ROY, C.
— This case is here on appeal from the decree of-the circuit court of Christian county construing a will.
The petition is as follows:
“Plaintiff states that he is the son of John A. Gibson, deceased, and that all the defendants, except Bessie Ann Gibson and Sarah J. Gibson, are children of thé said John A. Gibson. That Bessie Ann Gibson is a grandchild, and Sarah J. Gibson is the widow of the said John A. Gibson, deceased.
“That on February 5, 1900-, the said John A. Gibson made and published his last will and testament, and thereafter on the 16th day of April, 1903, that said John A. Gibson departed this life; that said will was admitted to probate in the probate court of Christian county, Missouri, and is now of record in said probate court; that said will contains the following clause:
“ ‘I will and bequeath to my wife Sarah Jane Gibson all of my property, real, personal and mixed, wheresoever the same may be situated, with the power to sell, control, manage and dispose of in the same way that I might do if living; but it is my wish and desire, and I so will that at her death, by will, or before if she so elect, that she shall divide among or settle upon my children and my grandchild the said property devised and bequeathed to her, and increase or proceeds of the same, in the following manner: T have heretofore given and advanced to my sons L. P. Gibson and O. P. Gibson their share of my estate and it is my will and desire that she shall give or will to them only the additional sum of five dollars each, that is to say to the said C. P. Gibson and L. P. Gibson the sum of five dollars each; to the said Bessie Ann Gibson, the grandchild above mentioned, the sum of four [494]*494hundred dollars. To my daughter Mattie Gibson the sum of five hundred dollars, and that she shall so divide the balance of my estate real and personal, after paying said special bequests, between my children Mary Carter, W. K. Gibson, Allen B. Gibson, Mattie Gibson and Ella Shannahan, in equal portions share and share alike.’
“The plaintiff, W. K. Gibson, and defendant Allen Gibson were named in said will as executors, and they qualified as such and have proceeded to discharge their duties as such; that plaintiff, both as a devisee under said will and executor prays the court to construe said will and determine for the instruction of plaintiff, in his said office, the following questions:
“First. Whether by the terms of said will the executors have power to sell or dispose of any real estate belonging to the estate of the late John A. Gibson, there being no debts.
“Second. Whether Sarah Jane Gibson has power under said will to sell or dispose of any real estate belonging to said estate for the purpose of paying the special legacies mentioned in said will.
“Third. Whether Sarah Jane Gibson has power under said will to sell or dispose of any of the real estate belonging to said estate for any purpose.
“Fourth. Whether said will imposes the obligation on said Sarah Jane Gibson during her life, to pay the said special legacies and to divide in kind by will or deed the real estate belonging to said estate among and between Mary Carter, W. K. Gibson, Allen B. Gibson, Mattie Gibson, and Ella Shannahan, in equal portions, share and share alike.
“Plaintiff states that Bessie Ann Gibson is a minor under the age of eighteen years and unmarried, and that C. P. Gibson is a non-resident of the State of Missouri.”
And on the 7th day of September, 1907, the same being one of the regular judicial days of the August, [495]*4951907, term of court, the said court rendered the following judgment, to-wit (omitting unnecessary portions of said judgment):
"The testator intended to devise and did devise to Sarah Jane Gibson, his widow, only a life estate in all his property, real, personal and mixed; that by said item he gave her the power to dispose of the real estate in the manner and form specified by said item; that is, by will or deed, before death the widow shall provide for and pay the legatees therein mentioned their legacies, and by will or deed, before her death she may, for the purposes of partition dispose of the remainder of the estate of John A. Gibson, deceased, and devised to the following named devisees, in the following manner: To Mary Carter, W. K. Gibson, Allen Gibson, Mattie Gibson and Ella Shannahan, in equal portions, share and share alike; and in the event of failing in such disposition of the property devised, the said property descends at her death to the devisees named in the will, to-wit, Mary Carter, W. K. Gibson, Allen Gibson, Mattie Gibson, and Ella Shannahan, in equal portions, share and share alike, subject to the payment of the special legacies, if they be not paid, and the court further finds and adjudges that if there be not sufficient personal estate left at the death of said widow to pay the special bequests and legacies and no disposition of such property be made by will as is provided then, the executors may, under the provisions of such will, sell and convey the real estate for the purpose of paying such special bequests and legacies and for the purpose of partition among the heirs above named, to-wit, Mary Carter, ~W. K. Gibson, Allen Gibson, Mattie Gibson, and Ella Shannahan, in equal portions share and share alike.”
The defendants have appealed.
The appellants insist that the will gives to Sarah J. Gibson a fee simple estate, and that the limitation [496]*496over to tlxe children and grandchild of the testator is void.
In law, as in many other respects, England has cast to the westward “her seed and her shadow,” and nowhere has that shadow had a more blinding effect than in the consideration of the question here involved. Nearly nine year before the common law crossed the Mississippi, our Territorial Legislature by the Act of July 4, 1807 (1 Ter. Laws, 125), made general provisions as to “Wills, descent and distribution.” Section 18 of that act provided that “every person aged twenty-one years . . . shall have power at his will and pleasure, by last will and testament in writing, to devise all his estate, ’ ’ etc.
Section 48 said: “The judges of the respective orphan’s courts, and all others concerned in the execution of any last will and testament, shall have due regard to the direction of the will, and the true intent and meaning of the testator, in all matters and things that shall be brought before them concerning the same.”
When the common law, with many exceptions and qualifications, was adopted January 19, 1816 (1 Ter. Laws, 436), it was provided in effect that only such parts of that law as were “not contrary to the laws of this Territory” should be in force.
We thus see that not only the law as to the intention of the testator was the “first on the ground,” but also that it was given a dominant influence in the field of interpretation.
By that Act of 1816 it was provided that “the doctrine of entails shall never be allowed.”
In the revision of 1825' the following section was enacted (R. S.-1825', p. 795', sec. 19):
“Be it further enacted, That all devises made of lands, or other estate within this State, in which the words ‘heirs and assigns’ or ‘heirs and assigns forever’ are omitted, and no expressions are contained [497]*497in such will and testament whereby it shall appear that such devise was intended to convey only an estate for life, and no further devise being made of the devised premises, to take effect after the decease of the devisee to whom the same shall be given, all such devises shall be taken and understood to be the intention of the testator thereby to grant and devise an absolute estate in the same, and shall be construed, deemed and adjudged, in all courts of law and equity, in this State, to convey an estate in fee simple to the devisee for all such devised premises in as full a manner as if the same had been given or devised to such devisee, and to his heirs and assigns forever, any law, usage or custom to the contrary notwithstanding. ’ ’
The Revised Statutes of 1835 (p. 119, sec, 2) provided: “The term ‘heirs/'.or words of inheritance, shall not be necessary to create or convey an estate in fee simple; and every conveyance of any real estafé hereafter executed, shall pass all the estate of the grantor, unless the intent to pass a less estate shall appear by express terms, or be necessarily implied in the term of the grant.”
Those statutes have remained substantially the same to the present time as beacon lights, though often lost to the view. No one ought to hesitate in saying that as long as the testator keeps within the limits of the laws against entails and perpetuities, he has the right under those statutes to express his intention either in express words or in words from which his intention may clearly be inferred and to have that intention executed, provided only that he does not attempt to give his property for some purpose forbidden by law.
By the common law “no remainder can be limited after the grant of an estate in fee simple; because a fee simple is the highest and largest estate that a subject is capable of enjoying; and he that is tenant [498]*498in fee hath in him the whole of the estate; a remainder therefore, which is only a portion, or residuary part, of the estate, cannot be reserved after the whole is disposed of.” [2 Blackstone, 164.]
In the case of Attorney-General v. Hall, decided by the English Court of Chancery in 1731, Fitzg. 314, the will was as follows: “I give and bequeath all my real and personal estate unto my son Francis Hall, and to the heirs of his body, to his and their use, to, be paid unto him in three years after my death, and during that time I make Sir Isaac Newton executor of this my will, and after the said three years expires, I do appoint that my said son Francis shall be executor ; and if my said son Francis Hall shall die, leaving no heirs of his body living, then I give and bequeath so much of my said real and personal estate, as my said son shall be possessed of at his death, to the Goldsmiths’ Company of London in trust for several charitable uses mentioned in his will.”
It was held that the remainder was void, because of the power of disposition in the will.
That case was followed in 1809 by Chief Justice Parsons in Ide v. Ide, 5 Mass. 499, and by two cases in New York, Jackson v. Bull, 10 Johns. 18, and Jackson v. Robins, 16 Johns. 537, decided in 1813 and 1819 respectively.
Chancellor Kent, whose commentaries were written between 1826 and 1830', says: “If, therefore, there be an absolute power of disposition given by the will to the first taker, as if an estate be devised to A in fee, and if he dies possessed of the property without lawful issue, the remainder over, or remainder over the property which he, dying without heirs, should leave, or without selling or devising the same; in all such cases the remainder over is void, as a remainder, because of the preceding fee, and it is void by the way of executory devise, because the limitation is inconsistent with the absolute estate, or power of disposi[499]*499tion expressly given or necessarily implied by tbe will.” [4 Kent, 270.]
In 1832, Smith v. Bell, 6 Peters, 68, was. decided in an opinion by Chief -Justice Marshall. The essential parts of the will were as follows: “Which personal estate, I give and bequeath unto my said wife Elizabeth Goodwin, to and for her own use and benefit and disposal absolutely, the remainder of said estate, after her decease, to be for the use of the said Jesse Goodwin.” Jesse Goodwin was the testator’s son.
. The court said: “In the case before the court, it is, we think; impossible to mistake the intent. The testator unquestionably intended to make a present provision for his wife and a future provision for his son. This intention can be defeated only by expunging, or rendering totally inoperative, the last clause of the will. In doing so we must disregard a long series of opinions, making the intention of the testator the polar star to guide us in the construction of wills, because we find words which indicate an intention to permit the first taker to use part of the estate bequeathed.”
It will be noticed that, according to Blackstone and Kent, if the language of the devise to the first taker, considered by itself, without reference to the succeeding parts of the will, creates a fee with power of disposition, then any limitation over is void. Those rules were not for the purpose of discovering the intention of the testator, but they resulted in the destruction of that intention. As stated by Marshall, J., in his dissenting opinion in Cornwell v. Wulff, 148 Mo. 576, “In our day there is not the undefined apprehension about tenures that formerly disturbed the placid dreams of our English predecessors in the law.”
Kent himself says: “Perpetuities, as applied to real estates, were conducive to the power and gran[500]*500deur of ancient families, and gratifying to the pride of aristocracy; but they were extremely disrelished by the nation at large, as being inconsistent with the free and unfettered enjoyment of property. ‘The reluctant spirit of English liberty,’ said Lord Northington, ‘would not submit to the statute of entails; and Westminster Hall, siding with liberty, found means to evade it.’ ” [4 Kent, 264.]
This court has never been in dread of entails or perpetuities, hence, as “reason is the life of the law,” those rules making such limitation over void, never should have been given, any vitality in this State.
Such was the situation when in 1848 Rubey v. Barnett, 12 Mo. 3, was decided. In that case the first taker was, by express words, given only a life estate; so that the question here involved was not in issue there. Yet the court said (l. c. 6): “But a devise to a wife for life, and after her decease she to give the same to whom she will, passes but an estate for life with a power; yet if an express estate for life had not been devised to the wife, an estate in fee would have passed by the other words.”
Thus it will be observed that, as to the question then in hand the above language declaring that the life estate could be created only by express words was obitér. That case made no reference to any of the above statutes or to Smith v. Bell, supra, but did cite with approval Jackson v. Robins, supra, and has become, in spite of its origin, the leading case in the State by authority of which remainders limited over on what would otherwise have been a fee, have been sometimes declared void, even as late as Jackson v. Littell, 213 Mo. 589.
In Chiles v. Bartleson, 21 Mo. 344, the third item of the will gave the property to the wife generally. The eighth item provided: “And further, it is my will that the bequests made to my wife, Prances, at her death, be equally divided between my four chib [501]*501dren.” • Judge Leonard said: “The intention of the testator is plain enough; the whole will must be read together, and effect given to every clause of it, and the words used are to be understood in the sense indicated by the whole instrument. Our duty, in the lan-guage of our own statute, is ‘to have regard to the true intent and meaning of the testator.’ ”
We shall now proceed to enumerate the cases -in this State construing wills or deeds devising or conveying property to the first taker generally with power of disposal and with a limitation over of the part undisposed of. We shall not burden this opinion with a statement of the language of each instrument construed, but will refer the reader to the respective cases. In Green v. Sutton, 50 Mo. 186, it was held that the limitation over was void. Now it will be noticed, and this remark will apply to all the cases, that where the remainder has been declared void, it is necessarily on the ground, not that the intention of the testator was not clear, but that, however clearly it might be expressed, it was void.
In the case of Carr v. Dings, reported in 54 Mo. 95, and 58 Mo. 400, it was held that the remainder was valid, but without an extended consideration of the authorities. The case of Straat v. Uhrig, 56 Mo. 482, likewise held the remainder valid, but again there was no discussion of the authorities.
State ex rel. v. Tolson, 73 Mo. 320, held the remainder void, as did also Wead v. Gray, 78 Mo. 59. In the latter case it was said that the case of Smith y. Bell, supra, had not been followed in this State. It may also be said that in none of the cases holding the remainder void was any mention made of the statute in regard to the construction of wills.
In Bean v. Kenmuir, 86 Mo. 666, the court was divided, a majority of three holding the remainder valid, while two held, not that the testator did not intend to create a remainder over, but that such re[502]*502maincler was void. The unanimous court in Harbison v. James, 90 Mo. 411, held such remainder valid and approved Smith v. Bell, supra. So, it could no longer be said that that ease was not followed in this State. The latter case was followed and approved in Munro v. Collins, 95 Mo. 33.
In Lewis v. Pitman, 101 Mo. 281, the remainder was upheld, all concurring, in the following language: “If the first taker is to have but a life estate, then it matters not whether this appears from express words creating a life estate or from a consideration of the whole will. What difference can it make in which form the testator expressed his intention, so that it is clearly expressed? There may be and are many cases when the added power of disposition will turn the scale, but if it is the intention of the testator to give the first taker a life estate only, notwithstanding the power of disposition, then that intention ought to prevail. This is the common sense view of the matter, and it has the support of well considered judgments.”
Schorr v. Carter, 120 Mo. l. c. 414, has this language: “It is also a well settled rule of law that the whole will must be construed together, not in detached parts; and if it be manifest, when so construed, that he did not intend to pass the fee, then the intention must prevail. The rule thus announced does not conflict with the one that, where an estate is given in one part of the instrument, such estate cannot be taken away, or cut down by raising a doubt upon the extent of meaning or application of a subsequent clause, or by inference therefrom, or that a remainder cannot be engrafted on a fee.”
Cornwell v. Orton, 126 Mo. 355, decided in this .Division, quoted with seeming approval from Lewis v. Pitman, supra, as follows: “If it is the clear intention from the whole will that the first taker is to have but a life estate, then the added power of disposition [503]*503will not convert the estate into one of absolute ownership.” And yet, after making that quotation, the court said: “It follows that we have a remainder lim-\ ited after a fee simple absolute, and we have seen this can no more be done now than at common law. The limitation over is inconsistent with, and repugnant to, the grant to Mrs. Cornwell.”
Thus it will be seen that while this last case holds that the court must consider the whole will to find the intent of the testator, yet, if such intent be found to limit a remainder over on what would otherwise have been a fee, then the remainder is void. Here we may ask the question, "Why travel all over the instrument diligently searching for the intention of the testator as expressed therein, and then destroy it as soon as found by declaring it void? ■
In McMillan v. Farrow, 141 Mo. 55, such remainder was held valid by this Division, the court laying stress on the fact that the testator, in creating the remainder over, used the words “whatever of my property may remain undisposed of at her death, I give and bequeath,” etc.
Cornwell v. Wulff, supra, again reached this court, 148 Mo. 542, and the remainder was held void by a divided court in Banc of four to three. The majority again held the position assumed when the case was first here that although it was not necessary that the life estate should be created by express words, but that such intention might appear from the whole instrument, yet, in the language of the court, “It goes-without saying that, if this conveyance is to be tested by common law principles, having created an estate in fee simple in Mrs. Cornwell, any attempt to create a remainder thereafter would be void.”