TEXAS COURT OF APPEALS, THIRD DISTRICT, AT AUSTIN
NO. 03-13-00565-CR
Gibson Donald Lewis, Appellant
v.
The State of Texas, Appellee
FROM THE COUNTY COURT AT LAW NO. 8 OF TRAVIS COUNTY, NO. C-1-CR-09-211254, HONORABLE CARLOS BARRERA, JUDGE PRESIDING
MEMORANDUM OPINION
Gibson Donald Lewis was arrested for driving while intoxicated. See Tex. Penal Code
§ 49.04(a) (prohibiting “operating a motor vehicle in a public place” if individual is intoxicated);
see also id. § 49.01(2) (defining “[i]ntoxicated”). Subsequently, Lewis filed a motion to suppress
contending that his arrest was illegal. In response, the trial court convened a hearing regarding the
motion and ultimately denied the motion. Shortly after the trial court made its ruling, Lewis entered
a plea of nolo contendere. See Tex. Code Crim. Proc. art. 27.02(5) (explaining that plea of nolo
contendere has same legal effect as guilty plea). Once Lewis entered his plea, the trial court found
Lewis guilty and imposed a sentence of 4 days’ confinement. See Tex. Penal Code § 49.04(b)
(providing that offense is class B misdemeanor); see also id. § 12.22 (stating that punishment for
Class B misdemeanor cannot exceed 180 days). Lewis appeals the trial court’s ruling on his motion
to suppress. We will affirm the trial court’s judgment of conviction. STANDARD OF REVIEW
Appellate courts review a trial court’s ruling on a motion to suppress for an abuse
of discretion. Crain v. State, 315 S.W.3d 43, 48 (Tex. Crim. App. 2010); see also Smith v. State,
286 S.W.3d 333, 339 (Tex. Crim. App. 2009) (noting that trial court abuses its discretion if its
decision lies outside zone of reasonable disagreement); State v. Mechler, 153 S.W.3d 435, 439 (Tex.
Crim. App. 2005) (explaining that trial court abuses its discretion when its ruling is unreasonable
or arbitrary). During the suppression hearing, the trial court is the exclusive judge of the credibility
of the witnesses and the weight to be given to their testimony. St. George v. State, 237 S.W.3d 720,
725 (Tex. Crim. App. 2007). When reviewing a trial court’s ruling on a motion to suppress,
appellate courts apply a bifurcated standard of review. Wilson v. State, 311 S.W.3d 452, 457-58
(Tex. Crim. App. 2010). Under that standard, reviewing courts defer to the trial court’s determinations
regarding historical facts “if supported by the record,” Wade v. State, 422 S.W.3d 661, 666
(Tex. Crim. App. 2013), but review de novo the court’s application of the law to those facts, Wilson,
311 S.W.3d at 458. Similarly, appellate courts give almost total deference to rulings on mixed
questions of law and fact if the resolution of those questions depends on an evaluation of credibility
and demeanor but review de novo mixed questions of law and fact that are not dependent on an
evaluation of credibility and demeanor. State v. Johnston, 336 S.W.3d 649, 657 (Tex. Crim. App.
2011). Moreover, all purely legal questions are reviewed de novo. Id.
DISCUSSION
In his sole issue on appeal, Lewis contends that the trial court erred by denying his
motion to suppress. Specifically, Lewis contends that the traffic stop, which led to his arrest, was
2 improper.1 When making this argument, Lewis contends that his decision to change lanes and
“proceed straight across the intersection . . . did not constitute” a traffic violation and, therefore,
could not have served as the basis for the stop. In addition, Lewis urges that he only changed lanes
“when it was safe to do so.”2
When deciding whether the trial court’s ruling should be upheld, we must bear in
mind that Lewis is only challenging the propriety of the initiation of the traffic stop. Accordingly,
in resolving this case, we must decide whether the warrantless investigative detention at issue was
supported by reasonable suspicion. See Guerra v. State, 432 S.W.3d 905, 911 (Tex. Crim. App.
2014). A police officer may detain an individual for the purpose of determining whether the
individual may be involved in criminal activity. See id. However, before initiating a traffic stop,
the officer must have reasonable suspicion that a crime is about to be committed or was committed.
Id.; see Woods v. State, 956 S.W.2d 33, 38 (Tex. Crim. App. 1997) (concluding that officer may
briefly detain person for investigative purposes if officer has reasonable suspicion, under totality of
circumstances, to believe that person has been, is, or will be engaged in criminal activity). For
1 In his brief, Lewis contends that his motion to suppress should have been granted because the police did not have probable cause to initiate the traffic stop. However, to initiate a traffic stop, an officer need only have reasonable suspicion that the individual stopped may have been involved in criminal activity. See Guerra v. State, 432 S.W.3d 905, 911 (Tex. Crim. App. 2014). 2 As support for his argument, Lewis primarily relies on Mahaffey v. State, 364 S.W.3d 908 (Tex. Crim. App. 2012), and Trahan v. State, 16 S.W.3d 146 (Tex. App.—Beaumont 2000, no pet.). However, neither of those cases deals with circumstances similar to those present here. See Mahaffey, 364 S.W.3d at 914-15 (deciding that reasonable suspicion did not exist where defendant did not use turn signal when his lane merged with another); Trahan, 16 S.W.3d at 147 (concluding that in light of evidence presented, failure to use turn signal when leaving highway was not proper “basis for the stop”). As will be detailed more thoroughly above, in this case, the police officers observed Lewis drive straight through an intersection even though he was in a right-turn-only lane.
3 reasonable suspicion to exist, it is not necessary that an actual violation occurred; rather, all that is
necessary is that “the officer reasonably believed that a violation was in progress.” Green v. State,
93 S.W.3d 541, 545 (Tex. App.—Texarkana 2002, pet. ref’d); see Carmouche v. State, 10 S.W.3d
323, 328 (Tex. Crim. App. 2000) (explaining that officer may briefly detain person for investigative
purposes on less than probable cause where specific and articulable facts along with inferences from
those facts reasonably warrant detention). “[I]n assessing whether the intrusion was reasonable, an
objective standard is utilized: would the facts available to the officer at the moment of the seizure
or search warrant a man of reasonable caution in the belief that the action taken was appropriate.”
Davis v.
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TEXAS COURT OF APPEALS, THIRD DISTRICT, AT AUSTIN
NO. 03-13-00565-CR
Gibson Donald Lewis, Appellant
v.
The State of Texas, Appellee
FROM THE COUNTY COURT AT LAW NO. 8 OF TRAVIS COUNTY, NO. C-1-CR-09-211254, HONORABLE CARLOS BARRERA, JUDGE PRESIDING
MEMORANDUM OPINION
Gibson Donald Lewis was arrested for driving while intoxicated. See Tex. Penal Code
§ 49.04(a) (prohibiting “operating a motor vehicle in a public place” if individual is intoxicated);
see also id. § 49.01(2) (defining “[i]ntoxicated”). Subsequently, Lewis filed a motion to suppress
contending that his arrest was illegal. In response, the trial court convened a hearing regarding the
motion and ultimately denied the motion. Shortly after the trial court made its ruling, Lewis entered
a plea of nolo contendere. See Tex. Code Crim. Proc. art. 27.02(5) (explaining that plea of nolo
contendere has same legal effect as guilty plea). Once Lewis entered his plea, the trial court found
Lewis guilty and imposed a sentence of 4 days’ confinement. See Tex. Penal Code § 49.04(b)
(providing that offense is class B misdemeanor); see also id. § 12.22 (stating that punishment for
Class B misdemeanor cannot exceed 180 days). Lewis appeals the trial court’s ruling on his motion
to suppress. We will affirm the trial court’s judgment of conviction. STANDARD OF REVIEW
Appellate courts review a trial court’s ruling on a motion to suppress for an abuse
of discretion. Crain v. State, 315 S.W.3d 43, 48 (Tex. Crim. App. 2010); see also Smith v. State,
286 S.W.3d 333, 339 (Tex. Crim. App. 2009) (noting that trial court abuses its discretion if its
decision lies outside zone of reasonable disagreement); State v. Mechler, 153 S.W.3d 435, 439 (Tex.
Crim. App. 2005) (explaining that trial court abuses its discretion when its ruling is unreasonable
or arbitrary). During the suppression hearing, the trial court is the exclusive judge of the credibility
of the witnesses and the weight to be given to their testimony. St. George v. State, 237 S.W.3d 720,
725 (Tex. Crim. App. 2007). When reviewing a trial court’s ruling on a motion to suppress,
appellate courts apply a bifurcated standard of review. Wilson v. State, 311 S.W.3d 452, 457-58
(Tex. Crim. App. 2010). Under that standard, reviewing courts defer to the trial court’s determinations
regarding historical facts “if supported by the record,” Wade v. State, 422 S.W.3d 661, 666
(Tex. Crim. App. 2013), but review de novo the court’s application of the law to those facts, Wilson,
311 S.W.3d at 458. Similarly, appellate courts give almost total deference to rulings on mixed
questions of law and fact if the resolution of those questions depends on an evaluation of credibility
and demeanor but review de novo mixed questions of law and fact that are not dependent on an
evaluation of credibility and demeanor. State v. Johnston, 336 S.W.3d 649, 657 (Tex. Crim. App.
2011). Moreover, all purely legal questions are reviewed de novo. Id.
DISCUSSION
In his sole issue on appeal, Lewis contends that the trial court erred by denying his
motion to suppress. Specifically, Lewis contends that the traffic stop, which led to his arrest, was
2 improper.1 When making this argument, Lewis contends that his decision to change lanes and
“proceed straight across the intersection . . . did not constitute” a traffic violation and, therefore,
could not have served as the basis for the stop. In addition, Lewis urges that he only changed lanes
“when it was safe to do so.”2
When deciding whether the trial court’s ruling should be upheld, we must bear in
mind that Lewis is only challenging the propriety of the initiation of the traffic stop. Accordingly,
in resolving this case, we must decide whether the warrantless investigative detention at issue was
supported by reasonable suspicion. See Guerra v. State, 432 S.W.3d 905, 911 (Tex. Crim. App.
2014). A police officer may detain an individual for the purpose of determining whether the
individual may be involved in criminal activity. See id. However, before initiating a traffic stop,
the officer must have reasonable suspicion that a crime is about to be committed or was committed.
Id.; see Woods v. State, 956 S.W.2d 33, 38 (Tex. Crim. App. 1997) (concluding that officer may
briefly detain person for investigative purposes if officer has reasonable suspicion, under totality of
circumstances, to believe that person has been, is, or will be engaged in criminal activity). For
1 In his brief, Lewis contends that his motion to suppress should have been granted because the police did not have probable cause to initiate the traffic stop. However, to initiate a traffic stop, an officer need only have reasonable suspicion that the individual stopped may have been involved in criminal activity. See Guerra v. State, 432 S.W.3d 905, 911 (Tex. Crim. App. 2014). 2 As support for his argument, Lewis primarily relies on Mahaffey v. State, 364 S.W.3d 908 (Tex. Crim. App. 2012), and Trahan v. State, 16 S.W.3d 146 (Tex. App.—Beaumont 2000, no pet.). However, neither of those cases deals with circumstances similar to those present here. See Mahaffey, 364 S.W.3d at 914-15 (deciding that reasonable suspicion did not exist where defendant did not use turn signal when his lane merged with another); Trahan, 16 S.W.3d at 147 (concluding that in light of evidence presented, failure to use turn signal when leaving highway was not proper “basis for the stop”). As will be detailed more thoroughly above, in this case, the police officers observed Lewis drive straight through an intersection even though he was in a right-turn-only lane.
3 reasonable suspicion to exist, it is not necessary that an actual violation occurred; rather, all that is
necessary is that “the officer reasonably believed that a violation was in progress.” Green v. State,
93 S.W.3d 541, 545 (Tex. App.—Texarkana 2002, pet. ref’d); see Carmouche v. State, 10 S.W.3d
323, 328 (Tex. Crim. App. 2000) (explaining that officer may briefly detain person for investigative
purposes on less than probable cause where specific and articulable facts along with inferences from
those facts reasonably warrant detention). “[I]n assessing whether the intrusion was reasonable, an
objective standard is utilized: would the facts available to the officer at the moment of the seizure
or search warrant a man of reasonable caution in the belief that the action taken was appropriate.”
Davis v. State, 947 S.W.2d 240, 243 (Tex. Crim. App. 1997). If a traffic stop is based on reasonable
suspicion, then the detention “does not violate Texas law.” Guerra, 432 S.W.3d at 911.
During the suppression hearing, the two officers who initiated the traffic stop,
Officer Richard Hubbard and Officer Stephen Nash, both testified. In his testimony, Officer Hubbard
explained that at approximately 10:30 p.m. on the night in question, he observed Lewis stopped at
an intersection in his car in a right-turn-only lane and then watched Lewis drive straight through the
intersection when the light turned green. Morever, Officer Hubbard related that there was a sign
above the intersection as well as a marker on the lane that Lewis was in stating that the right lane was
a turn-only one. Officer Hubbard also mentioned that there were no obstacles in the roadway that
would have interfered with Lewis’s ability to turn right. In his testimony, Officer Hubbard agreed
that there was no car in the straight-only lane, that there was no other traffic at the time, and that
when Lewis proceeded straight, he essentially made a single-lane change in the intersection;
however, Officer Hubbard also explained that Lewis’s actions still constituted a traffic offense
4 because he failed to comply with a traffic-control device. See Tex. Transp. Code § 544.004(a)
(explaining that failure to comply with “official traffic-control device” is traffic offense); see also
id. § 542.301 (providing that “person commits an offense if the person performs an act prohibited
or fails to perform an act required by this subtitle”). In addition, Officer Hubbard testified that after
observing Lewis drive straight through the intersection rather than turn, he initiated the traffic stop.
After Officer Hubbard completed his testimony, Officer Nash testified regarding his
observations on the night in question. Officer Nash’s testimony was generally consistent with that
of Officer Hubbard. In particular, when describing the events leading up to the traffic stop, he
explained that he noticed Lewis in the right-turn-only lane but that Lewis drove straight through the
intersection when the light turned green. In addition, he also related that there was a sign in the
intersection stating that the lane that Lewis was in was only for making right turns and that there
were no obstructions in the roadway. However, Officer Nash did testify that although he did not
specifically recall, he did not “doubt that there were people walking across the crosswalk.”
During the hearing, several exhibits were admitted into evidence, including two
photographs of the intersection. The first photo shows a sign above the intersection indicating that
the right lane at issue was for right-turns only. The second photo details markings on the actual
roadway also indicating that the right lane was for turning only. In addition, the second photo also
showed a solid white line separating the right-turn lane from the straight-only lane.
In light of the governing standard of review and given the testimony presented as well
as the exhibits that were admitted during the hearing, we conclude that Lewis’s traffic stop was
supported by reasonable suspicion that Lewis had committed a traffic offense. See Kortemier v.
5 Texas Dep’t of Pub. Safety, No. 05-08-01182-CV, 2009 Tex. App. LEXIS 5247, at *6, *9 (Tex.
App.—Dallas July 9, 2009, no pet.) (mem. op.) (affirming administrative law judge’s determination
that officer had reasonable suspicion to stop defendant where, among other things, defendant did
not comply with traffic-control device); cf. Green, 93 S.W.3d at 546 (explaining that officer
observing driver in left-hand lane in violation of sign stating that left lane was for passing only
provided reasonable suspicion to initiate traffic stop and noting that although defendant may have
identified potential ambiguity regarding which Transportation Code directive applied, inquiry is
not whether actual violation occurred but whether there was reasonable suspicion of violation).
Accordingly, we conclude that the trial court did not abuse its discretion by denying Lewis’s motion
to suppress and, therefore, overrule his issue on appeal.
CONCLUSION
Having overruled Lewis’s issue on appeal, we affirm the trial court’s judgment of
conviction.
__________________________________________
David Puryear, Justice
Before Justices Puryear, Pemberton, and Field
Affirmed
Filed: September 17, 2014
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