RENDERED: JUNE 20, 2025 TO BE PUBLISHED
Supreme Court of Kentucky 2024-SC-0143-DGE
G. G. AND T. S. APPELLANTS
ON REVIEW FROM COURT OF APPEALS V. NO. 2023-CA-1399 JACKSON CIRCUIT COURT NO. 23-AD-00018
CABINET FOR HEALTH AND FAMILY APPELLEES SERVICES; A. L. V., A MINOR CHILD; AND C. L.
OPINION OF THE COURT BY JUSTICE GOODWINE
REVERSING AND REMANDING
Petitioners, T.S. and G.G., are an unmarried couple who jointly
petitioned the Jackson Circuit Court, Family Division, to adopt T.S.’s biological
granddaughter for whom they are permanent custodians. The family court
dismissed the petition, holding KRS 1 Chapter 199 does not allow unmarried
couples to jointly adopt children. The Court of Appeals affirmed. Petitioners
sought discretionary review, which we granted. After review of the record,
applicable law, and the arguments of the parties, we reverse the decision of the
Court of Appeals and remand this matter to the trial court.
1 Kentucky Revised Statutes. BACKGROUND
A.L.V. (“the child”) was born to C.L. on April 17, 2017. 2 The Madison
Circuit Court, Family Division granted Petitioners joint permanent custody of
the child in November 2017. 3 Petitioners have exclusively and jointly cared for
the child since her birth. They have been in a committed relationship for more
than seventeen years and reside together. They are not married and do not
wish to be. In September 2023, Petitioners filed a petition in the Jackson
Circuit Court, Family Division to jointly adopt the child with C.L.’s consent.
Upon receipt and review of the petition, the Cabinet issued a confidential
investigative report notifying the family court it was unable to process the
petition because “KRS 199.470(1) & 199.520(2) [do] not allow for adoption of
the same child by two unmarried individuals. This petition does not state that
the petitioners are married.” Record (“R”) at 10. The Cabinet declined to take
further action unless Petitioners amended their petition.
Petitioners moved to compel the Cabinet to process the petition and file a
report, arguing neither KRS 199.470(1) nor KRS 199.520(2) prohibit an
unmarried couple from jointly adopting a child. Petitioners also moved for an
evidentiary hearing and for appointment of an investigator under KRS
199.510(2), arguing “the Cabinet is arbitrarily and unreasonably withholding
consent to adoption.” R. at 23. The Cabinet objected, again arguing a
2 The parties have not identified a biological or putative father of the child. KRS 199.480(1)(b). 3 Madison Circuit Case No. 17-J-00183-001.
2 statutory prohibition on adoption by unmarried couples. 4 The family court
dismissed the petition because it did “not comply with statutory requirements
since Kentucky [s]tatutes do not permit adoption by an unmarried couple.” Id.
at 35. Petitioners appealed as a matter of right to the Court of Appeals.
The Court of Appeals affirmed the trial court and held
if the General Assembly had intended to permit a petition for the joint adoption of a child by an unmarried couple, it would have said so. However, it did not. [Petitioners’] failure to strictly comply with the requirements of KRS 199.470 precluded the Cabinet from moving forward with the petition.
G.G. v. Cabinet for Health and Family. Servs., 2023-CA-1399-ME, 2024 WL
1122356, *3 (Ky. App. Mar. 15, 2024). The lower court noted that, while
Petitioners could not jointly adopt the child, either petitioner could adopt the
child individually or Petitioners could get married to jointly adopt her. 5
Petitioners appealed to this Court. We granted discretionary review and
heard oral argument.
ANALYSIS
The sole question on appeal is whether KRS Chapter 199 prohibits
unmarried couples from jointly petitioning to adopt. Because this is an issue
of pure statutory interpretation, we review the Court of Appeals’ decision de
novo. Mr. Roof of Louisville, LLC v. Estate. of Henry, 681 S.W.3d 115, 121 (Ky.
4 Counsel for the Cabinet entered a limited appearance to respond to
Petitioners’ request to compel it to process the application and file a report. R. at 14. 5 The Court of Appeals also affirmed the trial court’s denial of an evidentiary
hearing and appointment of an investigator. Petitioners have not raised these as issues for this Court’s review.
3 2023). We give no deference to the lower courts’ interpretation of statutes or
conclusions of law. Id.
Adoptions are creatures of statute. Day v. Day, 937 S.W.2d 717, 719
(Ky. 1997). Because of this, “[n]othing can be assumed, presumed, or inferred
and what is not found in the statute is a matter for the legislature to supply
and not the courts.” Id. The statutory provisions relevant to this appeal
include:
(1) Any person who is eighteen (18) years of age and who is a resident of this state or who has resided in this state for twelve (12) months next before filing may file a petition for leave to adopt a child in the Circuit Court of the county in which the petitioner resides.
(2) If the petitioner is married, the husband or wife shall join in a petition for leave to adopt a child unless the petitioner is married to a biological parent of the child to be adopted, except that if the court finds the requirement of a joint petition would serve to deny the child a suitable home, the requirement may be waived.
KRS 199.470. This Court has never addressed whether Kentucky’s adoption
statutes bar unmarried couples from jointly petitioning to adopt. We hold they
do not.
Krieger v. Garvin, 584 S.W.3d 727 (Ky. 2019), though not an adoption
case, is instructive regarding statutory construction. In Krieger, a child’s
maternal grandfather and his long-term girlfriend petitioned to be jointly
named de facto custodians. Id. at 728. This Court held the couple was not
precluded from being named de facto custodians simply because they were
unmarried. Id. at 730. The Court reached this conclusion despite the statute’s 4 use of singular terms including “a person” and “the primary caregiver.” Id. at
729. The Court’s decision was based on two grounds: (1) KRS 446.020(1)
supports extending the statute’s singular terms to more than one person; and
(2) the use of “unless the context requires otherwise” in KRS 403.270(1) allows
trial courts to “act in the best interests of the child in determining which
individual (or individuals in this case) qualify as the child’s de facto
custodian(s).” Id. at 729-30. Both of these conclusions are relevant to our
interpretation of KRS 199.470.
First, KRS 446.020(1), necessitates reading KRS 199.470(1) to allow
unmarried couples to jointly petition to adopt. When construing a statute, “[a]
word importing the singular number only may extend and be applied to several
persons or things, as well as to one (1) person or thing[.]” KRS 446.020(1).
Simply put, “the singular includes the plural.” Davis v. Goodin, 639 S.W.2d
381, 382 (Ky. App. 1982). This has been a rule of construction for Kentucky
statutes since at least 1906. See Greenleaf v. Woods, 96 S.W. 458 (Ky. 1906).
The current version of KRS 446.020(1) was enacted in 1942 and has not since
been amended. Krieger, 584 S.W.3d at 730. We presume the General
Assembly “knows and understands the then-existing laws” when it enacts
legislation. Id. (quoting Castle v. Commonwealth, 411 S.W.3d 754, 758 (Ky.
2013)).
Kentucky’s adoption statutes, as codified in KRS 199.470-199.590, were
originally enacted in 1950. Welsh v. Young, 240 S.W.2d 584, 585 (Ky. 1951).
While the statutes, including KRS 199.470, have been amended during the
5 intervening years, the provision allowing “any person” who meets the other
statutory criteria to petition for adoption has not changed. We presume the
General Assembly knew of KRS 446.020(1) and its effects when it enacted and
amended KRS 199.470. Therefore, under our rules of statutory construction,
“any person” must be read to include the plural, which allows unmarried
couples to file joint petitions.
The Cabinet argues this interpretation of KRS 199.470(1) reads
“unmarried couples” into the statute and requires this Court to define this new
term. We disagree. Our interpretation adds nothing to the statute. Instead, to
read the statute to include a bar on unmarried couples petitioning for adoption
would be an impermissible addition to its plain language. See Day, 937 S.W.2d
at 719. Contrary to the Cabinet’s argument, there is no need for this Court to
define “unmarried couple” beyond recognizing that such couples are included
within the meaning of “any person.”
The Cabinet further claims KRS 199.470(2) prohibits interpreting “any
person” to include unmarried couples. This is a misreading of the statute.
KRS 199.470(2) creates an additional requirement for married petitioners. The
spouse of a married petitioner must join the petition unless the petitioner is
married to the child’s biological parent or “the court finds the requirement of a
joint petition would serve to deny the child a suitable home[.]” KRS 199.470(2).
Rather than creating a barrier to adoption for unmarried couples, this language
makes it possible for married petitioners to adopt without their spouse at the
trial court’s discretion. Despite the Cabinet’s arguments, when read as a
6 whole, nothing in Kentucky’s adoption statutes conflicts with our interpretation
of “any person” to include unmarried couples.
Next, as this Court did in Krieger regarding de facto custody, we will
consider how Kentucky’s adoption statutes instruct trial courts to exercise
their discretion. KRS 403.270(1)(a) reads in relevant part that, “unless the
context requires otherwise, ‘de facto custodian’ means a person who has been
shown by clear and convincing evidence to have been the primary caregiver for,
and financial supporter of, a child[.]” This Court read the use of “unless the
context requires otherwise” to give trial courts the discretion to act in the
child’s best interest in determining who qualifies as a de facto custodian.
Krieger, 584 S.W.3d at 729. The Court reversed the Court of Appeals’
determination that a couple could not be named joint custodians solely
because they were unmarried because “[t]rial courts are vested with a great
deal of discretion in custody proceedings in order to ensure that the best
interests of the child are protected.” Id.
Like decisions regarding de facto custody, trial courts are afforded a
great deal of discretion in determining whether to terminate parental rights and
grant adoption. See M.S.S. v. J.E.B., 638 S.W.3d 354, 359 (Ky. 2022). As
discussed above, a court may act in its discretion to waive the requirement that
a petitioner’s spouse join a petition in some circumstances. KRS 199.470(2).
In deciding whether to grant any adoption petition, a trial court has discretion
in determining whether the evidence proves “that the petitioners are of good
moral character, of reputable standing in the community and of ability to
7 properly maintain and educate the child; and that the best interest of the child
will be promoted by the adoption and that the child is suitable for adoption.”
KRS 199.520(1). A trial court must use its discretion to determine if the
evidence proves adoption is in the child’s best interest. However, the fact that
petitioners are unmarried cannot be the basis for denying a petition.
The Cabinet is obligated to investigate the circumstances of every
adoption including those initiated by unmarried couples. KRS 199.510.
Specifically, the Cabinet must report to the trial court
(a) Whether the contents of the petition required by KRS 199.490 are true;
(b) Whether the proposed adoptive parents are financially able and morally fit to have the care, custody and training of the child; and
(c) Whether the adoption is [in] the best interest of the child and the child is suitable for adoption.
KRS 199.510(1). Nothing in this opinion prevents the Cabinet from continuing
to investigate every adoption and report on circumstances relevant to these
factors. Just as the trial court must exercise its discretion in determining the
child’s best interest, the Cabinet must investigate and report whatever
circumstances are relevant to these statutory factors.
For completeness, we must address the Cabinet’s regulatory authority in
this area. The Cabinet has the authority to “establish criteria to be followed for
the adoption of children and promulgate this criteria by administrative
regulation.” KRS 199.472(1). At oral argument, the Cabinet argued refusal to
complete reports on petitions filed by unmarried couples has been its practice
8 for at least the last decade. However, in neither its argument nor its brief, did
the Cabinet identify a specific regulation codifying this prohibition. Our
research revealed regulations which detail the general requirements for
nonfamilial foster or adoptive parents and relative or fictive kin foster or
adoptive parents. 922 KAR 6 1:350 §§ 2(4), 3(4). Under both sections, “[a]
married couple may apply to become foster or adoptive parents; or . . . [a]
single, unmarried person may apply to become a foster or adoptive parent.”
Id. 7
We interpret administrative regulations by the same rules as are
applicable to statutes and “we presume that the legislature did not intend an
absurd result.” Comprehensive Home Health Servs., Inc. v. Prof’l. Home Health
Care Agency, Inc., 434 S.W.3d 433, 441 (Ky. 2013) (internal quotation marks
omitted). We must “adopt a ‘[c]onstruction that will accomplish the purpose of
the law.’” Id. at 442. For the Cabinet’s regulations to prohibit adoption by
unmarried couples where KRS 199.470 does not contain such a prohibition is
surely an absurd result. Although the Cabinet has the authority to create
criteria for adoption, it cannot do so in contravention of the adoption statutes
themselves.
6 Kentucky Administrative Regulations.
7 A version of the regulation limiting prospective adoptive parents to married
couples and unmarried individuals has existed since at least 2010, making the Cabinet’s assertion that it has been rejecting petitions from unmarried petitioners for more than a decade accurate.
9 Finally, the Cabinet claims that allowing unmarried couples to jointly
adopt amounts to this Court’s recognition of common law marriage for the first
time. It does not. Where recognized, a common law marriage “takes legal
effect, without license or ceremony, when two people capable of marrying live
together as spouses, intend to be married, and hold themselves out to others
as a married couple.” Common-Law Marriage, BLACK’S LAW DICTIONARY (12th ed.
2024). It is well-settled that Kentucky law requires a marriage in fact and
common law marriages are not recognized as valid. McDaniel v. McDaniel, 280
S.W.145, 146 (Ky. 1926). Despite having been in a committed relationship for
close to two decades, Petitioners do not wish to be married and do not hold
themselves out as married in their community. Our decision does not
recognize them as married.
CONCLUSION
Based on the foregoing, the opinion of the Court of Appeals is reversed,
and this matter is remanded to the Jackson Circuit Court, Family Division with
instructions to reinstate the petition and for the Cabinet to investigate and
report as mandated by KRS 199.510.
All sitting. Lambert, C.J.; Bisig, Conley, Keller, and
Thompson, JJ., concur. Nickell, J., dissents by separate opinion.
NICKELL, J., DISSENTING: Respectfully, I must dissent because I
perceive the majority opinion to represent pure legislative policymaking in the
guise of statutory interpretation. The majority’s decision to permit an
unmarried couple to jointly file for adoption heralds a major and unjustified
10 expansion of the law in this Commonwealth. In accordance with the
separation of powers and our precedents, I believe the prerogative to impose a
policy change of this magnitude belongs solely to the General Assembly and not
to a majority of this Court. Therefore, I dissent and would affirm the well-
reasoned decision of the Court of Appeals.
In Kentucky, adoption is a purely statutory right in derogation of the
common law. Day v. Day, 937 S.W.2d 717, 719 (Ky. 1997). We have long
“required strict compliance with the procedures” pertaining to adoption. 8 Id.;
Goldfuss v. Goldfuss, 565 S.W.2d 441, 442 (Ky. 1978); Jouett v. Rhorer, 339
S.W.2d 865, 866 (Ky. 1960); Higgason v. Henry, 313 S.W.2d 275 (Ky. 1958);
Carter v. Capshaw, 249 Ky. 483, 60 S.W.2d 959, 962 (1933); and Villier v.
Watson, 168 Ky. 631, 182 S.W. 869, 871 (1916). To properly construe the law
of adoption, “[n]othing can be assumed, presumed, or inferred and what is not
found in the statute is a matter for the legislature to supply and not the
courts.” Day, 937 S.W.2d at 719.
KRS 199.470 states in pertinent part:
(1) Any person who is eighteen (18) years of age and who is a resident of this state or who has resided in this state for twelve (12) months next before filing may file a petition for leave to adopt a child in the Circuit Court of the county in which the petitioner resides.
(2) If the petitioner is married, the husband or wife shall join in a petition for leave to adopt a child unless the petitioner is married to a biological parent of the child to be adopted, except that if the
8 Certainly, constitutional rights must prevail over conflicting adoption statutes.
See Roark v. Yarbrough, 411 S.W.2d 916, 918 (Ky. 1966). However, I note no such constitutional claims have been presented here.
11 court finds the requirement of a joint petition would serve to deny the child a suitable home, the requirement may be waived.
(Emphases added).
Read together, KRS 199.470(1) and (2) plainly authorize the filing of a
petition for leave to adopt in three circumstances. First, KRS 199.470(1)
authorizes “[a]ny person” who otherwise complies with the statutory
requirements to “file a petition[.]” Second, KRS 199.470(2) requires married
individuals to “join in a petition” unless “the requirement of a joint petition
would serve to deny the child a suitable home[.]” Third, KRS 199.470(2) also
permits the married partner of the adoptive child’s biological parent to file as
an individual. Because the pertinent statutory text does not allow “unmarried
couples” or “any persons” to file a joint petition, I would refrain from inserting
these words into the law by construction or implication.
Importantly, nothing in the text of KRS 199.470 explicitly authorizes
unmarried couples to jointly file a petition for leave to adopt a child. Despite
its assurances to the contrary, the majority has clearly read, assumed, implied,
inferred, or otherwise supplied the legal terms “joint” or “jointly” to modify the
phrase “may file a petition” in KRS 199.470(1). Similarly, the majority
improperly supplies the phrase “may join in a petition” which augments the
ordinary meaning of the phrase, “[a]ny person . . . may file a petition[.]” A
cursory comparison between KRS 199.470(1) and (2) manifests the legislature’s
intent and ability to distinguish between “a petition” and “a joint petition.”
Likewise, the phrase “shall join in a petition” as used in KRS 199.470(2)
12 demonstrates the legislature’s cognizance and capability to mandate or permit
the filing of a joint petition in an adoption case.
The presence or absence of the words “joint” or “jointly” in KRS
199.470(1) carries tremendous legal significance because the existence of a
joint right is governed by the substantive law and relates to a “common object
or unity of interest” held by two or more persons. Pelly v. Boyer, 7 Bush 513,
70 Ky. 513, 514, 1871 WL 6553 at **1 (1870). Frequently, the law recognizes
joint rights in the context of “estates in real property involving more than one
owner: tenancy in common, joint tenancy, and tenancy by the entirety.”
Sanderson v. Saxon, 834 S.W.2d 676, 678 (Ky. 1992). Similarly, in the
contract law setting, parties commonly agree to “bind themselves jointly,
severally, or jointly and severally.” 12 Williston on Contracts § 36:1 (4th ed.
2024). Additionally, statutes may provide for other joint rights including the
rights of commercial partnerships under KRS 362.180 and the right to joint
custody of children under KRS 403.270 and KRS 405.020.
The assertion of a substantive joint right among two or more parties
operates in tandem with the procedural rules of joinder. For example, CR 9
20.01, which governs permissive joinder, specifies that
[a]ll persons may join in one action as plaintiffs if they assert any right to relief jointly, severally, or in the alternative in respect of or arising out of the same transaction, occurrence, or series of transactions or occurrences and if any question of law or fact common to all these persons will arise in the action.
9 Kentucky Rules of Civil Procedure.
13 (Emphasis added). The purpose of the permissive joinder rule is simply “to
remove the procedural obstacles of the common law.” Lansburgh & Bro. v.
Clark, 127 F.2d 331, 333 (D.C. Cir. 1942) (interpreting federal counterpart to
CR 20.01). The procedural joinder rule cannot create or change the underlying
substantive rights or relationships among the parties. Id. In other words,
“rights that are separate and distinct under the governing law are not
transformed into joint rights” simply because two or more individuals join in a
single filing. Wright & Miller, 7 Fed. Prac. & Proc. Civ. § 1652 (3d ed. 2025).
In my estimation, there can be no joint right to file for adoption here because,
as G.G. and T.S. are unmarried individuals uncloaked with any recognized
formal legal bond, “neither the parties nor the causes are the same” and
“[t]here is no privity in blood, . . . estate, or law.” Lansburgh, 127 F.2d at 333.
By reading the word “joint” into the text of KRS 199.470(1), the majority
has clearly invented a new procedural device, which the legislature has not
explicitly authorized. Further, by recognizing the right of “any persons” to
jointly file, the majority has thereby improperly created a new and heretofore
unrecognized substantive legal relationship between the parties. Thus, in my
view, the majority’s reasoning neither comports with the plain language of KRS
199.470 nor adheres to the measure of judicial restraint this Court previously
espoused in Day.
In addition, the majority’s insertion of the legal term “joint” into KRS
199.470(1) contradicts a fundamental principle of interpretation which
provides:
14 The courts may supply clerical or grammatical omissions in obscure phrases or language of a statute in order to give effect to the intention of the Legislature, presumed or ascertainable from the context, or to rescue the act from an absurdity. But where a statute on its face is intelligible, the courts are not at liberty to supply words or insert something or make additions which amount, as sometimes stated, to providing for a casus omissus, or cure an omission, however just or desirable it might be to supply an omitted provision. It makes no difference that it appears the omission was mere oversight. . . . To insert or supply by construction . . . would be an act of legislation and not an act of judicial construction. The statute by construction cannot be extended or enlarged beyond its fair import.
Hatchett v. City of Glasgow, 340 S.W.2d 248, 251 (Ky. 1960) (emphasis added)
(internal citations omitted). The text of KRS 199.470 explicitly limits
authorization for the filing of a joint petition to married couples and this fact
precludes any extension to unmarried couples by implication, interpretation, or
judicial fiat. Indeed, such a plain reading also comports with the “familiar and
general rule of statutory construction that the mention of one thing implies the
exclusion of another, as is expressed in the maxim, ‘Expressio unius est
exclusio alterius[.]’” Jefferson Cty. v. Gray, 198 Ky. 600, 249 S.W. 771, 772
(1923).
Moreover, the majority overstates and misapplies KRS 446.020(1) to
support its holding. KRS 446.020(1) provides:
[a] word importing the singular number only may extend and be applied to several persons or things, as well as to one (1) person or thing, and a word importing the plural number only may extend and be applied to one (1) person or thing as well as to several persons or things.
Contrary to the majority’s reasoning, the permissive language of KRS
446.020(1) does not necessitate “reading KRS 199.470(1) to allow unmarried
15 couples to jointly petition to adopt.” Ante, at 5. In addition, by primarily
relying on KRS 446.020(1) to discern legislative intent, the majority fails to
consider the vehement legal disfavor toward unmarried relationships which
prevailed at the time KRS 199.470 was enacted.
Assuming for argument the singular includes the plural in this context,
the plural form of the word “person” simply cannot be read to supply the
operative words “joint” or “jointly” which, again, are legal terms of art that do
not appear in the text of KRS 199.470(1). Day, 937 S.W.2d at 719 (“[W]hat is
not found in the statute is a matter for the legislature to supply[.]”); Hatchett,
340 S.W.2d at 251. Further, I would hold KRS 446.020(1) does not apply here
because “courts cannot create ambiguity in statutory texts” through the use of
interpretative aids. Normandy Farm, LLC v. Kenneth McPeek Racing Stable,
Inc., 701 S.W.3d 129, 139 (Ky. 2024).
The purpose of KRS 446.020(1) is merely to “give courts some flexibility
to interpret singular and plural words.” Norman Singer & Shambie Singer, 2A
Sutherland Statutory Construction § 47:34 (7th ed. 2024). It certainly does “not
require singular and plural forms to have interchangeable effect.” Id.
(Emphasis added). Moreover, Kentucky precedent limits the use of this rule to
situations where “the facts clearly demonstrate the necessity therefor in order to
carry out the plain intention” of statutory or contractual provisions. Stephan v.
Ky. Valley Distilling Co., 275 Ky. 705, 122 S.W.2d 493, 498 (1938) (emphasis
added).
16 No factual necessity mandates employment of the plural form of the word
“person” to carry out the plain intention of the legislature here. The very
notion of permitting unmarried couples to jointly adopt represents a profound
and seismic departure from well-established Kentucky policy and precedent
which has heretofore refused to recognize the existence of joint legal rights and
responsibilities arising from a state of mere cohabitation. Williams v. Payne,
515 S.W.2d 618 (Ky. 1974) (holding member of an unmarried couple may not
pursue recovery for services and money furnished to deceased cohabitant
during course of relationship); Jones v. Campbell Co., 353 S.W.2d 208, 209 (Ky.
1961) (“[S]ound public policy forbids the allowance of compensation founded on
a relationship known to be illicit.”); Yett’s Adm’r v. Yett, 261 Ky. 737, 88 S.W.2d
962, 963 (1935) (“Concubinage is not encouraged by the courts[.]”); Nall v.
Wakenva Coal Co., 236 Ky. 598, 33 S.W.2d 631, 635 (1930) (“[W]e . . . are
constrained to hold that a sound public policy forbids the allowance of
compensation founded on a relationship known to be illicit.”); McDonald v.
Fleming, 12 B. Mon. 285, 51 Ky. 285, 286 (1851) (holding “it is wholly
inconsistent with the policy of the law to encourage” a state of cohabitation
between unmarried persons). Therefore, I share the view expressed by Judge
Combs below “that if the General Assembly had intended to permit a petition
for the joint adoption of a child by an unmarried couple, it would have said so.”
G.G. v. Cabinet for Health & Family Servs., No. 2023-CA-1399-ME, 2024 WL
1122356 at *3 (Ky. App. March 15, 2024).
17 Indeed, the United States Supreme Court has vividly remarked that
legislatures do not “hide elephants in mouseholes.” Whitman v. Am. Trucking
Ass’ns, 531 U.S. 457, 468 (2001). Yet, the majority justifies its breathtaking
departure from foundational Kentucky precedent and policy by reference to
semantic subtleties and ambiguities involving singular and plural forms of the
phrase, “any person,” and the misemployed presumption that “the General
Assembly ‘knows and understands the then-existing laws’ when it enacts
legislation.” Ante, at 5 (citation omitted). Unfortunately, the myopic view taken
by the majority overlooks the entirety of the substantive law and public policy
disfavoring unmarried relationships.
As the majority acknowledges, KRS 199.470 was originally enacted in
1950 and has not been subsequently amended as pertinent to the present
appeal. Ante, at 5-6. In 1950, however, sexual relations between unmarried
persons, including those in a state of cohabitation, constituted the
misdemeanor offense of fornication. KRS 436.070 (repealed 1974); Hutsell v.
Commonwealth, 243 S.W.2d 898, 899 (Ky. 1951) (noting evidence an
unmarried woman “had given birth to an illegitimate child . . . proved her to
have been guilty of the misdemeanor of fornication[.]”); Lydic v. Lydic, 664
S.W.2d 941, 944 (Ky. App. 1983) (Miller, J., dissenting) (citing KRS 436.070 for
the proposition “cohabitation was condemned as illegal under a criminal
statute then in existence.”).
Thus, it strains credulity for the majority to predicate its discovery of a
clear legislative intent to permit unmarried couples to jointly file for adoption
18 on the General Assembly’s presumed awareness that the singular may include
the plural under KRS 446.020(1) when it must also be presumed the
legislature was equally aware that cohabitation was considered a criminal
offense at that time under KRS 436.070. In addition to the then-extant
criminal prohibition of cohabitation, the General Assembly would have also
presumably accounted for longstanding Kentucky public policy which has
steadfastly favored marriage and uniformly refused to extend the incidents of
marriage to informal relationships in other contexts. Jones, 353 S.W.2d at
209; Yett’s Adm’r, 88 S.W.2d at 963; Nall, 33 S.W.2d at 635; McDonald, 51 Ky.
at 286; Pinkhasov v. Petocz, 331 S.W.3d 285, 296-97 (Ky. App. 2011)
(“[R]egardless of how closely a relationship may resemble a legally valid civil
marriage, Kentucky courts will not otherwise recognize such rights and
obligations, and thereby reinstitute ‘by judicial fiat common law marriage
which by expressed public policy is not recognized.’”); Louise Everett Graham &
James E. Keller, 15 Ky. Prac. Domestic Relations L. § 2:4 (2024) (“In
cohabitation, unlike marriage, there are no automatic incidents of the
relationship.”). Considered against the weight of the foregoing authority, the
majority’s reliance on KRS 446.020(1) as the sole barometer for legislative
intent is “a weak reed to shore up a leaky boat.” Atl. Painting & Contracting Inc.
v. Nashville Bridge Co., 670 S.W.2d 841, 847 (Ky. 1984).
To be sure, societal attitudes toward unmarried relationships may have
changed dramatically in the decades following the enactment of KRS 199.470,
but it is not the function of this Court to revise, update, or amend statutes to
19 coincide with our subjective discernment of contemporary mores. Wisconsin
Cent. Ltd. v. United States, 585 U.S. 274, 284 (2018). In Wisconsin Central, the
Supreme Court aptly explained the nature of legal texts in relation to the
proper scope of judicial interpretation:
Written laws are meant to be understood and lived by. If a fog of uncertainty surrounded them, if their meaning could shift with the latest judicial whim, the point of reducing them to writing would be lost. That is why it’s a “fundamental canon of statutory construction” that words generally should be “interpreted as taking their ordinary, contemporary, common meaning . . . at the time Congress enacted the statute.” Congress alone has the institutional competence, democratic legitimacy, and (most importantly) constitutional authority to revise statutes in light of new social problems and preferences. Until it exercises that power, the people may rely on the original meaning of the written law.
Id. (internal citation omitted). This reasoning applies with equal force to the
present appeal.
Here, the majority’s expansive interpretation of KRS 199.470(1)
manufactures the very “fog of uncertainty” which the consistent and
predictable application of our well-established rules of interpretation was
designed to prevent. I cannot discern any limiting principle in the majority’s
analysis that would meaningfully restrict the scope of its holding to the
undefined category of “unmarried couples.” By the majority’s logic, any
conceivable unit of two or more persons such as friends, roommates,
acquaintances, business partners, or even rote strangers may jointly file for
adoption. Moreover, the majority’s recognition of the right of “any persons” to
jointly file plainly exceeds this Court’s authority by imbuing non-traditional
and other informal living arrangements with a legal imprimatur which the
20 legislature has not seen fit to bestow. While a wise proverb teaches “it takes a
village to raise a child,” Kentucky law simply does not extend this neighborly
ideal to the right of joint adoption.
Further, the majority’s reliance on Krieger v. Garvin, 584 S.W.3d 727 (Ky.
2019), as an interpretative guide is misplaced and inapt. Krieger has no
bearing on the present matter because the law of child custody and adoption
“address different situations and perform different functions[.]” Herma H. Kay,
Adoption in the Conflict of Laws: The UAA, Not the UCCJA, is the Answer, 84
Cal. L. Rev. 703, 728 (1996). Generally, in a custody situation, the natural
parents’ “relationship to the child remains intact” and
[t]he custody order commits the court to a supervision of the parent-child relationship that does not end until the child attains majority or becomes emancipated. Frequent adjustments may be required; hence, the order remains open to modification as circumstances change. In the adoption situation, by contrast, the court is called upon to sever the parental ties created by birth and to replace them with legal ties that will serve as the foundation for a new parent-child relationship. The court acts, then withdraws, leaving the newly formed family to function as it sees fit, subject to the same generalized standards that apply to all families.
Id. Kentucky precedents resonate with this distinction and require strict
compliance with adoption statutes “to protect the rights of the natural
parents.” Day, 937 S.W.2d at 719.
Moreover, our predecessor Court has specifically rejected a comparative
approach to the determination of rights under the law of adoption declaring,
“no analogy has been allowed to have effect beyond the terms and purpose of
the statute authorizing adoption.” Villier, 182 S.W. at 872. In other words, the
21 proper construction of adoption law must be solely “based upon the statute,
and not upon any common-law or civil law status.” Id. at 871. For example,
“courts have refused to recognize ‘de facto’ adoptions even when there was no
doubt that the parties had always regarded themselves as parent and child.”
Norvie L. Lay & James R. Merritt, 1 Ky. Prac. Prob. Prac. & Proc. § 21 (2023).
In addition to the fundamental distinction between adoption and custody
as a general matter, the text of the specific statute at issue in Krieger differs
critically from KRS 199.470. The majority refers to the phrase “unless the
context requires otherwise” in KRS 403.270(1), which Krieger held to allow
family courts to exercise discretion in determining who qualifies as a de facto
custodian and extends this reasoning to KRS 199.470. Ante, at 5, 7. Notably,
however, the phrase “unless the context requires otherwise” does not appear in
KRS 199.470. Again, in my estimation, the majority has simply read the
above-cited language from KRS 403.270(1) into KRS 199.470 in contravention
of our holding in Day. 937 S.W.2d at 719 (“[W]hat is not found in the statute is
a matter for the legislature to supply[.]”). Contrary to the majority, I perceive
nothing in the plain language of KRS 199.470 which authorizes a family court
to exercise discretion in determining whether two unmarried persons are
qualified to jointly file for adoption.
Additionally, I cannot agree with the majority’s characterization of 922
KAR 1:350 §§ 2(4), 3(4) as leading to an absurd result simply because the
Cabinet failed to anticipate this Court’s interpretation of KRS 199.470 as a
matter of first impression. The absurdity doctrine permits a court to depart
22 from the plain language of a legal text where “the absurdity [is] so gross as to
shock the general moral or common sense.” Crooks v. Harrelson, 282 U.S. 55,
60 (1930).
Putting aside for the moment any disagreement concerning the proper
interpretation of KRS 199.470, resort to the absurdity rule is unwarranted here
because a court “is not bound by an erroneous administrative interpretation no
matter how long standing such an interpretation.” Camera Ctr., Inc. v. Revenue
Cabinet, 34 S.W.3d 39, 41 (Ky. 2000). In my view, an agency’s interpretation of
the law cannot be deemed absurd merely because it does not happen to
coincide with the legal construction endorsed by a majority of this Court.
Because the majority’s analysis lacks a firm basis in the statutory text
and legislative intent, I cannot join the Court’s holding which permits, for the
first time in Kentucky, unmarried couples to jointly file for adoption. 10
“Without regard to whether this new policy now legislated by this court is a
good or a bad policy, the proposed change is a matter which should have been
left to the General Assembly.” Edwardson v. Edwardson, 798 S.W.2d 941, 947
(Ky. 1990) (Vance, J., dissenting). Policymaking by judicial fiat “undermine[s]
the separation of powers which is provided by our constitution” and it is my
firm belief this Court should resist the temptation “to arrogate unto itself the
10 I am not unaware that, from time to time, certain individuals have evaded the
strict application of Kentucky’s adoption laws through the dereliction of family courts who may have “let down [their] guard.” S.J.L.S. v. T.L.S., 265 S.W.3d 804, 836 (Ky. App. 2008). However, to my knowledge, no Kentucky appellate court has sanctioned such procedures.
23 duty not only to interpret the law, but to enact it as well.” Id. Therefore, I
dissent and would affirm the decision of the Court of Appeals.
COUNSEL FOR APPELLANTS:
Marsha Taylor
COUNSEL FOR APPELLEE:
LeeAnne Edmonds Applegate Cabinet for Health & Family Services