who had knowledge of facts gathered from personal observation and who based their opinions on actual facts and not supposed eases. As both kinds of evidence are competent, the jury are charged with the duty of determining the weight and effect of the evidence in each particular case, and the court has no right to charge them to give preference to the one class or the other. Tatum v. Mohr, 21 Ark. 349; Chandler v. Barrett, 21 La. Ann. 58; State v. Bailey, 4 La. Ann. 376.

Instruction thirty-two is substantially copied from instruction number fifteen in the case of Guetig v. State, supra, of which the court there said: “ Instructions numbered 13 and 15 properly express the law, and are fully sustained by the authorities cited under question numbered 2, already discussed.”

There was no error in charging the jury, as was done in the thirty-fifth instruction, that they should carefully scrutinize the evidence upon the subject of insanity. It is the duty of jurors to carefully consider and weigh such evidence, and to give it the weight and credit which their judgments and consciences deem it entitled to receive. State v. Martin, 3 Crim. L. Mag. 44; Guiteau’s Case, supra.

Counsel select from this instruction a clause reading thus: “ The evidence to this point should be carefully considered and weighed by the jury, for the reason that if the accused was, in truth, insane at the time of the commission of the alleged acts, then he ought not to be punished for such acts,”' and urge that this entitles them to a reversal, because, as they say, the question was, not whether the accused was in truth insane, but whether the jury entertained a reasonable doubt-on that subject. The objection is not well taken. The court-was not informing the jury as to the degree of evidence required to convict the accused, but was simply assigning a reason why the evidence deserved careful scrutiny. Other instructions fully and correctly defined the degree of evidence- required, in order to entitle the State to a verdict of conviction, and the jury could not have been misled.

The eighth instruction asked by the appellant was correctly refused, for the reason that the propositions of law stated in-it were contained in the instructions given by the court. Where the instructions of the court fully cover the ground and correctly state the law, it is not error to refuse instructions upon the same subject, although they are correct expositions of the law.

The theory of the tenth instruction asked by the accused and refused by the court is, that if one labors under a perversion of the affections, irresistibly impelling him to crime, the law holds him guiltless. This is an affirmance of the doctrine of moral insanity, of which we have already expressed our opinion. Where there is sufficient mental capacity to fully comprehend the character and consequences of a criminal act, and no disease of the will power impairing its strength, there can be no acquittal upon the ground o.f a perversion of the affections. If it were otherwise, then the husband or lover who has his affections perverted by a fit of jealousy, and takes the life of his wife or mistress, could not be deemed accountable, and against this conclusion the conscience and judgment revolt. The man whose understanding and will power are not diseased must not yield to the sway of perverted affections. If he does yield, and takes human life, he must suffer the punishment the law affixes to felonious homicide. Present, the mind to judge and know, the will hr govern and control, there is criminal responsibility, although there may be a perversion of the affections and hatred may have taken the place of love.

Of several of the instructions asked and refused, we deem it only necessary to say that they were fully and fairly embraced in those given by the court, and where this is the case a refusal to repeat the rules of law is not error.

The court was-not bound to instruct the jury to disregard the testimony introduced in reply to that of the defence, even though it tended to prove malice and premeditation. We have already disposed of this question in what we have said as to the authority of the court to allow the State to give evidence in chief after the close of the evidence of the defendant.

The fifteenth instruction asked and refused reads thus: “Any statement, declaration, or admission of the defendant that may have been introduced in evidence by the State, made while he was an inmate of the Indiana Hospital for the Insane, must be regarded and held by you in your consideration thereof, as the statement, declaration, or admission of a person of unsound mind, and allowed no weight whatever against the defendant, unless the evidence in this case proves to your satisfaction beyond a reasonable doubt, that the defendant was of sound mind when he made such statements, admissions or declarations.” The court did right in refusing this instruction. It assumes that the fact that the appcdlant was confined in the hospital is prima facie evidence of insanity, and this is an assumption the court had no right to make. The question was one for the jury upon all the evidence. It would have been error for the court to have singled out the commitment to the hospital and to have affirmed that it proved insanity. On a question very similar to that before us, the Supreme Court of Ohio said: “ Ordinarily, such inquisitions are not conclusive, but only prima facie evidence of incapacity, as will be seen from the authorities cited; but, on a question like that in issue here, it is manifest they can not be regarded as even prima facie evidence.” Wheeler v. State, 34 Ohio St. 394. It is maintained with much force in Leggate v. Clark, 111 Mass. 308, that the evidence is incompetent, and wo are not prepared to say this is not the correct rule. The statute did not intend to do more than provide a method of procedure limited and restrained to a single purpose, and there is much reason for declaring that the judgment of the commission is not evidence in a civil action or a criminal prosecution. It is a very different thing from an inquisition of lunacy, for in such a proceeding the status of the party is fixed as to all the world; while the statutory inquiry by the justices is restricted to one specific purpose. But we need not determine the competency of the evidence, for that question is not before us. Conceding that the judgment of the commission was some evidence, it would not have been proper for the court to fix and determine its weight and value.

For another reason the instruction was rightly refused. ^ The declarations made while the accused was in the insane hospital were admissible upon the question of his mental condition at the time, and the instruction, if given, would have excluded them from the consideration of the jury solely on the ground that he had been committed to the hospital. This would have assigned to the judgment of the justices an effect far greater than it was entitled to. The judgment did not conclude the State from inquiring as to the appellant’s sanity while he was in the hospital, and the right to make this inquiry necessarily involved the right to give evidence of his statements. These statements were entitled to be received upon the question which the instruction wrongly assumes the judgment of the commission to have settled. It was proper to consider the conduct and declarations of the accused while in the hospital on the question as to his mental condition at that time, and it would have been erroneous to charge the jury, as this instruction proposed, that the conduct of the accused while in the hospital should not be considered upon that question, unless his sanity was proved beyond a reasonable doubt by other evidence. The instruction does not assert that the declarations shall not be considered ■upon one question, but broadly asserts that they shall not be considered upon any question, thus asking that they be excluded from consideration on the question of sanity as well as on all other questions.

The sixteenth instruction, asked by the appellant, is as follows : “ It will be proper for you to inquire what motive, if any, consistent with sanity is shown by the evidence to have existed in the mind of the defendant for taking the life of the deceased in the way, place, and circumstances in which the act was done; and if there is a want of such motive, as shown by the whole evidence, for the alleged crime, the fact that it was done under circumstances which rendered detection and arrest inevitable, if it was so done, are important points for your consideration, especially when coupled with evidence of insanity on any particular point.”

It is not error to refuse an instruction unless it is the duty - of the court to give it in the terms in which it is prayed. Lawrenceburgh, etc., R. R. Co. v. Montgomery, 7 Ind. 474; Roots v. Tyner, 10 Ind. 87; Thompson Charging the Jury, section 86; Proffatt Jury Trial, section 440. Our inquiry, therefore, is whether the court was bound to read the instruction to the jury as it was written.

One of the evidences of crime and sanity is the presence of a motive in the mind of the accused. “ Motive,” said the Court of Appeals of New York, “ is an inducement, or that which leads or tempts the mind to indulge the criminal act. It is resorted to as a means of arriving at an ultimate fact, not for the purpose of explaining the reason of a criminal act which has been clearly proved, but from the important aid it may render in completing the proof of the commission of the act when it might otherwise remain in doubt. With motives, in any speculative sense, neither the law nor the tribunal which administers it has any concern.” People v. Bennett, 49 N. Y. 137. Motive precedes purpose, intent, and design, and is the influence which creates purpose and design. Sane men are generally regarded as acting from motive, although it is said there may be motiveless crimes. Wharton and Stille Med. Juris., section 405; Wharton Cr. Ev., section 784; State v. Cohn, 9 Nev. 179; State v. Larkin, 11 Nev. 314. The absence of motive is regarded as a fact tending to show that the criminal act was the product of a mind incapable of forming an intent. It is not, however, true that because the motive is not apparent it is to' be pre -sumed that none existed, nor is it true that an absence of -motive proves a man insane, or proves him innocent. There are many recorded cases where atrocious crimes were committed in sheer recklessness, neither the hope of gain nor the gratification of any passion prompting the act. Wharton Crim. Ev., section 784, auth. n. Exceptional cases there are, but the general rule unquestionably is that sane men are influenced by motives, while the insane are motiveless. The presence of motive is, in general, evidence of sanity; its absence is evidence of insanity, but in neither case is the evidence conclusive. It would have been proper for the court to instruct the jury that evidence of the absence of motive was entitled to consideration upon the question of mental capacity, but we are inclined to the opinion that it would not have been proper to characterize it as important evidence. Karow v. Continental, etc., Co., 15 Cent. L. J. 233; Clough v. State, 7 Neb. 320.

The instruction refused does more than assert that the absence of motive is an important matter for the consideration of the jury; it connects other facts with it, and asserts the same thing of them. One of the facts thus made prominent is that referred to in the clause of the instruction which reads thus: “ The fact that it was done under circumstances which rendered detection and arrest inevitable.” If this instruction had been given as asked, it would have allotted undue prominence to the fact that the homicide was committed under .such circumstances as made detection inevitable. The fact that a crime is openly committed, and that the perpetrator •commits it at a time and place which render his arrest certain, is not one tending to show insanity or prove innocence. The most heinous murders are frequently perpetrated under circumstances which render escape impossible. Homicides prompted by such evil passions as jealousy, revenge and anger, are more often committed in open day and in frequented places ■than in secret. This the reported cases fully show. No inference of insanity, no presumption of innocence,- can arise from the fact that the homicide was committed under such circumstances as made detection and arrest inevitable.

The instruction emphatically asserts that the fact that the killing was done under circumstances surely leading to detection is an important consideration; for, connecting this fact with that of the absence of motive, it affirms that these “"are important points ” for the consideration of the jury, “ especially when coupled with evidence of insanity on any particular point.” The meaning of this is, that the fact of the absence of motive, as well as that the killing was done under-circumstances making detection inevitable, are, in any event, both important matters for the consideration of the jury, but especially so if there is evidence of insanity. Thus understood, and giving the words used their just and ordinary signification, the instruction can not be understood in any other way; the instruction asserted an erroneous proposition, because the fact that the killing was done under circumstances making detection-and arrest certain is not to be considered as - an important fact ranging alongside of absence of motive or evidence of insanity.

It is error to give undue prominence in instructions to unimportant facts, and it is, of course, proper to refuse instructions which do this. Charging the Jury, 101. Instructions which suggest improper inferences are faulty. Proffatt Jury Trial, section 336 ; Little Miami R. R. Co. v. Wetmore, 19 Ohio St. 110; S. C., 2 Am. R. 373. Instructions which are more likely to mislead than to enlighten the jury should be refused. In Sumner v. State, 5 Blackf. 579 (36 Am. Dec. 561), the instructions refused were less obscure than the one under examination, and the court held that they were rightly refused, saying: “ It is a sufficient objection to them, that they might convey to the mind of an unprofessional man of ordinary capacity, an incorrect view of the law applicable to the cause.” In Farrish v. State, 63 Ala. 164, the court said : “ In laying down a rule for the government of a jury, accuracy, clearness, and precision should be studied and sought after. It is never a reversi ble error to refuse a charge, the tendency of which, unexplained, is to mislead, or which, considered in connection with the evidence, requires explanation of one or more of its propositions to render it a safe and certain guide for the jury.” To a like effect is the decision in Baxter v. People, 3 Gilm. 368, where it was said: “ When instructions are so drawn, either from carelessness or design, that they will be more likely to mislead than instruct the jury, although after a careful study and investigation, we may be able to extract a correct principle of law from them, it becomes the undoubted duty of the court to refuse such instructions. * * * In-

structions ought not to be given unless they may be fairly understood and easily comprehended by the jury.” In Clough v. State, 7 Neb. 320, the instruction asked and refused was as follows: " If the evidence fails to show any apparent motive on the part of the accused to commit the crime charged, it ought to operate strongly as a circumstance in favor of the accused.” The court held that it was properly refused, saying: '' It would not have been proper for the court to have charged the jury as matter of law what effect the failure to show a motive to commit the crime should have. The court had no right to say whether it should operate 'strongly’ or otherwise.”

It is proper for the.court to direct the minds of the jury to the facts of the case, but it is not proper for it to annex weight and value to them; that is the exclusive province of the jury. Garfield v. State, 74 Ind. 60.

To have given the instruction in the terms in which it is couched would have been to direct the jury that the fact that the homicide was openly committed was one of ’importance, equal to that of the absence of motive, and this would have been erroneous. More than this, absence of motive and the manner of slaying are grouped with evidence of insanity, thus asserting that the latter fact is entitled to consideration', and important consideration, upon the question of mental capacity. Putting these facts together as the instruction does would have given the jury an erroneous view of the law. At all events, it would have given undue prominence, and in an improper connection, to an unimportant fact, and for this latter reason, if for no other, the trial court was justified in refusing the instruction. Instructions to Juries, 16.

Instructions must be not only correct as abstract statements of law, but correct, also, in their applicability to the evidence in the particular case. The evidence of the prosecution tended to show, and with convincing force, that the killing was the result of a long and deeply settled purpose, and one likely to be openly and boldly executed. It was not a case in which the slayer might be expected to conceal his crime or cover his conduct with the mantle of secrecy. The conduct and character of the accused were such as to create the presumption that he would, if sane, have done what he did publicly and not secretly. The manner of the slaying was, in this particular case, strictly consistent with sanity, for it would have been strange if such a man as the evidence shows the appellant to be had not slain his victim openly. It would have been error to instruct the jury in such a case as the evidence before us makes, that the manner in which the homicide was committed tended to prove insanity. The manner in which the crime of the accused was committed is, as the evidence shows, consistent with sanity, and not indicative of insanity, and the court could not justly have declared otherwise.

It is not the duty of the court to pronounce upon minor and subsidiary facts, which depend for their weight and value upon other fafets. All such facts should be submitted to the jury without any expressed opinion as to their weight, leaving it to the .jury to give them that consideration which the jurors may deem them entitled to receive when considered in connection with the whole evidence.

It is necessary that every fact which constitutes an essential ingredient of a crime charged against an accused should be proved beyond a reasonable doubt, but it is not necessary that incidental or subsidiary facts should be proved by such a degree of evidence in order to .entitle them to the consideration of the jury. Wade v. State, 71 Ind. 535.

Evidence is not to be considered in fragmentary parts and .as though each fact or circumstance stood apart from the others, but the entire evidence is to be considered and the weight of testimony to be determined from the whole body of the evidence. A circumstance considered apart from the other evidence may be weak, if not improbable, but when viewed in connection with surrounding facts and circumstances may be so well supported as to remove all doubt as to its*existence as detailed by the witness. Acts considered apart from all other evidence may appear innocent, but when considered with other evidence may import guilt. The seventeenth and eighteenth instructions asked fall before this rule.

The appellant asked the court to instruct the jury as follows : “Any person is of unsound mind who is an idiot, non compos mentis, a lunatic, or a monomaniac, or a distracted person.” We do not think it was error to refuse to so instruct. It is true that the instruction is a copy of the statutory definition of insanity (R. S. 1881, section 2544), but we do not believe the definition one which ought to be given in a criminal prosecution, nor do we believe the Legislature meant that it should be used in such cases. The words used in the definition are general, and the signification of some of them vague and indefinite, and to give the definition to the jury could serve no useful purpose, since it would tend only to produce confusion. The term “distracted person ” would convey to the jury an erroneous idea of the law, for in criminal jurisprudence distracted persons are not necessarily insane. At all events, no error was committed in refusing this instruction, for the reason that the court had, in other instructions, fully and correctly defined mental unsoundness, and had informed the jury what degree was essential in order to ^entitle the appellant to an acquittal.

The value of the testimony of expert witnesses, as, indeed, of all witnesses, depends in a great degree upon their knowledge and integrity, and in so far as the instruction asked by the appellant asserted this well known truth, it was correct, but we do not think any ease should be reversed because of the failure of the court to embody in an instruction a familiar truth, and one which all persons of ordinary intelligence are presumed to know. It would do little credit to jurors to presume that they did not kn’ow that two great requisites of a witness’s credibility are knowledge and integrity, and the refusal to charge them upon such a matter can not be more than a harmless error, if, indeed, it can justly be held error at all. But the instruction was-too narrow; it left out many other things which are proper for consideration, namely, interest, behavior on the witness stand, and other like matters which are always to be considered in determining the weight to be assigned to the testimony of a witness. The court is not bound to give an instruction which does not fully cover the particular point upon which it assumes to state the law.

Filed April 17, 1883.

The court ought not to give any instruction which will indicate to the jury that they are to prefer the testimony of expert witnesses to those who are non-experts, but -who speak as to facts passing under their own observation and who base their opinions on these facts. The question as to which class of witnesses is entitled to the greater weight is-for the jury,, and not for the court, although the current of modern authorities is setting strongly against what is called expert evidence. Whart. Cr. Ev., section 420, auth. n.

Much labor has been bestowed upon this case by appellant’s counsel, and we have given their able and elaborate argument careful consideration, but have found no reason which would justify us in reversing the judgment.

Judgment affirmed.