IN THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT FOR THE NORTHERN DISTRICT OF ILLINOIS EASTERN DIVISION
CHARLES GOLBERT, Cook County Public Guardian, on behalf of Trinity B., Romeo S., Connor H., Jadiene T., Jymesha S., Tatyana H., and Jamya Case No. 19-cv-08257 B., Judge Mary M. Rowland Plaintiffs,
v.
AURORA CHICAGO LAKESHORE HOSPITAL, LLC, et al.,
Defendants.
MEMORANDUM OPINION AND ORDER Plaintiff Charles Golbert, acting on behalf of minors Trinity B., Romeo S., Connor H., Jadiene T., Jymesha S., Tatyana H., and Jamya B., brings this action against the Defendants alleging federal and state law violations arising from the children’s time at Chicago Lakeshore Hospital. Defendant Nickolay Katsarov moves to dismiss the Amended Complaint for failing to state a claim. For reasons stated herein, his Motion to Dismiss [153] is granted in part and denied in part. It is granted in full as to Count Two. It is granted as to Count One, Three, Four, Eleven and Fourteen for all plaintiffs other than Tatyana H. and Jymesha S. All dismissals are without prejudice. I. Background The following factual allegations are taken from the Amended Complaint (Dkt. 135) and are accepted as true for the purposes of the motion to dismiss. See W. Bend Mut. Ins. Co. v. Schumacher, 844 F.3d 670, 675 (7th Cir. 2016). A. The Lakeshore Allegations Charles Golbert brings this suit against Aurora Chicago Lakeshore Hospital, Lakeshore’s parent company Signature, several employees and executives of
Lakeshore, and several officers and employees of DCFS, in their personal capacity. Golbert is the Cook County Public Guardian. Appointed by the Chief Judge of the Cook County Circuit Court and the Presiding Judge of the Juvenile Justice and Child Protection Division of the Circuit Court, he represents children who are subjects of abuse, neglect, and dependency petitions filed in the juvenile court. Dkt. 135 ¶ 11. In this case, he represents seven children who were in DCFS custody and were
involuntarily placed in the Chicago Lakeshore Hospital between 2017 and 2018. Id. at ¶¶ 12-18, 66. Chicago Lakeshore Hospital is an Illinois limited liability company located in Chicago, where it also operates a “Children’s Pavilion.” Id. at ¶ 19. Lakeshore is in turn owned by Signature, a Michigan limited liability company. Id. Along with Lakeshore and Signature, Golbert lists ten other executives and employees of Lakeshore as defendants. Id. at ¶¶ 23, 31-39. He also brings suit against nine officials
and employees of DCFS, the Illinois agency responsible for the care of children dependent on the state. Id. at ¶¶ 21-22, 24-29, 30, 40. Golbert’s allegations arise from the plaintiffs’ treatment while at Lakeshore’s children’s hospital. DCFS is required to house children in the least restrictive setting that is in the child’s best interest. Id. at ¶ 41. As part of this care, children sometimes needed inpatient care at a psychiatric hospital. Id. at ¶ 42. Due to budget constraints, DCFS had developed a reputation among Chicago-area hospitals for keeping children in inpatient care for longer than medically beneficial and failing to promptly pay hospitals for care provided. Id. at ¶ 47-48. As a result, most psychiatric hospitals were
hesitant to admit children in the care of DCFS. Id. at ¶ 49. The one exception was Lakeshore. Due to its own financial pressures, it readily accepted children in the care of DCFS. Id. at ¶ 62. As a result of Lakeshore’s limited funds and aggressive management by Signature, its children’s psychiatric hospital lacked the proper facilities and staff to safely operate. Id. at ¶¶ 51-58. Lakeshore had a history of allegations of inadequate or dangerous care, including a 2011 report by
the Mental Health Policy Program of the University of Illinois at Chicago finding patterns of sexual abuse. Id. at ¶¶ 119, 121. DCFS, however, was dependent on Lakeshore because it was one of the few hospitals that would accept children in its charge. Id. at ¶ 64. As a result, DCFS wanted to ensure that Lakeshore remained in business even if it did not provide adequate care. Id. During their stay at Lakeshore, the plaintiffs were subjected to serious sexual, physical, and emotional abuse. Id. at ¶ 67. DCFS was aware of serious complaints
against Lakeshore and worked to bury and discredit the allegations. Id. at ¶ 104. The situation only changed in 2018 when the federal Department of Health and Human Services surveyed Lakeshore to evaluate its compliance with Medicare regulations. Id. at ¶ 114. The surveys found that Lakeshore’s administration of the children’s hospital violated federal regulations and endangered patient health and safety. Id. at ¶ 115. As a result, the Department terminated its provider agreement with the hospital, cutting off federal funding. Id. at ¶ 125. DCFS removed all the children in its custody out of Lakeshore at around the same time. Id. at ¶ 125. The abuse the children suffered at Lakeshore continues to cause them physical
and emotional pain. Id. at ¶ 130. Golbert filed the instant lawsuit on December 18, 2019 to recover for the damage caused. B. Nickolay Katsarov Nickolay Katsarov has filed a motion to dismiss Golbert’s Complaint as it applies to him. At the time relevant to the Complaint, Katsarov worked at Lakeshore as a nurse. Id. at ¶ 36. Tatyana H. and Jymesha S. were 7 and 12-year-old minors,
respectively, in DCFS custody who had been placed in Lakeshore. Id. at ¶¶ 16, 17. In 2018, Tatyana H. was sexually assaulted by another patient. Id. at ¶ 87. Katsarov and Adebola Majekodunmi, another employee, learned of the assault at or near the time it happened. Id. at ¶ 88. They did not report the assault to any authority figures and did not take steps to preserve evidence of the assault, despite a duty to do so. Id. They also did not bring Tatyana H. to medical personal for examination. Id. As a result, it was several days before she received a medical examination, and another
day after that before the assault was finally reported to the police. Id. at ¶ 90. That same year, Richard Kasyoki, an employee under Katsarov’s supervision, sexually assaulted Jymesha S. Id. at ¶ 77. Kasyoki then falsified the “round logs” that tracked his activities to hide his assault. Id. at ¶ 78. Katsarov signed off on the false logs, with the alleged intention of helping Kasyoki conceal his actions. Id. Katsarov did not report Kasyoki’s abuse, despite having an obligation to do so. Id. II. Standard A motion to dismiss tests the sufficiency of a complaint, not the merits of the case. Gibson v. City of Chi., 910 F.2d 1510, 1520 (7th Cir. 1990). “To survive a motion to
dismiss under Rule 12(b)(6), the complaint must provide enough factual information to state a claim to relief that is plausible on its face and raise a right to relief above the speculative level.” Haywood v. Massage Envy Franchising, LLC, 887 F.3d 329, 333 (7th Cir. 2018) (quotations and citation omitted). See also Fed. R. Civ. P. 8(a)(2) (requiring a complaint to contain a “short and plain statement of the claim showing that the pleader is entitled to relief.”). A court deciding a Rule 12(b)(6) motion accepts
plaintiff’s well-pleaded factual allegations as true and draws all permissible inferences in plaintiff’s favor. Fortres Grand Corp. v. Warner Bros. Entm't Inc., 763 F.3d 696, 700 (7th Cir. 2014). A plaintiff need not plead “detailed factual allegations”, but “still must provide more than mere labels and conclusions or a formulaic recitation of the elements of a cause of action for her complaint to be considered adequate under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 8.” Bell v. City of Chi., 835 F.3d 736, 738 (7th Cir. 2016) (citation and internal quotation marks omitted).
Dismissal for failure to state a claim is proper “when the allegations in a complaint, however true, could not raise a claim of entitlement to relief.” Bell Atl. Corp. v. Twombly, 550 U.S. 544, 558, 127 S. Ct. 1955, 1966 (2007). Deciding the plausibility of the claim is “‘a context-specific task that requires the reviewing court to draw on its judicial experience and common sense.’” McCauley v. City of Chi., 671 F.3d 611, 616 (7th Cir. 2011) (quoting Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556 U.S. 662, 679, 129 S. Ct. 1937, 1950 (2009)). III. Analysis
In his Motion to Dismiss, Katsarov argues that he is not a state actor liable under § 1983; that Golbert has failed to allege his personal involvement in constitutional violations; and that the Complaint fails to state a claim against him. A. Katsarov Is a State Actor Ordinarily, private actors such as Lakeshore cannot be held liable for constitutional violations under § 1983. See Hallinan v. Fraternal Order of Police of
Chicago Lodge No. 7, 570 F.3d 811, 815 (7th Cir. 2009). There is an exception, however, when a private party engages in “state action.” Id. To find state action, there must be a “close nexus between the State and the challenged action” such that the challenged action “may be fairly treated as that of the State itself.” Jackson v. Metro. Edison Co., 419 U.S. 345, 351 (1974). The Supreme Court has recognized several different ways in which private action may become state action. These include when the action is a result of a conspiracy between the state and private party to deprive
individuals of their constitutional rights; when the state practically controls or directs the private entity; and when the state has delegated a public function to the private entity. Hallinan, 570 F.3d at 815-16 (gathering Supreme Court cases). At the same time, the Court is aware that these examples “do not so much enunciate a test or series of factors, but rather demonstrate examples of outcomes in a fact-based assessment.” Id. at 816. Indeed, “no one fact can function as a necessary condition across the board for finding state action; nor is any set of circumstances absolutely sufficient.” Brentwood Acad. v. Tennessee Secondary Sch. Athletic Ass'n, 531 U.S. 288, 295, (2001).
In this case, the analysis turns on whether Lakeshore was performing a “public function” by treating the children in DCFS custody. To make this determination, we ask “whether the function performed has been ‘traditionally the exclusive prerogative of the State.’” Rendell-Baker v. Kohn, 457 U.S. 830, 842 (1982) (quoting Jackson, 419 U.S. at 353). Katsarov argues that Lakeshore did not perform a function that was traditionally exclusive to Illinois. In support, he points to precedent from this district
stating that “it is not the exclusive function of the State to care for and protect minors who are adjudicated to be abused and neglected by their natural parents.” Letisha A. by Murphy v. Morgan, 855 F. Supp. 943, 949 (N.D. Ill. 1994). The defendant, however, misstates the “function” that Lakeshore allegedly undertook. The relevant issue here is not whether protecting abused minors is an exclusive state function, but whether providing medical care to children already in DCFS custody is a traditionally exclusive state function. We have found no case
directly addressing this question, but our precedent in Woods v. Maryville Academy strongly suggests that it would qualify. No. 17 C 8273, 2018 WL 6045219 (N.D. Ill. Nov. 19, 2018). In that case, which found a residential facility that abused DCFS children to be a state actor, the court emphasized DCFS’s responsibility for children in its custody, writing that “if a state has a duty to the children in its custody, that duty cannot be avoided by substituting private for public custodians.” Id. at *7. DCFS’s duty to ensure its children’s safety means that a “private institution should not be able to avoid the underlying duty to protect and care for the children in its care and custody.” Id. In effect, “the [defendants] fulfilled the State’s duty to care for the
children in its custody. That is what makes them state actors.” Id. at *8. Here too, Lakeshore was fulfilling the State’s duty to provide care for its children. Lakeshore’s status as a state actor is reinforced by considering the closely analogous case of medical care provided to state prisoners. In Rodriguez v. Plymouth Ambulance Serv., the Seventh Circuit found that a hospital that treated an inmate over the course of several days was fulfilling an exclusive state function and so could
be sued as a state actor. 577 F.3d 816 (7th Cir. 2009). In its analysis, the court contrasted care that was “incidental and transitory,” such as treating an ambulance arrival in need of emergency care, with that arising from an ongoing, contractual relationship. In only the latter case are a hospital and its employees “undertaking freely, and for consideration, responsibility for a specific portion of the state’s overall obligation.” Id. at 827. The Seventh Circuit found the defendant hospital participated in an exclusive state function, and so was a state actor, when it treated a prisoner
over the course of several days as part of an ongoing relationship between it and the prison. Id. at 831. In this case, Golbert has alleged that DCFS’s children made up a substantial proportion of Lakeshore’s child patients during the relevant time. Dkt. 135 ¶ 63. Hospitals were free not to treat DCFS children, and many chose not to. Id. at ¶ 49. Lakeshore, meanwhile, actively sought out DCFS children and continued their hospitalizations for extended periods. Id. at ¶ 62. Plaintiffs have alleged that Lakeshore’s treatment of them “was tied to the state's responsibility for [their] overall medical care.” Katsarov, as Lakeshore’s employee, similarly took on the state’s
responsibility. See Rodriguez, 577 F.3d at 827. Katsarov argues that Lakeshore’s relationship with the children was “incidental and transitory” under Rodriguez. But, as noted, in Rodriguez the “incidental” treatment was one where an ambulance arrived, unsolicited, at a hospital and the hospital provided emergency treatment and transferred the patient within an hour. Id. at 831. This was contrasted with the situation where the same prisoner was
transferred to another hospital that had a contractual relationship to provide care to prisoners and treated for several days as part of an ongoing relationship. Id. Here, Lakeshore, and by extension the defendant¸ took on a traditionally exclusive state function in their treatment of the DCFS children. As a result, they are state actors potentially liable under § 1983. B. Katsarov’s Personal Involvement Katsarov next argues that Golbert has not adequately alleged his personal
involvement in the constitutional violations of six of the seven plaintiffs. In order to make out a claim under § 1983, the plaintiff must show the defendant’s “personal involvement” in the alleged violation. Matthews v. City of E. St. Louis, 675 F.3d 703, 708 (7th Cir. 2012). Katsarov says the Complaint fails to allege his involvement as to any of the plaintiffs except for Tatyana H. and Jymesha S., and so the four constitutional counts should be dismissed as to the other plaintiffs. Golbert, in turn, argues that the specific allegations levelled against the defendant also imply a general awareness of ongoing abuse. This awareness, he contends, is sufficient to plead his personal involvement as to all the plaintiffs.
The Court need not resolve this disagreement as to the counts generally. As we will see, each of the constitutional claims must be dismissed or is limited to Tatyana H. and Jymesha S. We consider the validity of each count, including Katsarov’s personal involvement, separately. C. Only Tatyana H. and Jymesha S. State a Safe-Conditions Claim Golbert’s first count is for violations of the plaintiffs’ right to safe conditions of
confinement. The courts have long recognized that the Fourteenth Amendment guarantees involuntarily-committed individuals a right to safe conditions of confinement. See Youngberg v. Romeo, 457 U.S. 307, 315 (1982). In order to make out the claim, the plaintiffs must show that they “suffered a sufficiently serious deprivation” and that Katsarov was deliberately indifferent to their condition. Sain v. Wood, 512 F.3d 886, 894 (7th Cir. 2008). Golbert has stated a claim against Katsarov as to plaintiff Tatyana H. and Jymesha S. The sexual assault of these
minors were serious deprivations that the defendant failed to address in any way, despite an obligation to do so. Katsarov has moved to dismiss the claim in so far as it is raised by the five other plaintiffs. Golbert did not contest this in his Response, and the Complaint makes no concrete allegations tying Katsarov to the other plaintiffs. In so far as the other five plaintiffs assert safe-conditions claims against Katsarov, they are dismissed. The claims raised by Tatyana H. and Jymesha S. may proceed. D. Count Two Fails to State an Access-to-Court Claim
Golbert’s next claim is that Katsarov violated the plaintiffs’ constitutional right to access the courts. A backward-looking access claim may arise “‘where a plaintiff alleges an underlying claim cannot be tried, or be tried with all the evidence, because official conduct caused the loss or inadequate resolution of that claim.’” Harer v. Casey, 962 F.3d 299, 308 (7th Cir. 2020) (quoting Lynch v. Barrett, 703 F.3d 1153, 1157 (10th Cir. 2013)). In order “[t]o determine whether a plaintiff has meaningful
and effective access to court, we require the plaintiff to identify: (1) a nonfrivolous, underlying claim; (2) the official acts frustrating the litigation; and (3) a remedy that may be awarded as recompense but that is not otherwise available in a suit or settlement.” Id. The third prong is particularly problematic when plaintiffs bring an access-to-court claim based on lack of evidence alongside underlying claims. This is because it is “just too early to say” whether remedy is not otherwise available. Id. at 309 (quotation omitted). For this reason, “an access-to-court claim ordinarily may not
proceed at the same time and in the same case as a timely-filed underlying claim.” Id. In Harer, a couple alleged that their daughter’s murder by a police officer had been covered up by the police department. Id. at 302. As a result of the cover-up, evidence that would have been helpful in a lawsuit against the police officer and department was not available. Id. at 308. They sued the officer and department for claims including wrongful death, intentional infliction of emotional distress, and denial of access to the court. Id. at 305. The Seventh Circuit dismissed the parents’ access-to- court claim because “their underlying tort claims [were] timely, facially plausible, and
still pending.” Id. at 310. So long as “the ultimate resolution of their wrongful death case in doubt, the Harers’ access-to-court claim [was] not ripe for judicial review.” Id. at 310-11. With the underlying claims still pending, the court could not “determine whether the police cover-up thwarted the effectiveness of any potential remedies.” Id. at 311. Golbert argues that the plaintiffs have been denied access to the court because of
actions taken by the defendants to hide or destroy relevant evidence. Harer is analogous to the instant case. Here too, Golbert has “timely, facially plausible” claims for relief pending before the Court, despite the lack of video evidence. As a result, he cannot show that no remedy is otherwise available. Here, as in Harer, “[t]he filing of [the] case undermines the argument that an individual lacks access to court.” Id. at 309. Golbert attempts to distinguish Harer by pointing to dicta mentioning that the
parents could use discovery to find evidence that supports their case. See Id. He contrasts this with the present case, where discovery will not uncover evidence already destroyed or never created. But Harer’s discussion of discovery only serves to point out that the plaintiffs may well find enough information in discovery to succeed at trial, not that they have a right to any particular piece of evidence. And, of course, the same is true here. Golbert will have access to discovery and, while he will not uncover evidence that was destroyed, the Court cannot determine that he has no recourse until it reaches a ruling on the underlying claims. Count Two is dismissed. E. The Complaint States a Failure to Intervene Claim
We turn now to the Complaint’s third claim, that Katsarov failed to intervene to prevent the violation of the plaintiffs’ constitutional rights. State actors who fail to intervene may be liable under § 1983 when the individual knew that “any constitutional violation has been committed . . .; and [he] had a realistic opportunity to intervene to prevent the harm from occurring.” Yang v. Hardin, 37 F.3d 282, 285 (7th Cir. 1994). The Complaint alleges that Katsarov was aware of the assaults of
Tatyana H. and Jymesha S. at the time, but provides no particular allegations connecting him to any of the other plaintiffs. The Complaint does not allege that Katsarov, specifically, were aware of any of the other plaintiffs or that he had an opportunity to intervene to prevent their abuse. And so, he has moved to dismiss the count as to the five other plaintiffs. The Complaint and Golbert’s Response contain general statements about the failure of the “Individual Defendants” to intervene, but they do not specify which
defendants are allegedly liable to which plaintiffs. Reading the Complaint as a whole, it states a claim against Katsarov as to Tatyana H. and Jymesha S., but not the other defendants. In so far as Golbert sought to bring failure-to-intervene claims on behalf of the five other defendants against Katsarov, they are dismissed. Count Three survives as to Tatyana H. and Jymesha S. F. The Complaint States a Claim for Intentional Infliction of Emotional Distress
Golbert also brings a state law claim for intentional infliction of emotional distress. There are three elements to such a claim under Illinois law. “First, the conduct involved must be truly extreme and outrageous. Second, the actor must . . . know that there is at least a high probability that his conduct will cause severe emotional distress. Third, the conduct must in fact cause severe emotional distress.” McGrath v. Fahey, 126 Ill. 2d 78, 86, 533 N.E. 2d 806, 809 (1988). Katsarov has moved to dismiss the count. The Complaint suggests that the claim against Katsarov is only brought on behalf of Tatyana H. and Jymesha S., Dkt. 135 ¶¶ 200(d)-(e), and the defendant focused on those claims. He argues that alleging a deficient investigation into a sexual assault is not enough to state a claim for intentional infliction of emotional distress. For
support, he cites caselaw stating that “investigations of and action to correct alleged misconduct can be expected to take time and to not necessarily result in an outcome satisfactory to the complaining party.” Krumlauf v. Benedictine Univ., No. 09C7641, 2010 WL 1418579, at *2 (N.D. Ill. Apr. 7, 2010). In Krumlauf and the other cases cited, however, the court dismissed a claim that was based on the defendant’s failure to adequately investigate a harm. See also, Wilson-Trattner v. Campbell, 863 F.3d 589, 597 (7th Cir. 2017); Giraldi v. Lamson, 205 Ill. App. 3d 1025, 1029, 563 N.E.2d
956, 960 (1990). In Giraldi, the court found that a school’s failure to investigate signs suggesting that a bus driver was sexually assaulting a student did not constitute intentional infliction of emotional distress. 563 N.E.2d at 960. The court held that it failed on the first and second prong—a failure to investigate is not severe and outrageous, and they did not know their inaction would cause severe distress because they did not know a crime was being committed. Id.
But the allegation against Katsarov is not that he failed to investigate when he had reason to suspect mistreatment. Instead, the Complaint alleges that he was aware of Tatyana H. and Jymesha S.’s assaults and then acted in ways that covered it up. Dkt. 135 ¶¶ 78, 88. Instead of providing support to Tatyana H., Katsarov did not report the assault, did not preserve evidence, and did not provide medical treatment. Id. at ¶ 88. Knowing obfuscation is different from negligent investigation.
Meanwhile, Katsarov also actively assisted Kasyoki in covering up his assault of Jymesha S. by approving falisified logs. Id. at ¶ 78. Purposely covering up evidence of a child’s sexual abuse, if proven, could constitute extreme and outrageous conduct likely to cause severe emotional distress. The Complaint further alleges that the plaintiffs did, in fact, suffer emotional trauma. Dkt. 135 ¶ 6. Golbert has stated a claim on behalf of Tatyana H. and Jymesha S. In so far as the count is brought on behalf of the other plaintiffs, it is dismissed.
G. The Complaint Adequately Pleads Conspiracy Katsarov also seek to dismiss Golbert’s federal and state law conspiracy claims. To establish liability for a § 1983 conspiracy, “the plaintiff must show that (1) the individuals reached an agreement to deprive him of his constitutional rights, and (2) overt acts in furtherance actually deprived him of those rights.” Beaman v. Freesmeyer, 776 F.3d 500, 510 (7th Cir. 2015). Similarly, a state law claim must allege “(1) a combination of two or more persons, (2) for the purpose of accomplishing by some concerted action either an unlawful purpose or a lawful purpose by unlawful means, (3) in the furtherance of which one of the conspirators committed an overt
tortious or unlawful act.” Fritz v. Johnston, 209 Ill. 2d 302, 317, 807 N.E.2d 461, 470 (2004). A conspiracy may arise from an implied agreement, and such an agreement may be inferred from the parties’ acts when such actions are unlikely without an agreement. Amundsen v. Chicago Park Dist., 218 F.3d 712, 718 (7th Cir. 2000). Reading the Complaint “sensibly and as a whole,” Golbert alleges that Katsarov conspired with Majekodunmi and Kasyoki to cover up the sexual assaults of Tatyana
H. and Jymesha S. Engel v. Buchan, 710 F.3d 698, 710 (7th Cir. 2013). In 2018, Tatyana H. was sexually assaulted by another patient. Dkt. 135 ¶ 87. Katsarov and Majekodunmi soon learned of the assault, but jointly ignored their duty to report it and instead allowed for relevant evidence to be destroyed. Id. at ¶ 88. Similarly, Jymesha S. was sexually assaulted by Kasyoki, and Katsarov signed off on his falsified logs in order to hide Kasyoki’s misconduct. Id. at ¶ 78. These cover-ups facilitated the violation of the plaintiffs’ constitutional rights and the infliction of
emotional distress. Later in the Complaint, Golbert alleges that individual defendants at Lakeshore conspired to hide evidence of ongoing abuse. Id. at ¶ 154. Drawing reasonable inferences for the plaintiffs, these allegations suggest implied agreements between Katsarov and Majekodunmi and Kasyoki. See Engel, 710 F.3d at 709. The defendant argues that the Complaint asserts a conspiracy but fails to provide enough detail to state a claim, such as who he conspired with, the dates of the conspiracy, and its purpose. But as described above, such details are provided in the factual allegations. Katsarov thus depends on a blinkered reading of the Complaint, artificially separating the assertions of the conspiracy count from the preceding detailed allegations. Read as a whole, the Complaint adequately pleads constitutional and state law conspiracy claims against Katsarov on Tatyana H. and Jymesha S.’s behalf. It does not, however, allege any facts suggesting his participation in a conspiracy targeting any of the other plaintiffs. In so far as the Complaint brings conspiracy claims against Katsarov on behalf of the other plaintiffs, they are dismissed. IV. Conclusion For the stated reasons, Katsarov’s Motion to Dismiss [153] is granted in part and denied in part. It is granted in full as to Count Two. It is granted as to Count One, Three, Four, Eleven, and Fourteen for all plaintiffs other than Tatyana H. and Jymesha S. All dismissals are without prejudice.
ENTER:
Dated: March 11, 2021 Mug Vf bt L/ “MARYM.ROWLAND United States District Judge