UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT FOR THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA
) WESLEYANN & WARREN GILL, ) Parents and Next Friends of W.G., ) ) Plaintiffs, ) ) v. ) Civil Action No. 09-1608 (RMC) ) DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA, ) ) Defendant. ) )
MEMORANDUM OPINION
W.G. is a special needs child who receives special education and related services from
the District of Columbia Public Schools. From November 5, 2008 to March 11, 2009, W.G. was not
provided a Free Appropriate Public Education (“FAPE”), as required by the Individuals with
Disabilities Improvement Education Act. Because Plaintiffs presented insufficient evidence from
which the Hearing Officer could determine whether, and to what extent, compensatory education
should be provided to W.G., no compensatory education was ordered. Sitting in equity, this Court
ordered an evidentiary hearing to fill that void. See Mem. Op. [Dkt. # 21]; Order [Dkt. # 22].
Plaintiffs have not persuaded the Court that they have a program that would compensate W.G. for
an educational loss, if any, he suffered in 2008-09. Their appeal will be denied and dismissed.
I. FACTS
W.G. faces significant challenges. He is twenty years old, with an IQ of 51 and
adaptive skills that range from those of a baby of seven months to a boy of eight and one-half years.
Pls.’ Hearing Ex. 2 (Neuropsychological Evaluation June 29, 2009) at 9. His basic receptive and expressive language skills are at an age equivalent of approximately five years. Id. at 6. His
education advocate, Maria Consuelo Ortega, testified that both his cognitive skills and his working
memory are in the severely low range. See also Pls.’ Hearing Ex. 3 (Educational Evaluation Sept.
15, 2009). In his personal care — bathing, dressing, combing his hair — W.G. is like an eight year
old; in his other daily living skills, he functions between age equivalents of 3 years, 11 months, and
eight years, six months. Pls.’ Hearing Ex. 2 at 9. After tests in the fall of 2008, W.G. was
classified as mentally retarded and emotionally disturbed. Id. at 3. When he had a psychological
evaluation in June 2009, W.G. was diagnosed as bipolar, suffering from paranoia and social anxiety.
Id. at 9, 10, 12. An educational evaluation in September 2009 concluded that his “academic
knowledge is negligible,” “his academic skills are negligible,” and his “ability to apply his academic
skills is negligible.” Pls.’ Hearing Ex. 3 at 1.
W.G. attended the SunRise Academy in Washington, D.C. during the 2007-2008 and
part of the 2008-2009 school years. At a multi-disciplinary team meeting on March 4, 2009, W.G.’s
education advocate complained that SunRise was an inappropriate placement and asked for W.G.
to be transferred. After initially rejecting the request, on approximately March 11, 2009, the District
of Columbia agreed and transferred W.G. to the Leary School in Prince George’s County. W.G.’s
parents seek compensatory education for the time between W.G.’s re-classification as mentally
retarded and emotionally disturbed on November 5, 2008 and his transfer to Leary on March 11,
2009.
After a due process hearing on W.G.’s complaint that his education was lacking and
he should be awarded compensatory education, the Hearing Officer found that he had been denied
a Free Appropriate Public Education but refused to award any compensatory education because
-2- Plaintiffs had failed to present fact-specific evidence to justify the award of 150 hours of
compensatory education that they requested. On appeal, this Court upheld the finding of denial of
a FAPE and, sitting in equity, set the matter for an evidentiary hearing to allow Plaintiffs to offer the
necessary evidence to support their claim for compensatory education. See Mem. Op. [Dkt. # 21];
Order [Dkt. # 22].
That hearing was held on February 1, 2011.1 Plaintiffs called Ms. Ortega, the
education advocate who was also their sole witness before the Hearing Officer. Ms. Ortega is
employed by Plaintiffs’ counsel’s law firm.2
Ms. Ortega testified that W.G. has been schooled at the National Children’s Center
since December 2009. He is now 19 years old and is entitled to special education services in he
District of Columbia until he turns 22. He cannot read or write, although he can copy some letters
as long as they are big enough. He does not recognize the alphabet. He can count from zero to ten.
He has a memory deficit that requires constant repetition, on a daily basis, for him to retain new
skills. He can stack chairs and wash dishes, but even so, this requires a dedicated aide to assist him.
W.G. was absent from school on numerous occasions in 2008. See Pls.’ Hearing
Ex. 2 at 9. He was hospitalized for two weeks at Children’s Hospital in February 2008. Id. Due to
his frequent truancy, his mother was investigated by Child Protective Services in 2008 and truant
officers were utilized to improve his attendance. Id.
As she did in the administrative hearing, at the evidentiary hearing before this Court,
1 The parties also filed post hearing briefs. See Pls.’ Post Hearing Br. [Dkt. # 26]; Def.’s Resp. [Dkt. # 27]. 2 Although Ms. Ortega testified to her background, training and experience, Plaintiffs did not offer her as an expert witness and the Court did not accept her as one.
-3- Ms. Ortega recommended 150 hours of compensatory education for W.G. She suggested it could
be provided as life skills training by Future Leaders of America, a non-profit organization, during
the summer, since W.G. cannot absorb more than he is already presented at National Children’s
Center. See Pls.’ Hearing Ex. 1 (Life Skills Plan developed for W.G. by Future Leaders of America).
The Life Skills Plan developed for W.G. states that the plan “will put [W.G.] on the correct path to
gain more social awareness, [and provide] effective life skills training with meaningful experiences
that help [W.G.] to develop his independent living skills.” Id. at 1. The life skills in question are
“Traveling (i.e., Metro Bus/Rail, Taxi, and Amtrak), Public Safety, ‘Real Life’ Math, Community
Service, Obtaining Appropriate Identification, Employment Etiquette, and Job Training.” Id. The
“resource material” used by Future Leaders of America “is Life Skills Activities for Secondary
Students with Special Needs for ages 5-18.” Id. at 3.
The Life Skills Plan for W.G. contains an outline of a completed lesson with the
objective of having a student “explain how a person with a disability could make adaptations to do
well in school or on the job.” Id. Its introductory activity is to “[h]ave students make a list of
disabilities with which they are familiar.” Id. Its next activity is to have students “read five
examples on the worksheet ‘Working with a Disability’ about people with disabilities in a school
or work situation.” Id. at 4. The Plan gives examples of “Life Skill Descriptors” such as (1)
“planning a trip” in which the student lists a place he would like to go and lists three cost
considerations and (2) “local transportation” in which the student lists ways people travel in the city,
identifies one way and then lists an alternative, and finally lists three forms of transportation and how
the student or his family member use them and lists ten places the student would like to go. Id. at
3. The Life Skills Plan also identifies various services and their costs, such as a trip to the National
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UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT FOR THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA
) WESLEYANN & WARREN GILL, ) Parents and Next Friends of W.G., ) ) Plaintiffs, ) ) v. ) Civil Action No. 09-1608 (RMC) ) DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA, ) ) Defendant. ) )
MEMORANDUM OPINION
W.G. is a special needs child who receives special education and related services from
the District of Columbia Public Schools. From November 5, 2008 to March 11, 2009, W.G. was not
provided a Free Appropriate Public Education (“FAPE”), as required by the Individuals with
Disabilities Improvement Education Act. Because Plaintiffs presented insufficient evidence from
which the Hearing Officer could determine whether, and to what extent, compensatory education
should be provided to W.G., no compensatory education was ordered. Sitting in equity, this Court
ordered an evidentiary hearing to fill that void. See Mem. Op. [Dkt. # 21]; Order [Dkt. # 22].
Plaintiffs have not persuaded the Court that they have a program that would compensate W.G. for
an educational loss, if any, he suffered in 2008-09. Their appeal will be denied and dismissed.
I. FACTS
W.G. faces significant challenges. He is twenty years old, with an IQ of 51 and
adaptive skills that range from those of a baby of seven months to a boy of eight and one-half years.
Pls.’ Hearing Ex. 2 (Neuropsychological Evaluation June 29, 2009) at 9. His basic receptive and expressive language skills are at an age equivalent of approximately five years. Id. at 6. His
education advocate, Maria Consuelo Ortega, testified that both his cognitive skills and his working
memory are in the severely low range. See also Pls.’ Hearing Ex. 3 (Educational Evaluation Sept.
15, 2009). In his personal care — bathing, dressing, combing his hair — W.G. is like an eight year
old; in his other daily living skills, he functions between age equivalents of 3 years, 11 months, and
eight years, six months. Pls.’ Hearing Ex. 2 at 9. After tests in the fall of 2008, W.G. was
classified as mentally retarded and emotionally disturbed. Id. at 3. When he had a psychological
evaluation in June 2009, W.G. was diagnosed as bipolar, suffering from paranoia and social anxiety.
Id. at 9, 10, 12. An educational evaluation in September 2009 concluded that his “academic
knowledge is negligible,” “his academic skills are negligible,” and his “ability to apply his academic
skills is negligible.” Pls.’ Hearing Ex. 3 at 1.
W.G. attended the SunRise Academy in Washington, D.C. during the 2007-2008 and
part of the 2008-2009 school years. At a multi-disciplinary team meeting on March 4, 2009, W.G.’s
education advocate complained that SunRise was an inappropriate placement and asked for W.G.
to be transferred. After initially rejecting the request, on approximately March 11, 2009, the District
of Columbia agreed and transferred W.G. to the Leary School in Prince George’s County. W.G.’s
parents seek compensatory education for the time between W.G.’s re-classification as mentally
retarded and emotionally disturbed on November 5, 2008 and his transfer to Leary on March 11,
2009.
After a due process hearing on W.G.’s complaint that his education was lacking and
he should be awarded compensatory education, the Hearing Officer found that he had been denied
a Free Appropriate Public Education but refused to award any compensatory education because
-2- Plaintiffs had failed to present fact-specific evidence to justify the award of 150 hours of
compensatory education that they requested. On appeal, this Court upheld the finding of denial of
a FAPE and, sitting in equity, set the matter for an evidentiary hearing to allow Plaintiffs to offer the
necessary evidence to support their claim for compensatory education. See Mem. Op. [Dkt. # 21];
Order [Dkt. # 22].
That hearing was held on February 1, 2011.1 Plaintiffs called Ms. Ortega, the
education advocate who was also their sole witness before the Hearing Officer. Ms. Ortega is
employed by Plaintiffs’ counsel’s law firm.2
Ms. Ortega testified that W.G. has been schooled at the National Children’s Center
since December 2009. He is now 19 years old and is entitled to special education services in he
District of Columbia until he turns 22. He cannot read or write, although he can copy some letters
as long as they are big enough. He does not recognize the alphabet. He can count from zero to ten.
He has a memory deficit that requires constant repetition, on a daily basis, for him to retain new
skills. He can stack chairs and wash dishes, but even so, this requires a dedicated aide to assist him.
W.G. was absent from school on numerous occasions in 2008. See Pls.’ Hearing
Ex. 2 at 9. He was hospitalized for two weeks at Children’s Hospital in February 2008. Id. Due to
his frequent truancy, his mother was investigated by Child Protective Services in 2008 and truant
officers were utilized to improve his attendance. Id.
As she did in the administrative hearing, at the evidentiary hearing before this Court,
1 The parties also filed post hearing briefs. See Pls.’ Post Hearing Br. [Dkt. # 26]; Def.’s Resp. [Dkt. # 27]. 2 Although Ms. Ortega testified to her background, training and experience, Plaintiffs did not offer her as an expert witness and the Court did not accept her as one.
-3- Ms. Ortega recommended 150 hours of compensatory education for W.G. She suggested it could
be provided as life skills training by Future Leaders of America, a non-profit organization, during
the summer, since W.G. cannot absorb more than he is already presented at National Children’s
Center. See Pls.’ Hearing Ex. 1 (Life Skills Plan developed for W.G. by Future Leaders of America).
The Life Skills Plan developed for W.G. states that the plan “will put [W.G.] on the correct path to
gain more social awareness, [and provide] effective life skills training with meaningful experiences
that help [W.G.] to develop his independent living skills.” Id. at 1. The life skills in question are
“Traveling (i.e., Metro Bus/Rail, Taxi, and Amtrak), Public Safety, ‘Real Life’ Math, Community
Service, Obtaining Appropriate Identification, Employment Etiquette, and Job Training.” Id. The
“resource material” used by Future Leaders of America “is Life Skills Activities for Secondary
Students with Special Needs for ages 5-18.” Id. at 3.
The Life Skills Plan for W.G. contains an outline of a completed lesson with the
objective of having a student “explain how a person with a disability could make adaptations to do
well in school or on the job.” Id. Its introductory activity is to “[h]ave students make a list of
disabilities with which they are familiar.” Id. Its next activity is to have students “read five
examples on the worksheet ‘Working with a Disability’ about people with disabilities in a school
or work situation.” Id. at 4. The Plan gives examples of “Life Skill Descriptors” such as (1)
“planning a trip” in which the student lists a place he would like to go and lists three cost
considerations and (2) “local transportation” in which the student lists ways people travel in the city,
identifies one way and then lists an alternative, and finally lists three forms of transportation and how
the student or his family member use them and lists ten places the student would like to go. Id. at
3. The Life Skills Plan also identifies various services and their costs, such as a trip to the National
-4- Aquarium in Baltimore on a Marc Train; trips on Metrorail in the District of Columbia to various
venues; use of a taxi cab; and grocery shopping, for which “Student will devise grocery list and make
a purchase (ex. $20 can feed a family of six).” Id. at 4-5. The Plan indicates that it will “provide
optimal opportunity for the student to take trips outside of his/her neighboring community, conduct
research at the Martin Luther King Public Library, as well as utilize public transportation.” Pls.’
Hearing Ex. 1 at 5.
II. LEGAL STANDARDS
The Individuals with Disabilities Education Improvement Act of 2004 (“IDEIA”),
20 U.S.C. § 1400 et seq., ensures that, “all children with disabilities have available to them a free
appropriate pubic education that emphasizes special education and related services designed to meet
their unique needs and prepare them for further education, employment, and independent living.”
20 U.S.C. § 1400(d)(1)(A). The IDEIA guarantees children with disabilities the right to a free
appropriate public education, i.e. FAPE. Id. In designing an appropriate education for students with
disabilities, the child’s parents, teachers, school officials, and other professionals collaborate to
develop an individualized educational program (“IEP”) to meet the child’s unique needs. See 20
U.S.C. § 1414(d)(1)(B) & (d)(2)(A). Local school officials utilize the IEP to assess the student’s
needs and assign a commensurate learning environment. See 20 U.S.C. § 1414(d)(1)(A). The IEP
team, consisting of the student’s parents, teachers, and other local education personnel, examines
the student’s educational history, progress, recent evaluations, and parental concerns prior to
implementing a FAPE for the student. Id. To determine whether a FAPE has been provided, courts
must determine whether: (1) the school complied with the IDEIA’s procedures; and (2) the IEP
developed through those procedures was reasonably calculated to enable the student to receive
-5- educational benefits. Loren F. v. Atlanta Indep. Sch. Sys., 349 F.3d 1309, 1312 (11th Cir. 2003).
While the District of Columbia is required to provide students with a public
education, it does not guarantee any particular outcome or any particular level of education. Bd. of
Educ. of Hendrick Hudson Central Sch. Dist. v. Rowley, 458 U.S. 176, 192 (1982); Dorros v.
District of Columbia, 510 F. Supp. 2d 97, 100 (D.D.C. 2007). If the parent objects to the
identification, evaluation, or educational placement of the student, or the provision of a free
appropriate public education, 20 U.S.C. § 1415(b)(6), the parent may seek an impartial due process
hearing. Id. § 1415(f)(1). If the parent is dissatisfied with the outcome of that hearing, s/he may
appeal the decision to a state court or a federal district court. See 20 U.S.C. § 1415(i)(2)(A).
In evaluating a hearing officer’s decision in an IDEIA case such as this one, a court
reviews the administrative record, may hear additional evidence, and bases its decision on the
preponderance of the evidence, granting such relief as deemed appropriate. 20 U.S.C. §
1415(i)(2)(C). The court gives “due weight” to the decision of the hearing officer and does not
substitute its own view of sound educational policy for that of the hearing officer. See Rowley, 458
U.S. at 206. Moreover, the burden of proof is with the party challenging the administrative
determination, who must “‘at least take on the burden of persuading the court that the hearing officer
was wrong.’” Reid v. District of Columbia, 401 F.3d 516, 521 (D.C. Cir. 2005) (quoting Kerkam
v. McKenzie, 862 F.2d 884, 887 (D.C. Cir. 1988)).
The Circuit set out the standards for an award of compensatory education in Reid.
“Under the theory of ‘compensatory education,’ courts and hearing officers may award ‘educational
services . . . to be provided prospectively to compensate for a past deficient program.’” Id. at 522
(citations omitted). Remedying the deprivation of FAPE “carries a qualitative rather than
-6- quantitative focus.” Reid, 401 F.3d at 524. “[A]wards compensating past violations [must] rely on
individualized assessments.” Id.
In every case . . . , the inquiry must be fact-specific and, to accomplish IDEA’s3 purposes, the ultimate award must be reasonably calculated to provide the educational benefits that likely would have accrued from special education services the school district should have supplied in the first place.
Id. In addition, “whereas ordinary [Individual Education Plans] need only provide ‘some benefit,’
compensatory awards must do more — they must compensate.” Id. at 535. When a student
challenges the lack of an award of compensatory education for a FAPE, “the parties must have some
opportunity to present evidence regarding [the student’s] specific educational deficits resulting from
his loss of FAPE and the specific compensatory measures needed to best correct those deficits.” Id.
at 526. The Court can “requir[e] DCPS to offer proof that the placement compensated for prior
FAPE denials in addition to providing some benefit going forward.” Id.
The Court held an evidentiary hearing in this case on February 1, 2011, for the
purpose of determining W.G.’s specific educational deficits resulting from his loss of FAPE and the
specific compensatory measures needed to best correct those deficits.
III. ANALYSIS
Unlike Reid, which involved a multi-year denial of a FAPE, in this instance, W.G.
suffered from uncertified teachers and classes beyond his ken for a period of only four months.
During that same time period, he was in a school dedicated to special education students, as required
3 On December 3, 2004, the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (“IDEA”) was amended by the IDEIA. The IDEIA became effective July 1, 2005. See Pub. L. 108-446, 118 Stat. 2647 (2004). The differences between the old and the new statutes are not relevant for the purpose of this Memorandum Opinion.
-7- by his IEP; received social and psychological counseling; had a small student-teacher ratio in his
classes; and received behavioral and clinical support from experts. Thus, he was not deprived in
whole of all the advantages of special education for special needs students. Currently, he has an
Individual Education Plan that is geared to his limited abilities. He received job training at the
National Children’s Center last summer and is now working at two different places, on a transition
plan to adult life. Such training should allow him to “age out” of special education at 22 years of
age and move to oversight by the Department of Disability Services, most probably at a group home.
In other words, W.G. is receiving a FAPE now and has been since March 2009. Plaintiffs do not
suggest otherwise.
The question is what specific educational deficits resulted from the four-month loss
of a FAPE in 2007-2008? Plaintiffs do not answer this question. Ms. Ortega could identify
problems with W.G.’s education at SunRise: non-certified teachers and classes in English grammar,
chemistry, and algebra well beyond his abilities. She also identified a program of life and job skills
training that she prefers, to prepare W.G. to live in a group home as an adult. The unstated
connection appears to be that W.G.’s abilities are in the severely low range and classroom education
does not provide the kind of training for life that Ms. Ortega believes is necessary. Since, however,
Ms. Ortega was not admitted as an expert witness, her opinion alone is inadmissible to prove
anything.4
4 Ms. Ortega asserts that W.G.’s extensive truancy at SunRise arose from his social anxiety and was not his fault. Even presuming this to be the case, his hospitalization and frequent absences are not traceable to the denial of a FAPE and his absences undercut his claim for compensatory education. This pattern continues; in the period between August 23, 2010 and October 28, 2010, W.G. attended school less than half the time. See Def.’s Hearing Exhibits [Dkt. # 24-1] (Progress Notes) at 23. While it is clear that W.G. was denied a FAPE, the impact of that relatively-short hiatus on this particular part-time student cannot be measured and is doubtful.
-8- Even if Ms. Ortega had been accepted as an expert, the Life Skills Plan developed
by Future Leaders of America that Ms. Ortega advocates as compensatory education for W.G. fails
to persuade. The Plan has no address or contact information and is unsigned. Plaintiffs have
provided no information about the organization or the professional skills of its personnel. The Plan’s
content and sample lessons are vastly more complex than anything W.G. could handle. W.G. cannot
“make lists,” he cannot read, he cannot comprehend concepts, and he cannot “conduct research at
the Martin Luther King Public Library.” Pls.’ Hearing Ex. 1 at 3, 5. The proposal is so distant from
the current abilities of W.G. that it can only be characterized as unrealistic and unworkable.
Plaintiffs failed to support their claim for 150 hours of compensatory education before
the Hearing Officer. They offered hardly any additional evidence at the evidentiary hearing in this
Court, even though the hearing was called for that very purpose. Plaintiffs merely presented Ms.
Ortega again as well as the sketchy and patently insufficient Life Skills Plan. Ms. Ortega indicated
that her estimate of 150 hours for compensatory education was based on her professional experience
but she provided no support for the claim that 150 hours was reasonable instead of, for example, 200
hours or 95 hours. The Court is in the very same position as was the Hearing Officer — due to the
lack of evidentiary support, the Court is compelled to find that Plaintiffs have failed to support their
claim for 150 hours of compensatory education.
IV. CONCLUSION
Plaintiffs seek 150 hours of compensatory education in life skills training for W.G.
but provide too little support for the number of hours or the value of the proposed program for this
particular student. The Hearing Officer’s denial of compensatory education was for the very same
reasons. He was right. The Hearing Officer’s decision will be affirmed and the appeal will be
-9- dismissed. A memorializing Order accompanies this Memorandum Opinion.
Date: March 16, 2011 /s/ ROSEMARY M. COLLYER United States District Judge
-10-