SUMMARY OPINIONGUY, Special Trial Judge: This case was heard pursuant to the provisions of section 7463 of the Internal Revenue Code in effect when the petition was filed.1 Pursuant to section 7463(b), the decision to be entered is not reviewable by any other court, and this opinion shall not be treated as precedent for any other case.
Respondent determined a deficiency of $10,549 in petitioners' Federal income tax for 2009 and an accuracy-related penalty of $2,110 pursuant to section 6662(a). Petitioners, husband and wife, filed a timely petition for redetermination with the Court pursuant to section 6213(a).
The issues remaining for decision are whether petitioners (1) received taxable distributions of $42,950 and $2,900 (totaling $45,850) from individual retirement accounts (IRAs) as reported by Trust Company of America (TCA) on Forms 1099-R, Distributions From Pensions, Annuities, Retirement or Profit-Sharing Plans, IRAs, Insurance Contracts, etc., and (2) are liable for an accuracy-related penalty under section 6662(a).
BackgroundSome of the facts have been stipulated and are so found. The stipulation of facts and the accompanying exhibits are incorporated herein by this reference. At the time the petition was filed, petitioners resided in Ohio. This case was consolidated for purposes of trial with that of Bernard L. and Claire Berks, docket No. 26883-11S.
I. Petitioners' IRA InvestmentsIn the late 1990s petitioners' financial adviser, J. Richard Blazer, presented them with a proposal to invest in various real estate partnerships. Mr. Blazer is the president of the Ohio Co., a venture capital firm. Petitioners have known Mr. Blazer since the mid-1990s and consider him a friend.
Petitioners decided to invest, and with Mr. Blazer's help they transferred or "rolled over" money from preexisting IRAs into separate self-directed IRA accounts that they opened with TCA. Mr. Blazer recommended TCA to petitioners because it would accept promissory notes in IRA accounts for which it served as custodian and he had a good working relationship with the firm. TCA recognized Mr. Blazer as petitioners' authorized representative.
Mr. and Mrs. Gist transferred approximately $42,950 and $2,900, respectively, to their TCA accounts, and those funds in turn were transferred to various partnerships in exchange for promissory notes.2 The promissory notes purportedly matured five years from the date of issuance and provided for relatively high interest rates (10% to 12% per annum) which would accrue and would be paid only if and when the underlying property was developed or sold. Mr. Gist could not recall any details regarding the nature or location of the real estate that the partnerships owned.
II. Mr. Blazer's TestimonyMr. Blazer testified that the investments he had presented to petitioners were speculative and that he counseled them to sprinkle their investments among several of the partnerships to minimize the risk of loss. Mr. Blazer was a general partner in each of the partnerships in question.
Mr. Blazer provided TCA with original promissory notes and related private placement memoranda for petitioners' investments. He instructed TCA to value the promissory notes at book value for tax accounting purposes.
Mr. Blazer testified that between 2001 and 2006 all of the partnerships failed for various reasons and that the promissory notes held in petitioners' IRA accounts had become worthless. For example, Mr. Blazer testified that a partner in a partnership referred to as Liberty Concord Venture defrauded the remaining partners by surreptitiously taking mortgage loans on the partnership's property. The mortgage loan on the property subsequently was foreclosed when that partner failed to repay the loans and filed for bankruptcy. In another instance, Mr. Blazer testified that the partnership owned 50% of the subject property and that he (as the general partner) had decided to "let the property go" or simply revert to the individual holding the other 50% ownership interest in the property because development costs were too high. Mr. Blazer testified that the remaining partnerships failed and that the properties they invested in were lost in foreclosure proceedings.
III. Communications With TCAAs the promissory notes in petitioners' IRA accounts matured, TCA inquired whether the notes would be renewed. Mr. Blazer testified that he had held numerous telephone conversations with TCA representatives informing them that the partnerships "were no longer in business" and that the promissory notes in petitioners' accounts had become worthless and would not be renewed.
TCA sent separate but nearly identical letters to petitioners dated August 28, 2009. The letter to Mr. Gist stated in relevant part:We sent 2 letters to you within the last 90 days requesting information on the following asset(s) that is/are currently held in your account with Trust Company of America, as your IRA Custodian.
| Asset Name | Asset Value |
| National Investors Und III | $25,000.00 |
| National Investment Ltd I | 17,950.00 |
We have not received a response to either inquiry. This letter is to inform you that we will be resigning as your IRA custodian in 30 days if we do not receive a response from you. * * *
If we do not have a response on the enclosed form, or a transfer request through your new IRA custodian within 30 days, we will distribute this asset to you at full value.
The letter to Mrs. Gist referred to her $2,900 investment in National Investment & Management Group.
Although Mr. Gist recalled that he tried to respond to TCA's requests for information, he could not remember any of the details. He also testified that he discarded any records he had regarding petitioners' IRA investments shortly after he was informed that the promissory notes had become worthless, but he could not recall with any certainty when that happened.
Mr. Gist testified that neither he nor Mrs. Gist received cash, property, or any documents from TCA when their IRA accounts were closed.
IV. Petitioners' Tax ReturnTCA issued Forms 1099-R to Mr. and Mrs. Gist for 2009 reporting that they had received taxable distributions from their retirement accounts of $42,950 and $2,900, respectively. Mr. Gist prepared petitioners' Form 1040, U.S. Individual Income Tax Return, for 2009. Mr. Gist did not include in petitioners' taxable income the distributions TCA reported. Mr. Gist testified that he did not include those amounts as taxable income because neither he nor Mrs. Gist received anything of value when their IRA accounts were closed. Mrs. Gist did not testify at trial.
V. Developments During the Examination ProcessMr. Gist testified that he relied upon Mr. Blazer to "look into * * * [the Forms 1099-R] and see what it was all about". On November 14, 2011, Mr. Blazer wrote a letter to the Internal Revenue Service (IRS) stating in relevant part: "These 1099-Rs should not have been issued since the investment was transferred to another custodian within the 60 day limitation. This should have been considered an IRA roll-over." Mr. Blazer acknowledged at trial that the preceding statements were incorrect—petitioners' IRA investments were never transferred to another IRA custodian.
On May 1, 2013, a TCA representative wrote a letter to the IRS stating:Trust Company of America (Trust) was the custodian for self-directed IRAs for Steven C. and Constance L. Gist. Both accounts held promissory notes issued by National Investment LTD of which J. Richard Blazer was president.
After the notes had reached maturity, Trust attempted to work with National Investment, LTD and the account holders to obtain new notes. When these attempts were not successful the account holder was informed that Trust would resign on the account and distribute the asset to the client at the last known value unless instructions were received to transfer the account to a new custodian.
Trust did not receive instructions to transfer the accounts so the notes were distributed to the account holders and 1099s were issued for each account. Trust has no knowledge of what action the account holders took after receipt of the assets.
DiscussionI. IRA DistributionsThe term "gross income" is broadly defined in the Code to include all income from whatever source derived. Sec. 61(a). In accordance with section 408(d)(1), an amount received as a distribution from an IRA must be included in gross income and is taxable to the recipient in the manner provided in section 72. Seesec. 1.408-4(a), Income Tax Regs.
The Commissioner's determination of a taxpayer's liability in a notice of deficiency normally is presumed correct, and the taxpayer bears the burden of proving that the determination is incorrect.3 Rule 142(a); Welch v. Helvering, 290 U.S. 111, 115 (1933). Section 7491(a) provides that the burden of proof may shift to the Commissioner, however, as to any factual issue relevant to a taxpayer's liability for tax if the taxpayer (1) introduces credible evidence with respect to that issue, and (2) satisfies certain other conditions, including substantiation of any item and cooperation with the Government's requests for witnesses, documents, other information, and meetings. Sec. 7491(a)(1) and (2); see also Rule 142(a)(2). The taxpayer bears the burden of proving that the requirements of section 7491(a) have been met. See Rolfs v. Commissioner, 135 T.C. 471, 483 (2010), aff'd, 668 F.3d 888 (7th Cir. 2012). In addition, if a taxpayer raises a reasonable dispute with respect to a third-party information return (such as the Forms 1099-R in dispute) and has otherwise fully cooperated with the Commissioner, the burden of production may shift to the Commissioner to present reasonable and probative evidence to verify the information return. Sec. 6201(d).4
The record reflects that TCA requested information and documentation from petitioners regarding the status of the promissory notes it was holding as custodian of their IRA accounts. Although Mr. Blazer contacted TCA and insisted that the promissory notes had become worthless, neither he nor petitioners provided TCA with any documentation to substantiate that claim. TCA subsequently closed petitioners' accounts and distributed the promissory notes to them. The distributions are reflected in the Forms 1099-R that TCA issued to petitioners. Seesec. 1.408-7, Income Tax Regs. (imposing reporting obligations on trustees of IRA accounts).
Petitioners argue that they proved through Mr. Gist's and Mr. Blazer's testimony that they did not receive a distribution of money or property from TCA during 2009 and that, therefore, the burden of proof shifted to respondent to demonstrate that petitioners received the income TCA reported. Respondent contends that Mr. Gist's and Mr. Blazer's testimony was self-serving and implausible. Given that petitioners failed to offer any objective evidence in support of their claim that the promissory notes in dispute had become worthless, respondent avers that they failed to meet their initial burden of production—a precondition for shifting the burden of proof or burden of production to respondent under sections 7491(a) and 6201(d), respectively. We agree with respondent.
Mr. Gist's testimony was self-serving and ineffective. At best, his testimony reveals that petitioners adopted an extremely passive approach in respect of their IRA investments and that they relied on Mr. Blazer to respond to TCA's requests for information. Mr. Gist knew little to nothing about the promissory notes or the partnerships that issued them. There is every indication that petitioners simply took Mr. Blazer at his word, and they apparently never saw the need to request any documentation that would substantiate that the partnerships had failed or that the promissory notes in their IRA accounts had become worthless. In the end, Mr. Gist's testimony is of no assistance to the Court in deciding the related questions of whether the promissory notes in petitioners' accounts had any value in 2009 and whether TCA erred in issuing the Forms 1099-R.
Mr. Blazer testified that all of the partnerships failed during the period 2001 to 2006 and that the promissory notes they issued to petitioners had become worthless. His testimony regarding the dates and circumstances related to the demise of the individual partnerships was vague and inconsistent. Remarkably, despite his central role in promoting the investments and his position as a general partner in the partnerships, he was unable to produce any documents or records to corroborate his own testimony. From the Court's perspective, Mr. Blazer's testimony that TCA never clearly explained to him what documentation it needed and that, in any event, he did not retain or have access to any documentation that would show that the promissory notes had become worthless, was contrived, self-serving, and lacking in credibility. Even accepting Mr. Blazer's testimony that he did not retain any relevant partnership records, that circumstance begs the question why petitioners did not search public land records or similar sources in advance of trial in an attempt to unearth any documentation that might corroborate his testimony.
As we have stated many times, the Court is not obliged to accept a witness' self-serving testimony without objective, corroborating evidence. See Shea v. Commissioner, 112 T.C. 183, 189 (1999) (citing Tokarski v. Commissioner, 87 T.C. 74, 77 (1986)); see also Sparkman v. Commissioner, 509 F.3d 1149, 1156 (9th Cir. 2007) (confirming that the Court may disregard uncontradicted testimony where it finds the testimony vague, contrived, and lacking in credibility), aff'gT.C. Memo. 2005-136. Without more, we conclude that petitioners failed to meet their initial burden of producing credible evidence and/or presenting a reasonable dispute in respect of the Forms 1099-R TCA issued. As a result, respondent's deficiency determination is sustained.
II. Accuracy-Related PenaltySection 6662(a) and (b)(1) imposes a penalty equal to 20% of the amount of any underpayment attributable to negligence or disregard of rules or regulations. The term "negligence" includes any failure to make a reasonable attempt to comply with tax laws, and the term "disregard" includes any careless, reckless, or intentional disregard of rules or regulations. Sec. 6662(c). Negligence also includes any failure to keep adequate books and records or to substantiate items properly. Sec. 1.6662-3(b)(1), Income Tax Regs.; see Olive v. Commissioner, 139 T.C. 19, 43(2012).
With respect to a taxpayer's liability for any penalty, section 7491(c) places on the Commissioner the burden of production, thereby requiring the Commissioner to come forward with sufficient evidence indicating that it is appropriate to impose the penalty. Once the Commissioner meets his burden of production, the taxpayer must come forward with persuasive evidence that the Commissioner's determination is incorrect. Higbee v. Commissioner, 116 T.C. 438, 447 (2001); see Rule 142(a); Welch v. Helvering, 290 U.S. at 115.
Respondent discharged his burden of production under section 7491(c) by showing that petitioners failed to include the amounts in dispute in taxable income and failed to keep adequate records related to their IRA investments. Seesec. 1.6662-3(b)(1), Income Tax Regs.
Section 6664(c)(1) provides an exception to the imposition of the accuracy-related penalty if the taxpayer establishes that there was reasonable cause for, and the taxpayer acted in good faith with respect to, the underpayment. Sec. 1.6664-4(a), Income Tax Regs. The determination of whether the taxpayer acted with reasonable cause and in good faith is made on a case-by-case basis, taking into account the pertinent facts and circumstances. Sec. 1.6664-4(b)(1), Income Tax Regs.
Mr. Gist admitted at trial that, although he received the Forms 1099-R, he did not report the IRA distributions on petitioners' return. Petitioners did not offer any additional testimony or evidence related to the applicability of the accuracy-related penalty. On this record, petitioners failed to show that they acted with reasonable cause and in good faith within the meaning of section 6664(c)(1). Accordingly, respondent's determination that petitioners are liable for an accuracy-related penalty under section 6662(a) is sustained.
Consistent with the preceding discussion,