GANTT, O. J.
Tbis is an action of ejectment for certain lands in St. Louis county. Tbe plaintiffs recovered judgment for possession and rents and profits in tbe circuit court and defendant appeals. Tbis is tbe second appeal in tbe cause. Tbe first will be found reported in 126 Mo. 355, and 28 S. W. Rep. 162.
Tl;e purpose of tbis appeal is to have tbis court review its opinion and judgment in Cornwell v. Orton and Cornwell v. Wulff, 126 Mo. 355, and overrule those cases, and incidentally to overrule Green v. Sutton, 50 Mo. 186, decided in 1872 by tbe Supreme Court.
Tbe earnestness of counsel for appellant and tbe thorough brief and argument wbicli be presented, no less than tbe admirable tone thereof, are such that we feel impelled to review our former opinions and examine anew tbe gounds upon which they were based.
The common source of title was in Robert A. Yeates, and both parties claim under a deed executed by said Yeates and wife on tbe fifteenth day of October, 1895, to John A. Goodlett, as- trustee, which deed is in these words (omitting [548]*548the acknowledgment and certificate of record which are in dne and lawful form):
“This deed, made and entered into this 15th day of October, 1859, by and between Robert A. Yeates and Sophie Yeates, his wife of, etc., parties of the first part, and John A. Goodlett, of, etc., party of the second part, and Catherine Cornwell, wife of James Cornwell, of, etc., party of the third part, witnesseth: That the said parties of the first part, in consideration of the sum of thirty-one hundred and seventy-two and 40-100 dollars to them in hand paid by the said party of the second part, receipt whereof is hereby confessed and acknowledged, have granted, bargained, sold and conveyed, and by these presents do grant, bargain, sell and convey unto the said party of the second part, and his heirs and assigns, a certain tract or parcel of land situated, etc., to have and to hold the same, with all the right, privileges and appurtenances thereto belonging or in anywise appertaining unto him the said party of the second part, his heirs and assigns forever. In trust, however, to and for the sole and separate use, benefit and behoof of said Catherine Cornwell, wife of said James Cornwell; and the said John A. Goodlett, party of the second part, hereby covenants and agrees to and with the said Catherine Cornwell that he will suffer and permit her without let or molestation, to have, hold, use, occupy and enjoy the aforesaid premises, with all the rents, issues, profits and proceeds arising therefrom, whether from sale or lease, for her own sole use and benefit, separate and apart from her said, husband and wholly free from his control or interferences, and from his debts, in such manner as she may think proper; and that he will at any and all times thereafter at the request and direction of the said Catherine Cornwell, expressed in writing, signed by her or by her authority, bargain, sell, mortgage, convey, lease, rent or otherwise dispose of said premises, or any part thereof; and will pay over the rents, issues, profits and proceeds thereof which may come into his hands, [549]*549and not otherwise liable, to her, tbe said Catherine Cornwell, in such manner as she shall in writing direct or request; and that he will, at the death of the said Catherine, convey or dispose of the said premises or such part thereof as may then be held by him under this deed, and all profits and -proceeds thereof in such manner, to such person or persons and at such time or times as the said Catherine Cornwell shall by her last will and testament, or any other writing signed by her or by her authority, direct or appoint; and in default of such appointment then, that he will convey said premises to said James Cornwell, his heirs or assigns.”
It was then admitted by both parties:
1. That the defendant is now in the possession of the property and was at the institution of this suit.
2. That Mrs. Catherine Cornwell died, intestate, December 23, 1860, without having made any conveyance of said real estate or appointment under said conveyance in her lifetime.
3. That James Cornwell died December 25, 1889, and the plaintiffs are Mrs. Catherine Cornwell’s children and grandchildren and heirs of James Cornwell.
4. That the plaintiffs Frederick J. Cornwell and Catherine Holmes, wife of James 0. Holmes, are the children of Catherine Cornwell, and that Charles J., Frederick J. and Benjamin S. Cornwell, infant plaintiffs, are the children of Benjamin Cornwell, who died prior to the institution of this suit, and who was the son of Catherine Cornwell; and these plaintiffs are represented in this suit by their next friend, Helen V. Cornwell, plaintiff and widow of said Benjamin Cornwell deceased, who was duly appointed their next friend in this case prior to the institution of this suit.
5. That James Cornwell and Catherine Cornwell were husband and yife at and prior to the date of the deed of Yeates to Goodlett.
6. That plaintiffs a-re the only heirs at law of Catherine Cornwell.
[550]*5507. That tbe value of tbe monthly rents and profits of tbe premises is, and since James Cornwell died bas been, $10.
Whereupon plaintiff rested.
The defendant then asked the court to declare that under the pleadings and the evidence the plaintiff was not entitled to recover, which the court refused to do, and defendant excepted at the time.
Defendant offered and read in evidence a' decree of the St. Louis Land Court, rendered at the March term, 1862, in a case wherein James Cornwell was plaintiff and John A. Goodlett- was the sole defendant, by which decree the court required said Goodlett to convey to James Cornwell the premises described in the deed from Teates to Goodlett as provided in the final clause in said deed.
Defendant then offered and read in evidence a deed from John A. Goodlett as trustee to James Cornwell, dated May 21, 1862, conveying the same property pursuant to said decree.
Defendant then offered and read in evidence a warranty deed from James Cornwell to Peachey A. Garriott, dated January 31, 1867, conveying the same property.
Defendant then offered and read in evidence a warranty deed from Peachey A. Garriott and wife to Hans Tyson and George W. Wulff, dated July 26, 1887, conveying the same property.
Defendant then offered and read in evidence a quitclaim deed from Hans Tyson to George Wulff, dated September 21, 1887, conveying the same land.
And this was all the evidence.
The court found for the plaintiffs, and rendered judgment accordingly.
Within four days defendant filed his motion for new trial, alleging as grounds that the court erred in refusing to declare that plaintiff was not entitled to recover, and in finding for the plaintiffs under the evidence, when the finding should have been for the defendant. This motion was over[551]*551ruled and tlie defendant excepted at the time, and during the same term and on August 30, 1895, defendant was given sixty days within which to file his bill of exceptions. And on October 28, 1895, defendant filed his bill of exceptions, preserving all exceptions above noted; and during the same term of court at which said judgment was rendered the defendant duly perfected his appeal to this court.
I. As already remarked in the accompanying statement the deed of Robert Yeates, the common source of title has been twice construed by this court in Cornwell v. Orton, 126 Mo. 355, and Cornwell v. Wulff, 126 Mo. 355.
In those cases it was held that the said deed created an absolute equitable fee simple in and to the land in controversy in Mrs. Catherine Cornwell and at her death descended to her heirs subject to the curtesy of her husband, James Corn-well, and at his death on the twenty-fifth of December, 1889, they were entitled to the possession thereof. It is that construction of said deed which is now, for the third time, challenged by defendant. On the former occasions it was insisted as now by defendant, first, that the deed only created a life estate in Mrs. Cornwell with a power of appointment only, and that as she failed to appoint, the trustee was authorized to convey the remainder to Mr. Cornwell as covenanted by the trustee; second, that granting that the deed created an equitable fee in Mrs. Cornwell, this deed was a conveyance to uses and the feoffor to use had a right to and did provide for the vesting of a fee simple upon the fee simple granted Mrs. Cornwell upon her failure to appoint as permitted by the deed. Essential to any intelligent discussion of this deed it must be first determined what equitable estate Mrs. Corn-well took under the deed, as to duration, whether for life or in fee simple. The words of the grant convey the land to the trustee and his heirs and assigns to have and to hold the same with all the rights, privileges and appurtenances unto him and his heirs and assigns forever in trust however to and [552]*552for the sole and separate use and benefit of Mrs. Cornwell, and the words of the covenant of said trustee are that she shall have the full use and occupancy of said land, with all rents, issues and products for her own sole use and benefit and with full power to bargain, sell, mortgage, convey, lease, rent or otherwise dispose of said premises, etc. Now it is a fundamental principle that equitable estates are governed by the same rules as legal estates as to duration, otherwise inextricable coufusion must result. Omitting for the present all discussion of the claim that the covenant of the trustee constitutes a conditional limitation over to James Cornwell, the husband, it must, we take it, be 'entirely plain that, in the absence of that clause in the deed, the trustee acquired the entire fee simple estate in the land, leaving no reversion whatever in the grantor Yeates, and that he took said fee in trust for the sole use and benefit of Mrs. Cornwell and with an unlimited and absolute right in her to take and hold the possession of said lands free from any molestation on the part of said trustee and receive all and every beneficial interest to be derived therefrom, and with full power to sell, mortgage, or dispose of them in any manner she saw fit. In other words it can not be controverted, we think, that Mrs. Cornwell took exactly as large an equitable estate in these lands as her trustee or feoffee to her use held in law for her benefit, to wit, an equitable fee simple. [Webster v. Cooper, 14 How. (U. S.) 499.] No principle is more securely imbedded in the law of this State than that in the construction of instruments conveying land, an absolute power of disposition carries with it a full fee in the real estate itself. [Rubey v. Barnett, 12 Mo. 3; Norcum v. D’Oench, 17 Mo. 98; Green v. Sutton, 50 Mo. 186.]
This court in Rubey v. Barnett and Green v. Sutton, also approved the rule laid down in Jackson v. Robins, 16 Johns, 587, in which the court of errors, New York, said: “We lay it down as an incontrovertible rule that where an [553]*553estate is given to a person generally or indefinitely with a power of disposition it carries a fee, and tbe only exception to tbe rule is where tbe testator gives to tbe first taker an estate for life only by certain and express words and annexes to it a power of disposal. In that particular and special case tbe devisee for life will not take an estate in fee notwithstanding tbe distinct and naked gift of a power of disposition of tbe reversion.”
As pointed out in Cornwell v. Orton, 126 Mo. 355, that rule has been modified, particularly in tbe construction of wills,in this State by subsequent decisions to this extent only, that it no longer is necessary that tbe life estate should be created by express words but if it is tbe clear intention from tbe whole will that tbe first taker is to have but a life estate, tbe added power of disposition will not convert it into an absolute ownership. [Lewis v. Pitman, 101 Mo. 281; Munro v. Collins, 95 Mo. 33; Harbison v. James, 90 Mo. 411; Redman v. Barger, 118 Mo. 568.]
There are no words in this deed which expressly limit Mrs. Cornwell’s use to her life only, nor are there any words which indicate an intention to so limit her use in said lands. This ás a deed of bargain and sale and not a gratuity, and it is a wholesome and familiar rule that it shall be construed most favorably to tbe bargainee. We confidently assert that no adjudicated case can be found in which a more unlimited, unrestricted power of sale, coupled with a beneficial interest in the estate granted, is vested in the first grantee than was conferred upon Mrs. Cornwell by this deed. Moreover there is nothing in the hdbend/um that squints at a limitation of the equitable fee simple created in her by the granting clause of the deed. Nor is there a single limitation over by the grantor by way of remainder or conditional limitation to any other person or persons. It goes without saying that, if this convey. anee is to be tested by common law principles, having created an estate in fee simple in Mrs.Cornwell, any attempt [554]*554to create a remainder thereafter, would be void. [2 Bl. Com. 164; 1 Eeárne. on Remainders (4 Am. Ed.), 12; 2 Thomas’s Coke on Littleton, 126 and note “B.;” Green v. Sutton, 50 Mo. 186.]
If it is to be considered a trust, nothing can be plainer than that upon Mrs. Oomwell’s death, the trust being am executed trust ceased when the occasion for its" creation ended, to wit, the protection of her equitable fee during coverture, and thereupon her estate devolved upon her heirs at law subject to her husband’s curtesy just as if it had been a legal estate. [McTigue v. McTigue, 116 Mo. 138; Roberts v. Mosley, 51 Mo. 282; Pitts v. Sheriff, 108 Mo. 110.]
It is elemental that equitable estates are governed by the same rule of descents that governs the devolution of legal estates and if this were not so great confusion would result. [1 Perry on Trusts, sec. 357; Cushing v. Blake, 30 N. J. Eq. 689.] When therefore it is determined that Mrs. Cornwell by the terms of the deed itself took an equitable estate in fee simple in these lands it follows that upon her death it descended to her heirs, the plaintiffs in this case, subject to the curtesy of her husband. But more than that by the statute of uses of Missouri, but for the fact that she was a married woman and' at that time not suájtwis, the whole beneficial interest would have been executed in her during her life in fee simple with absolute power to convey and dispose of and at her death no estate whatever would have remained in the trustee Good-lett. . An examination of the deed will convince the most skeptical that the grantor or feoffer to uses imposed no duties whatever upon Mr. Goodlett, the trustee, which could in any manner interfere with Mrs. Cornwell’s complete enjoyment or alienation of these lands. On the contrary the sole duty devolved upon him was to passively permit the legal estate to remain in him during her coverture and to do and perform whatever Mrs. Cornwell might direct him to do. That he so construed the deed is evidenced by the fact that he did not [555]*555even formally accept tbe trust, did not sign the deed, and never made a deed to James Cornwell until compelled by the decree of the land court to do so. There is not a line or word which confers upon him the slightest discretion in the devolution of said estate. It is a perfect example of a dry, executed trust, except that it is for a married woman.
The English and American Reports are replete with well considered cases which draw the distinction between executed and executory trusts. [Wright v. Pearson, 1 Eden, 119; Boswell v. Dillon, Drury, 291; Cushing v. Blake, 30 N. J. Eq. 689; 1 Perry on Trusts, sec. 359.]
Lord Chancellor Sugden, in Boswell v. Dillon, Drury, 291, points out the distinction in these words: “By the term an executory trust when used in its proper sense we mean a trust in which some further act is directed to be done. Executory trusts in this way may be divided into two classes, one, in which, though something is required to be done, (for example a settlement to be executed) yet the testator has acted as his own conveyancer as it is called and defined the settlement to be made, and the court has nothing to do but to follow out and execute the intentions of the party as appearing on the instrument. Such trusts though executory, do not differ from ordinary limitations and must be construed according to the principles applicable to legal estates depending upon the same words. The other species of executory trusts is where the testator, directing a further act, has imperfectly stated what is to be done. In such cases the court is invested with a larger discretion and gives to the word a more liberal interpretation than they would have borne if they had stood by themselves.”
“All trusts,” says Lord St. Leonards, “are in a sense executory because a trust can not be executed except by a conveyance but this is not the sense which a court of equity puts upon the term executory trusts.” [Egerton v. Earl Brownlow, 4 H. L. Cas. star page 210.]
[556]*556In Cushing v. Blake, 30 N. J. Eq. 702, the chancellor says with the unanimous approval of the whole court: “In this case the trusts upon which the trustee was required to hold the estate were definitely and perfectly expressed and he had no duties to perform but to hold and convey accordingly.” [Pugh v. Hays, 113 Mo. loc. cit. 432.] “The trusts are such as are regarded as executed trusts in a court of equity, and the estates created by the trust and all the incidents connected therewith are the same as would arise in law upon a legal conveyance expressed in the same language.”
Accordingly the husband as in this case upon issue born capable of inheriting and the death of Mrs. Corn-well was entitled to his curtesy. So that whether we regard this deed as creating in Goodlett, the trustee, an estate by way of bargain and sale to the sole use of Mrs. Cornwell in fee simple and .that the use was created in the bargainee Goodlett [Guest v. Farley, 19 Mo. 147], upon her death the equitable estate devolved upon her heirs as an executed trust and the trustee had no discretion left in him to convey to any other persons than her heirs, who became the eestms que trustent. [McTigue v. McTigue, 116 Mo. 138.]
But it is argued by respondents that the trust created was what is demonstrated a dry trust. Such a trust arises, says Perry in his work on Trusts, section 520, “when property is vested in one person in trust for another, and the nature of the trust not being prescribed by the donor, is left to construction of law. In such ease the eestm que trust is entitled to the actual possession and enjoyment of the property, and to dispose of it or to call upon the trustee to execute such conveyance of the legal estate as he directs.” In such case the duty of the trustee is simple: Eirst to permit the eestm que trust to occupy and receive rents and incomes of the estate; second, to execute such conveyance as the eestm que trust directs; third to protect the title or allow his name to be used for that purpose. Now this is just the character of [557]*557trust which, was created in Mr. Goodlett for Mrs. Cornwell had she been a feme sole or sui j'u/ris. [Witham v. Brooner 63 Ill. 344; Lynch v. Swayne, 83 Ill. 336; Kirksland v. Cox, 94 Ill. 400.]
The duties imposed upon the trustee were such and only such as the law would have required at his hands, leaving to-her the absolute control over the beneficial interest, together with a right to- call for the legal title, but being a married woman at the time of its creation and at her death, it has been ruled that the statute of uses did not vest the legal estate in her during her life or coverture, but in her trustee for her sole use and benefit [Dean v. Long, 122 Ill. 458; Perry on Trusts (4 Ed.), sec. 310, and cases cited, and 310a], but when she becomes discovert, or dies, the statute executes the use in her, or her heirs. [Roberts v. Moseley, 51 Mo. 282; Pitts v. Sheriff, 108 Mo. 110; 2 Minor’s Inst. 737, 39; 2 Thomas’s Coke Litt. 574, note a; 122 Ill. 458.]
When this case was here on a former occasion we ruled that the deed created an equitable fee simple in Mrs. Corn-well, which, upon her death, descended to her heirs at law, the plaintiffs in the case; that the trust was an executed one; that therefore Mrs. Cornwell took the same estate in duration as in a legal estate, which under our statute would most clearly have been a fee simple in law but for the intervention of the trustee, and that the estate so granted to her was subject to the same incidents, properties and consequences as belong to similar estates at law, and that it was not competent to limit a remainder upon it, seeing that such a limitation would be repugnant to the grant to Mrs. Cornwell. Learned counsel now concedes that if this covenant of Mr. Goodlett, the trustee, is to be construed as creating a remainder, then it must fail because a remainder can not be limited after a fee simple, but he urges that it can be upheld as a conditional limitation of a fee upon a fee under the statute of uses. All the learning upon this subject has been brought in review to [558]*558show that under our statute of uses which is but a rescript of the Statute of Uses, 27 Henry VIII, Oh. 10, a fee simple may be limited upon a fee simple.
Under the Statute of Uses, and indeed before that statute, a species of limitations known as shifting or springing uses had been recognized which permitted ulterior estates to be created, to arise upon the defeasance of prior estates in the same property contrary to the strict rules of the common law. The courts after the passage of- the Statute of Wills (32 Hen. VTIL), following the analogies furnished in conveyances to uses and in support of the intention of the testator, gradually came to recognize the validity of limitations not permitted in conveyances at common law. In this way originated what lawyers denominate “executory devises,” whereby a fee may be limited after a fee.
That this could be done was finally settled in England in the case of Pells v. Brown, Cro. Jac., 590, a case which Lord Kenyon, in Porter v. Bradley, 3 Term Repox’ts, 145, declares has ever since been regarded as “the foundation and as it were Magna Charta of this branch of the law.”
Far be it from me'to question this doctrine, as declared in that case. The philosophy of that- case, as I understand it and as I find it interpreted by the courts since, is that although the prior estate is denominated a fee because it may last forever, it is nevertheless a base or determinable fee because it is liable to be defeated by the happening of the contingency upon which it is limited. [2 Minor’s Inst., 77 2e.] Thus in Pells v. Brown the devise was in fee to Thomas and his heirs forever, and if he die without issue in the lifetime of William his brother, then to William and his heirs. The court all agreed that this was a good devise of the fee to William by way of that contingency, not by way of immediate remainder, for they all agreed it could not be by remainder, as if one deviseth land to one and his heirs and if he die without heir that it shall remain to another it is void [559]*559and repugnant to the estáte, for one fee can not be in remainder after another, for the law doth not expect the determination of a fee by his dying without heirs and therefore can not appoint a remainder to begin upon determination thereof, but by way of contingency and by way of executory devise to another, to determine the one estate, and limit it to another, upon an act to be performed or in failure of performance thereof, etc. Just such a case was Chew v. Keller, 100 Mo. 362. In that and like cases the right of the ulterior devisee can not be cut off or divested by any act of the primary devisee.
His estate is not subject to the will of the first taker, but depends upon the event of life or death or other contingency not within the control or volition of the first taker. In 1 Eearne on Remainders, 418, the author says: “The great and essential difference between the nature of a contingent remainder and that of an executory devise (and that indeed which renders it material to distinguish the one from the other in their creation), consists in this: That the first may be barred and destroyed or prevented from taking effect by several different means, whereas it is a rule that an execu-tory devise can not be prevented or destroyed by any alteration whatever in the estate out of which or after which it is limited.”
The question presented here and argued now for the first time is this: Can there be a valid conditional-limitation or executory devise where the executory limitation is conjoined with an absolute power in the first taker or primary devisee to defeat and cut off the further estate or interest by alienation of the entire fee in his lifetime, and whether it makes any difference as to the rights of the ulterior grantee or devisee whether this power to alien has or has not been exercised ?
Whatever preconceived notions we may'have I take it this question being one so seriously affecting property rights, should be determined by the adjudicated law, and we should [560]*560not be swerved from tbe law because some grantor, devisor or conveyancer has attempted to do wbat tbe settled rules of law will not permit. [Brown v. Rogers, 125 Mo. loc. cit. 398; Hogan’s Heirs v. Welcker, 14 Mo. 177.] Appealing then to tbe decided law and recognized authority, we find Chancellor Kent in bis Commentaries, 4 Kent (12 Ed.), star p. 270, declaring: “If, therefore, there be an absolute power of disposition given by tbe will to tbe first taker, as if an estate be devised to A. in fee and if be dies possessed of tbe property without lawful issue, tbe remainder over, or remainder over tbe property which be, dying without heirs, should leave, or without selling, or devising the same; in all such cases the remainder over is void as a remainder because of the preceding fee and it is void by way of executory devise because the limitation is inconsistent with the absolute estate or power of disposition expressly given or necessarily implied from the will. A valid executory devise can not subsist under an absolute power of disposition in the first taker.”
It was urged in argument that this doctrine rested upon the great name of Kent. If so it has no ignoble origin, but as we shall presently see, this is not true, though his recognition* of the rule has no doubt greatly added to its stability.
We have the testimony of the Court of Appeals of New York in Van Horne v. Campbell, 100 N. Y. 287, to the effect that beginning with Jackson v. Bull, 10 Johns. 19, and down to Van Horne v. Campbell, there is an unbroken line of authorities in that State reasserting, following and adopting the rule as announced by Chancellor Kent. It has been assailed in New York, as in this case, but the court of appeals held that the question must be considered as closed in New York. It has received the unqualified indorsement of Chief Justice Savage, Cowen and Denio, and of all save one member of the court in Van Horne v. Campbell. In Massachusetts, in Ide v. Ide (1809), 5 Mass. 500, the same doctrine was announced by [561]*561Chief Justice Parsons, several years before Jackson v. Bull, was decided, and has been reaffirmed in Gifford v. Choate, 100 Mass. 343; Kelley v. Meins, 135 Mass. 231; Joslin v. Rhoades, 150 Mass. 301; Kent v. Morrison, 153 Mass. 137; Foster v. Smith, 156 Mass. 379. In Fisher v. Wister, 154 Pa. St. 65, Jackson v. Bull, came under review and.all the learning on the subject reexamined and the doctrine approved. The validity of the rule announced by Kent has been repeatedly recognized and followed in Illinois. [Fairman v. Beal, 14 Ill. 244; Welsch v. Bank, 94 Ill. 203; Wolfer v. Hemmer, 144 Ill. 554.]
Kentucky, in an able opinion by Chief Justice Haegis, in Ball v. Hancock, 82 Ky. 107, a 'case strikingly like the one at bar, approves Kent’s statement of the law, and Jackson v. Bobins, 16 Johns. 587.
The Court of Appeals of Maryland, in Combs v. Combs, 67 Md. 11, citing Chief Justice PaesoNS in Ide v. Ide, and quoting Chancellor Kent’s declaration, that “we are obliged to say that an absolute ownership or capacity to sell, in the first taker and a vested right by way of executory devise in another which can not be affected by such alienation, are perfectly incompatible estates and repugnant to each other and the latter is to be rejected as void,” said: “Both of these great jurists cited and relied upon the case of The Attorney-General v. Hall, Eitzgibbons, 314, decided by Lord Chancellor King, assisted by the Master of the Polls and Chief Baron Keynolds, and quoted with approval by Lord Hardwicke in Flanders v. Clarke, 1 Vesey Sr. Reports, 9. These, assuredly, are authorities of great weight. We think they ought to be considered as settling the law.”
In Hoxsey v. Hoxsey, 37 N. J. Eq. 21, the Chancellor relied upon 4 Kent 270, and Ide v. Ide, supra, to the effect that a valid executory devise could not subsist with an absolute power of disposition in the first taker.
[562]*562In Howard v. Carusi, 109 U. S. 725, the Supreme Court of the United States unanimously cite and follow Jackson v. Bull and Ide v. Ide, and adopt Chancellor Kent’s text, 4 Kent, 271.
In Alabama, Flinn v. Davis, 18 Ala. 132, and McRee v. Means, 34 Ala. 349, assert that the law is too well settled to be controverted that an absolute power of disposition in the first taker defeats a limitation over.
And so it will be found in Maine, Ramsdell v. Ramsdell, 21 Me. 288, and in Virginia, Malson v. Doe, 4 Leigh, 408; Riddick v. Cohoon, 4 Rand. 547; and in Georgia, Cook v. Walker, 15 Ga. 457; and in Indiana, Tower v. Hartford, 115 Ind. 186. In a word, it may be asserted that as late as 1893 there could be found but two American cases outside of Missouri, which disputed the authority of Ide v. Ide, and Jackson v. Bull, and these were Hubbard v. Rawson (1855), 4 Gray, 247, and Andrews v. Roye (1860), 12 Rich. (S. C.) 536, and neither of these- cases has been followed in their respective States. This brings us to inquire now as to the state of the law in this State.
In Rubey v. Barnett, 12 Mo. 6, Judge Scott said: “It has always been held that an absolute power of disposition over property conferred by will not controlled by any provision or limitation, amounted to an absolute gift of the property. A power to dispose of a thing as one pleases must necessarily carry along with it a full property in it.” He cites with approbation Jackson v. Robins, 16 Johns. 587.
In Gregory v. Cowgill, 19 Mo. 415, Judge Scott cites Ide v. Ide, 5 Mass. 203, with approval. But in Wead v. Gray, 78 Mo. 65, this court, after deciding that the first taker took an absolute estate, referred to the clause giving a remainder over to a designated charity and a niece of the. testator, and said: “The limitation over was void as an exec-utory devise. Mr. Redfield in his work on Wills, volume 2, p. 278, says: ‘It is a settled rule of American as well as [563]*563English law, that where the first devisee has the absolute right to dispose of the property in his own unlimited discretion and not a mere power of appointment among certain specified persons or classes, any estate over is void as being 'inconsistent with the first gift.’ ” [Citing Ide v. Ide, 5 Mass. 500.] Here is a clear, distinct recognition and approval of the case decided by Chief Justice PaesoNs. Prior to that, however, in State ex rel. v. Tolson, 13 Mo. 320, this court held that the attempt to limit by executory devise after an absolute fee simple, was void on the ground that “the limitation was repugnant to the devise and therefore void.” Those two cases were afterwards cited with approval in Munro v. Collins, 95 Mo. 33, but distinguished from the latter as to the facts. [Hardy v. Clarkson, 87 Mo. 171.]
It may be well to remark now and here, that those cases in which this court has construed the estate of the first taker to be only a life estate, and there are many such, have nothing to do with this question, which is predicated on the proposition that the first taker takes an unconditional fee and the attempt then is to limit another fee after the first.
Turning now to another class of cases in which the conveyances were deeds instead of wills, and we find the same doctrine announced in Green v. Sutton, 50 Mo. 186. The deed in that case was in all substantial respects similar to the deed under construction, save and except that in that deed there were words in the granting clause of the deed which attempted to create a limitation over, after Mrs. Green’s death, whereas, in this deed, there are no such words to be found save in the unsigned covenants of the trustee. On the main proposition Judge Bliss held, first, that the deed having conveyed a fee simple to the trustee it was unnecessary to use the word “heirs” in connection with Mrs. Green’s name; that she took an unlimited power of disposal and the attempted limitation over was void. He asks, “Was the use unlimited?” H so, the attempted limitation is void, and the [564]*564rule is not a technical one. It can not matter whether the wife held the legal estate or whether or when the use was executed in her. It is just as impossible to limit an unlimited use as to have a remainder, when the whole ip given. Green v. Sutton, in its different aspects, has been approved in many subsequent cases.
Thus in Tremmel v. Kleiboldt, 15 Mo. 258, it was unanimously said of a like deed: “By the terms of the deed under consideration the entire estate was vested in the wife, and no remainder was or could be created by the covenant of the trustee, to convey the property to her legal heirs at her death in default of appointment or other disposition thereof, by her during her life.” [Green v. Sutton, 50 Mo. 186.]
In Cook v. Couch, 100 Mo. 29, it was said: “The general rule is that a devise of an estate generally or indefinitely with a power of disposition over it, carries a fee. [Kubey v. Barnett, 12 Mo. 3; Green v. Sutton, 50 Mo. 186.]” And to same effect see Lewis v. Pitman, 101 Mo. 291.
In Wood v. Kice, 103 Mo. 338, the proposition announced by Judge Bliss in Green v. Sutton, that a married woman was not restricted in disposing of her separate estate to the specific mode detailed in the deed to her use, was reasserted. It was cited with approval in Reinders v. Koppelmann, 68 Mo. loc. cit. 491.
Green v. Sutton was decided in 1872. It announced a rule of property. Nearly one hundred volumes of the decisions of this court have since been promulgated without any doubt of its soundness having been expressed. It seems to me a serious matter to say now that it was wrongly decided. The writer had no hesitancy in following it in Corn-well v. Orton, 126 Mo. 355, and the report of that case will show it was not questioned as authority by counsel. [Evans v. Folks, 135 Mo. 397.]
"We find, then, that the doctrine announced by Chief Justice PaesoNs, and followed by Chancellor Kent, has met [565]*565the approval of nearly every appellate court in the laud, this court among the others.
This court has so recently construed the counterpart of this deed to convey an equitable fee simple in the wife, in the case of McTigue v. McTigue, 116 Mo. 138, that I refrain from further discussion of this point.
Much stress was laid upon Straat v. Uhrig, 56 Mo. 485, as holding a contrary doctrine. Judge Adams says of the deed in that case: “The consideration moved from the wife and the object of the deed was no doubt to settle the property on her to be at her absolute disposal during her lifetime, with power in her to dispose of the property by will or by any writing signed by her or by her authority to be carried into effect by the trustee after her death. By the terms of the deed there was a springing contingent trust created in favor of the children.” I submit that the deed in that case created an absolute equitable fee in Mrs. Pemberthy, with an added power of alienation in fee, and that the attempted limitation over was void. That case has never been referred to since in any opinion of this court, and has never been approved. It cites no authority, and is clearly out of line with the cases already cited and discussed.
The deed of Yeates must be construed as it is written. Its granting clause is short and unambiguous. It is as follows: “That the said parties of the first part (Yeates and wife) in consideration of the sum of thirty-one hundred and seventy-two and 40-100 dollars totheminhandpaidbythesaid party of the second part (John A. Goodlett) receipt whereof is hereby confessed and acknowledged, have granted, bargained, sold and conveyed and by these presents do grant, bargain, sell and convey unto the said party of the second part and his heirs and assigns, a certain tract or parcel of land situated, etc., to have and to hold the same with all the rights, privileges and appurtenances thereto belonging or in any [566]*566wise appertaining unto him the said party of the second part, his heirs and assigns, forever, in trust however to and for the. sole and separate use, benefit and behoof of said Catherine Cornwell, wife of said James Cornwell.” Plere the granting clause ends. Nowhere within the four corners of this deed can be found one word by which Teates and wife conveyed, granted or limited any portion of their estate in said lands over to the use of any other person upon the happening of the condition that Mrs. Cornwell had not conveyed said land in her lifetime. Goodlett, the trustee, did not join in the said deed at the time of its execution, and if he had, his covenant, voluntarily imposed, could not, and did not, enlarge his own powers so that he could defeat the trust imposed upon him to hold the fee simple in said lands for the benefit of Mrs. Corn-well. Elis covenant as grantee moreover did not create nor assume to create another use in James Cornwell. The power to limit the duration of the estate which he was conveying belonged to the grantor Yeates, and nowhere in said deed has he conveyed any estate to the use of James Cornwell, or to anyone else, save Mrs. Cornwell, and to her he gave an unlimited use. So that however entertaining the discussion of counsel as to the right to limit a fee upon a fee by way of use, it has no place in the judicial construction of the meaning and effect of this deed.
Dr. Minor, whose invaluable Institutes counsel has so often invoked in his brief and argument, lays it down as a settled principle that in the limiting of estates under the statutes of uses the same words are required as at common law, save and except where the statutes, as in Virginia and Missouri, dispense with the necessity of the word “heirs” in creating an estate of inheritance. [R. S. 1845, ch. 32, sec. 2, p. 219; R. S. 1889, sec. 8834.] They are no longer necessary. Certainly it will not be seriously contended that the mere covenant of the trustee who never signed this deed would have [567]*567destroyed the operative and controlling words of the grant which as we have seen vested in the trustee Goodlett a fee simple in trust for Mrs. Cornwell, who was at the time a married woman. The covenant of the trustee, even if he had signed the deed and accepted the trust, would not have had a greater effect than a hcobmAum which this court has held may be entirely rejected if repugnant to the granting clause of the deed. [Major v. Bukley, 51 Mo. 227.]
As the other points involved in Cornwell v. Orton, 126 Mo. 355, are no longer urged, the judgment of the circuit court having been in strict conformity to our former judgments, is affirmed.
Bub&ess, RobiNsoN and Williams, JJ., concur; Shebwood, Bbaoe and Mabshall, JJ., dissent.