1 WO 2 3 4 5 6 IN THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT 7 FOR THE DISTRICT OF ARIZONA
9 Samantha Glass, No. CV-19-04883-PHX-ROS
10 Plaintiff, ORDER
11 v.
12 Christopher Robinson,
13 Defendant. 14 15 Before the Court are two motions in limine submitted by Plaintiff (Docs. 75, 76) 16 and one motion in limine submitted by Defendant (Doc. 77). Plaintiff asks the Court to 17 exclude, pursuant to Federal Rules of Evidence (“FRE”) 401-403, “any evidence or 18 testimony at trial suggesting that Plaintiff was being investigated for a DUI or had 19 committed a DUI (including Plaintiff’s DUI conviction)” (Doc. 75 at 1-3) and, pursuant to 20 FRE 602, to preclude Defendant from “speculat[ing] as to Plaintiff’s intent when she was 21 attempting to pull free from Defendant’s grasp.” (Doc. 76 at 1). Defendant opposes these 22 motions in limine. (Docs. 87, 88). Defendant asks the Court to exclude several opinions 23 offered by Plaintiff’s expert, Jesse M. Torrez, in his initial expert report and rebuttal report 24 because the opinions are no longer relevant. (Doc. 77). 25 The Court will grant in part Plaintiff’s request to exclude evidence regarding her 26 DUI conviction (Doc. 75) and deny Plaintiff’s motion to preclude defendant from 27 speculating as to Plaintiff’s intent (Doc. 76). Regarding Defendant’s motion in limine 28 (Doc. 77), Plaintiff will be required to submit a statement by 9 a.m. on August 2, 2022 1 indicating which opinions of Jesse M. Torrez would be admissible at trial in light of this 2 Order. If Defendant chooses to respond to this statement, the response must be filed no 3 later than 5 p.m. on August 2. 4 The parties will further be required to jointly submit a statement indicating how time 5 will be allocated at trial for each party and each stage of trial. 6 LEGAL STANDARD 7 “A motion in limine is a procedural mechanism to limit in advance testimony or 8 evidence in a particular area.” United States v. Heller, 551 F.3d 1108, 1111 (9th Cir. 9 2009). Courts generally “will grant a motion in limine and exclude evidence only if the 10 evidence is ‘inadmissible on all potential grounds.’” Frost v. BNSF Ry. Corp., 218 11 F.Supp.3d 1122, 1133 (D. Mont. 2016) (citation omitted); McConnell v. Wal-Mart Stores, 12 Inc., 995 F.Supp.2d 1164, 1167 (D. Nev. 2014); Ind. Ins. Co. v. Gen. Elec. Co., 326 13 F.Supp.2d 844, 846 (N.D. Ohio 2004). “However, in limine rulings are not binding on the 14 trial judge, and the judge may always change [her] mind during the course of trial.” 15 Ohler v. United States, 529 U.S. 753, 758 (2000) (italics omitted). 16 ANALYSIS 17 I. Plaintiff’s First Motion in Limine 18 Plaintiff asks the Court to exclude at trial “any evidence or testimony at trial 19 suggesting that Plaintiff was being investigated for a DUI or had committed a DUI 20 (including Plaintiff’s DUI conviction).” (Doc. 75 at 1). Plaintiff argues such evidence or 21 testimony would be irrelevant and prejudicial such that the evidence would not be 22 admissible pursuant to FRE 401, 402, and 403. (Doc. 75 at 2-3). 23 Only relevant evidence is admissible. See Fed. R. Evid. 401-02. Even if evidence 24 is relevant, it may nevertheless be excluded pursuant to FRE 403 if probative value is 25 substantially outweighed by the risk of undue prejudice, confusion, or wasting time. See 26 Fed. R. Evid. 403. District courts are “accorded a wide discretion in determining the 27 admissibility of evidence under the Federal Rules. Assessing the probative value of 28 [evidence], and weighing any factors counseling against admissibility is a matter first for 1 the district court’s sound judgment under Rules 401 and 403.” United States v. Abel, 469 2 U.S. 45, 54 (1984). 3 The Court will not exclude all evidence and testimony suggesting that Plaintiff was 4 being investigated for a DUI. At summary judgment, the Court emphasized that the facts 5 relevant to the use of force in this case are those that Robinson was aware of during his 6 interaction with Glass. (Doc. 69 at 4-5). At the time of his interaction with Glass, Robinson 7 was aware of circumstances giving rise to “reasonable suspicion Glass had committed . . . 8 DUI.” (Doc. 69 at 5). Evidence regarding what Robinson knew may be admissible at trial 9 to explain the degree of force used by Robinson in detaining and arresting Glass. 10 However, at the time of the incident, Robinson could not have known that Glass 11 would plead guilty or be convicted of driving under the influence. Unless Glass first opens 12 the door to such evidence or testimony, evidence or testimony regarding Glass’s later 13 conviction or guilty plea will be excluded because it is not relevant to establishing whether 14 Robinson’s use of force against Glass was unconstitutionally unreasonable. 15 Plaintiff’s first motion in limine (Doc. 75) will thus be granted in part. 16 II. Plaintiff’s Second Motion in Limine 17 Plaintiff also asks the Court to “preclude Officer Robinson, and any other defense 18 witness, from testifying regarding allegations that Samantha [Glass] intended to elbow 19 [Robinson] in the face” on the ground that Robinson would not have personal knowledge 20 of Glass’s intent. (Doc. 76 at 2). Defendant responds, “Robinson will not testify that he 21 knew what Plaintiff’s intent was when she raised her right elbow just prior to his use of the 22 leg sweep. Rather, Officer Robinson will testify that it appeared to him that she was trying 23 to strike him.” (Doc. 88 at 1) (emphasis in original). 24 This motion in limine (Doc. 76) will be denied. FRE 602 (personal knowledge) and 25 FRE 701 (opinion testimony of a lay witness) permit a witness to present evidence or 26 testimony regarding his or her own perceptions. See Fed. R. Evid. 602, 701. While 27 Defendant may not testify to what Plaintiff’s intent was because he could not have known 28 what she was actually thinking, Defendant has personal knowledge of his own perceptions 1 during the interaction with Plaintiff and may testify to opinions rationally based on that 2 perception. United States v. Wirtz, 357 F.Supp.2d 1164, 1169 (D. Minn. 2005) (“[P]ersonal 3 knowledge can include ‘inferences and opinions, as long as they are grounded in personal 4 observations and experience.’”) (quoting United States v. Rodriguez, 162 F.3d 135, 144 5 (1st Cir. 1998)). Thus, there are circumstances in which the evidence would be admissible 6 and an in limine ruling is not warranted. See Frost, 218 F.Supp.3d at 1133. 7 III. Defendant’s Motion in Limine 8 Defendant seeks to exclude several opinions offered by one of Plaintiff’s experts, 9 Jesse M.
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1 WO 2 3 4 5 6 IN THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT 7 FOR THE DISTRICT OF ARIZONA
9 Samantha Glass, No. CV-19-04883-PHX-ROS
10 Plaintiff, ORDER
11 v.
12 Christopher Robinson,
13 Defendant. 14 15 Before the Court are two motions in limine submitted by Plaintiff (Docs. 75, 76) 16 and one motion in limine submitted by Defendant (Doc. 77). Plaintiff asks the Court to 17 exclude, pursuant to Federal Rules of Evidence (“FRE”) 401-403, “any evidence or 18 testimony at trial suggesting that Plaintiff was being investigated for a DUI or had 19 committed a DUI (including Plaintiff’s DUI conviction)” (Doc. 75 at 1-3) and, pursuant to 20 FRE 602, to preclude Defendant from “speculat[ing] as to Plaintiff’s intent when she was 21 attempting to pull free from Defendant’s grasp.” (Doc. 76 at 1). Defendant opposes these 22 motions in limine. (Docs. 87, 88). Defendant asks the Court to exclude several opinions 23 offered by Plaintiff’s expert, Jesse M. Torrez, in his initial expert report and rebuttal report 24 because the opinions are no longer relevant. (Doc. 77). 25 The Court will grant in part Plaintiff’s request to exclude evidence regarding her 26 DUI conviction (Doc. 75) and deny Plaintiff’s motion to preclude defendant from 27 speculating as to Plaintiff’s intent (Doc. 76). Regarding Defendant’s motion in limine 28 (Doc. 77), Plaintiff will be required to submit a statement by 9 a.m. on August 2, 2022 1 indicating which opinions of Jesse M. Torrez would be admissible at trial in light of this 2 Order. If Defendant chooses to respond to this statement, the response must be filed no 3 later than 5 p.m. on August 2. 4 The parties will further be required to jointly submit a statement indicating how time 5 will be allocated at trial for each party and each stage of trial. 6 LEGAL STANDARD 7 “A motion in limine is a procedural mechanism to limit in advance testimony or 8 evidence in a particular area.” United States v. Heller, 551 F.3d 1108, 1111 (9th Cir. 9 2009). Courts generally “will grant a motion in limine and exclude evidence only if the 10 evidence is ‘inadmissible on all potential grounds.’” Frost v. BNSF Ry. Corp., 218 11 F.Supp.3d 1122, 1133 (D. Mont. 2016) (citation omitted); McConnell v. Wal-Mart Stores, 12 Inc., 995 F.Supp.2d 1164, 1167 (D. Nev. 2014); Ind. Ins. Co. v. Gen. Elec. Co., 326 13 F.Supp.2d 844, 846 (N.D. Ohio 2004). “However, in limine rulings are not binding on the 14 trial judge, and the judge may always change [her] mind during the course of trial.” 15 Ohler v. United States, 529 U.S. 753, 758 (2000) (italics omitted). 16 ANALYSIS 17 I. Plaintiff’s First Motion in Limine 18 Plaintiff asks the Court to exclude at trial “any evidence or testimony at trial 19 suggesting that Plaintiff was being investigated for a DUI or had committed a DUI 20 (including Plaintiff’s DUI conviction).” (Doc. 75 at 1). Plaintiff argues such evidence or 21 testimony would be irrelevant and prejudicial such that the evidence would not be 22 admissible pursuant to FRE 401, 402, and 403. (Doc. 75 at 2-3). 23 Only relevant evidence is admissible. See Fed. R. Evid. 401-02. Even if evidence 24 is relevant, it may nevertheless be excluded pursuant to FRE 403 if probative value is 25 substantially outweighed by the risk of undue prejudice, confusion, or wasting time. See 26 Fed. R. Evid. 403. District courts are “accorded a wide discretion in determining the 27 admissibility of evidence under the Federal Rules. Assessing the probative value of 28 [evidence], and weighing any factors counseling against admissibility is a matter first for 1 the district court’s sound judgment under Rules 401 and 403.” United States v. Abel, 469 2 U.S. 45, 54 (1984). 3 The Court will not exclude all evidence and testimony suggesting that Plaintiff was 4 being investigated for a DUI. At summary judgment, the Court emphasized that the facts 5 relevant to the use of force in this case are those that Robinson was aware of during his 6 interaction with Glass. (Doc. 69 at 4-5). At the time of his interaction with Glass, Robinson 7 was aware of circumstances giving rise to “reasonable suspicion Glass had committed . . . 8 DUI.” (Doc. 69 at 5). Evidence regarding what Robinson knew may be admissible at trial 9 to explain the degree of force used by Robinson in detaining and arresting Glass. 10 However, at the time of the incident, Robinson could not have known that Glass 11 would plead guilty or be convicted of driving under the influence. Unless Glass first opens 12 the door to such evidence or testimony, evidence or testimony regarding Glass’s later 13 conviction or guilty plea will be excluded because it is not relevant to establishing whether 14 Robinson’s use of force against Glass was unconstitutionally unreasonable. 15 Plaintiff’s first motion in limine (Doc. 75) will thus be granted in part. 16 II. Plaintiff’s Second Motion in Limine 17 Plaintiff also asks the Court to “preclude Officer Robinson, and any other defense 18 witness, from testifying regarding allegations that Samantha [Glass] intended to elbow 19 [Robinson] in the face” on the ground that Robinson would not have personal knowledge 20 of Glass’s intent. (Doc. 76 at 2). Defendant responds, “Robinson will not testify that he 21 knew what Plaintiff’s intent was when she raised her right elbow just prior to his use of the 22 leg sweep. Rather, Officer Robinson will testify that it appeared to him that she was trying 23 to strike him.” (Doc. 88 at 1) (emphasis in original). 24 This motion in limine (Doc. 76) will be denied. FRE 602 (personal knowledge) and 25 FRE 701 (opinion testimony of a lay witness) permit a witness to present evidence or 26 testimony regarding his or her own perceptions. See Fed. R. Evid. 602, 701. While 27 Defendant may not testify to what Plaintiff’s intent was because he could not have known 28 what she was actually thinking, Defendant has personal knowledge of his own perceptions 1 during the interaction with Plaintiff and may testify to opinions rationally based on that 2 perception. United States v. Wirtz, 357 F.Supp.2d 1164, 1169 (D. Minn. 2005) (“[P]ersonal 3 knowledge can include ‘inferences and opinions, as long as they are grounded in personal 4 observations and experience.’”) (quoting United States v. Rodriguez, 162 F.3d 135, 144 5 (1st Cir. 1998)). Thus, there are circumstances in which the evidence would be admissible 6 and an in limine ruling is not warranted. See Frost, 218 F.Supp.3d at 1133. 7 III. Defendant’s Motion in Limine 8 Defendant seeks to exclude several opinions offered by one of Plaintiff’s experts, 9 Jesse M. Torrez, in his initial and rebuttal expert reports regarding the initial interactions 10 between Plaintiff and Defendant on the grounds that the opinions offered are irrelevant and 11 not admissible within the meaning of FRE 702. (Doc. 77). Under FRE 702, qualified expert 12 witnesses may offer opinion testimony if the expert’s specialized knowledge will help the 13 jury, the testimony is based on sufficient facts, and is the product of reliable principles or 14 methods that have been reliably applied. Fed. R. Evid. 702; see also Daubert v. Merrell 15 Dow Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 509 U.S. 579 (1993); Kumho Tire Co. v. Carmichael, 526 U.S. 16 137 (1999). 17 Defendant contends that the opinions are not relevant and will not help the jury 18 because they “all pertain to the way Officer Robinson initially interacted with Plaintiff.” 19 (Doc. 77 at 7) (emphasis added). Defendant claims all issues pertaining to Officer 20 Robinson’s initial interaction with Plaintiff have already been resolved because “Plaintiff 21 already conceded that she ‘does not challenge any element of her conviction for ‘Failure 22 to Obey an Officer,’ and the Court already found that Officer Robinson had reasonable 23 suspicion that Plaintiff had committed one or more crimes and . . . was permitted to use 24 some force.” (Doc. 77 at 7). Plaintiff responds that an in limine ruling is not warranted on 25 this basis because alternative less-intrusive uses of force that a Defendant did not take may 26 be considered in the context of the Graham v. Connor, 490 U.S. 386, 396 (1989) analysis.1
27 1 The non-exhaustive list of Graham factors include: “(1) the severity of the crime at issue, (2) whether the suspect posed an immediate threat to the safety of the officers or others, 28 and (3) whether the suspect actively resisted arrest or attempted to escape.” George v. Morris, 736 F.3d 829, 837 (9th Cir. 2013) (citation omitted). 1 (Doc. 90 at 2) (“When assessing the officer’s conduct a court must examine ‘the totality of 2 the circumstances and consider whatever specific factors may be appropriate in a particular 3 case’ . . . Other relevant factors may include the availability of less intrusive force, [or] 4 whether proper warnings were given.”) (quoting Hughes v. Kisela, 862 F.3d 775, 779-80 5 (9th Cir. 2016), rev’d on other grounds, 138 S.Ct. 1148 (2018)) (internal quotation marks 6 omitted); Bryan v. MacPherson, 630 F.3d 805, 831 (9th Cir. 2010). 7 Defendant is correct that the narrow issue in this case is solely whether the force 8 Defendant used was reasonable. Accordingly, Defendant correctly notes: “The jury must 9 decide only whether—under the circumstances as they existed at that moment—the 10 particular takedown move Officer Robinson used (i.e., the leg sweep) was objectively 11 reasonable (which may include disclosed opinions as to alternative methods to gain control 12 of Plaintiff once she began resisting).” (Doc. 77 at 8). However, the Court cannot 13 determine solely based on Defendant’s motion in limine and the response thereto whether 14 the opinions offered by Plaintiff’s expert fits within this testimony. 15 Therefore, by 9 a.m. on Tuesday, August 2, Plaintiff will be required to file a 16 statement indicating which portions of Torrez’s opinions relate to whether the leg sweep 17 was objectively reasonable, or relate to alternative methods of gaining control of Plaintiff 18 once she began resisting. The statement should explain why the opinions of Torrez are 19 admissible with reference to the applicable standard found at FRE 702. If Defendant 20 chooses to file a response, the response will be due by 5 p.m. on August 2. The parties 21 shall arrive at the Final Pretrial Conference set for August 3 prepared to discuss this issue. 22 CONCLUSION 23 For the foregoing reasons, Plaintiff’s Motion in Limine Regarding DUI (Doc. 75) 24 will be granted in part and denied in part and Plaintiff’s Motion in Limine Regarding 25 Defendant’s Speculation re Plaintiff’s Intent (Doc. 76) will be denied. 26 Accordingly, 27 IT IS ORDERED Plaintiff’s Motion in Limine Regarding DUI (Doc. 75) is 28 GRANTED IN PART and DENIED IN PART to the extent set forth in this Order. 1 IT IS FURTHER ORDERED Plaintiff's Motion in Limine Regarding 2|| Defendant’s Speculation re Plaintiff's Intent (Doc. 76) is DENIED. 3 IT IS FURTHER ORDERED Plaintiff shall file a statement indicating which 4|| portions of Torrez’s opinions relate to whether the leg sweep was objectively reasonable, 5 || or relate to alternative methods of gaining control of Plaintiff once she began resisting no 6|| later than 9 a.m. on August 2, 2022. Defendant may respond, but is not required to do so. 7\| If Defendant chooses to respond, the response must be filed no later than 5 p.m. on August 2. 9 IT IS FURTHER ORDERED no later than August 2, 2022, the parties shall || submit a joint statement indicating how much time will allocated per party for each stage of trial. 12 Dated this 29th day of July, 2022. 13 fo - 14 C . ES 15 Honorable Ros yn ©. Silver 16 Senior United States District Judge 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28
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