Gfc v. Sg

686 So. 2d 1382, 1997 WL 24244
CourtDistrict Court of Appeal of Florida
DecidedJanuary 24, 1997
Docket95-2165
StatusPublished

This text of 686 So. 2d 1382 (Gfc v. Sg) is published on Counsel Stack Legal Research, covering District Court of Appeal of Florida primary law. Counsel Stack provides free access to over 12 million legal documents including statutes, case law, regulations, and constitutions.

Bluebook
Gfc v. Sg, 686 So. 2d 1382, 1997 WL 24244 (Fla. Ct. App. 1997).

Opinion

686 So.2d 1382 (1997)

G.F.C., Appellant,
v.
S.G. and D.G., Appellee.

No. 95-2165.

District Court of Appeal of Florida, Fifth District.

January 24, 1997.

*1383 G.F. C., Orlando, pro se.

Meredith J. Cohen of Meredith J. Cohen, P.A., Orlando, for Appellees.

ANTOON, Judge.

G.F.C. appeals the trial court's order dismissing his petition to establish paternity. G.F.C. contends that pursuant to section 742.011, Florida Statutes (1995), he has the right to challenge the paternity of a child born during an existing marriage. We disagree and affirm.

At the time of conception, the mother and her husband were living together and they have continued to live together since the birth of the child. At the time of birth, the husband's name was placed on the birth certificate as the child's father and he has at all times acknowledged the child to be his own. To this end, the husband also filed an affidavit acknowledging paternity.

G.F.C. petitioned the trial court to adjudicate him the biological and legal father of the child. The petition alleged that G.F.C. was the biological father of the child but contained no allegations that the mother's husband was deficient in carrying out the responsibilities of a father or that G.F.C. had an established relationship with the child.

After G.F.C. filed suit for paternity, the mother and her husband moved to dismiss the petition on the basis that G.F.C. had no cause of action because the child was born to a marriage, and, as a result, was presumed to be legitimate. Before ruling on the motion to dismiss, the trial court appointed a guardian ad litem for the child and ordered that blood tests be performed to determine whether G.F.C. was the child's biological father. The HLA test results indicated that G.F.C. was in fact the child's biological father. A subsequent hearing was held on the motion to dismiss at which time the trial court heard from the guardian ad litem who reported that he favored leaving the family (husband, mother and child) intact. The mother and her husband again urged the court to dismiss the action, arguing that G.F.C. had no right to maintain the action because the husband was the child's legal father and G.F.C.'s biological connection to the child was irrelevant. The trial court dismissed the action without allowing G.F.C. to present evidence as to whether he would be a better functional father than the husband.

*1384 According to G.F.C., dismissal of this petition was improper because he has the legal right to seek an adjudication of paternity and legal fatherhood over the objection of the child's mother and her husband pursuant to section 742.011. G.F.C. argues further that the trial court erred in not conducting an evidentiary hearing to determine whether it would be in the child's best interest to shift legal fatherhood to him. We disagree. G.F.C. had no right to institute this paternity action either under the common law, the Florida statutes, or the state and federal constitutions.

Florida's common law viewed any action challenging a child's legitimacy with great disfavor. In fact, at common law only a husband had the right to challenge paternity of a child born during the marriage. However, there was little likelihood for his success. See Gossett v. Ullendorff, 114 Fla. 159, 154 So. 177 (1934). There existed an almost irrebuttable presumption that the husband was the father of his wife's children, a presumption which could be overcome only upon a showing that the husband either was impotent or lacked access to his wife at the time of conception. See 41 Am.Jur.2d Presumption From Birth In Wedlock, § 10 (1995). So focused was the law on preserving the legitimacy of children and the sanctity of the family that it declared the husband and the wife to be incompetent to testify regarding the husband's access. Michael H. v. Gerald D., 491 U.S. 110, 124, 109 S.Ct. 2333, 2342-43, 105 L.Ed.2d 91 (1989)(citing R. Graveson & F. Crane, A Century of Family Law, 1857-1957), reh'g denied, 492 U.S. 937, 110 S.Ct. 22, 106 L.Ed.2d 634 (1989).

Our supreme court recently reaffirmed the common law presumption of legitimacy in Department of Health & Rehabilitative Services v. Privette, 617 So.2d 305 (Fla.1993). In Privette, HRS sued Privette for support of a child born to a woman married to another man. The birth certificate named the husband as the child's father. When Privette was ordered to submit to a human leukocyte test, he petitioned the district court for a common law writ of certiorari. The district court granted the petition, reasoning that Privette's privacy rights and the best interests of the child should have been weighed by the trial court before ordering a human leukocyte test. Privette v. State Department of Health and Rehabilitative Services, 585 So.2d 364, 366 (Fla. 2d DCA 1991). Upon review, the supreme court expressed great concern about impugning the legitimacy of the child and the parental rights of the child's legal father. The court defined a "legal father" as the man to whom the mother was married when the child was born and whose name appears on the birth certificate. 617 So.2d at 307. The court held that, "before a blood test can be ordered in this type of case, the trial court is required to hear argument of the parties, including the legal father, if he chooses to appear, and a guardian ad litem appointed to represent the child." Id. at 308.

Nothing in Privette suggests that the supreme court was concerned with the rights of a man purporting to be the biological father. On the contrary, throughout its opinion, the court expressed a strong commitment to protecting the legitimacy of children and the interests of legal fathers. Justice Kogan wrote:

Once children are born legitimate, they have a right to maintain that status both factually and legally if doing so is in their own best interest. Art. I, § 9, Fla. Const. The child's legally recognized father likewise has an unmistakable interest in maintaining the relationship with his child unimpugned, (citations omitted) such that his opposition to the blood test and reasons for so objecting would be relevant evidence in determining the child's best interests. (Footnote omitted.)

Id.

Interestingly, under the common law, a man in G.F.C.'s position would not have considered bringing an action to establish his paternity of a married woman's child because to do so would have been an admission of adultery, a crime in many jurisdictions. 2 C.J.S. Adultery § 1-2 (1972). Society was *1385 so scornful of bringing children into the world as a result of adulterous conduct that "bastardy" was also a crime. See Commonwealth v. MacKenzie, 368 Mass. 613, 334 N.E.2d 613 (1975). Understandably, "fathers were less than eager to seek, by court order, a relationship with their illegitimate children." C.C. v. A.B., 406 Mass. 679, 550 N.E.2d 365, 370, n. 7 (1990).

Unwed mothers were eventually granted the statutory right to institute suit to establish paternity and to seek child support. See 1920 Rev.Gen. St. § 3957. The right to sue for paternity was later expanded, on equal protection grounds, to married mothers. See Gammon v. Cobb,

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Related

Michael H. v. Gerald D.
491 U.S. 110 (Supreme Court, 1989)
DEPT. OF HEALTH & REHAB. SERVICES v. Privette
617 So. 2d 305 (Supreme Court of Florida, 1993)
Purvis v. State
377 So. 2d 674 (Supreme Court of Florida, 1979)
Kennelly v. Davis
221 So. 2d 415 (Supreme Court of Florida, 1969)
Gammon v. Cobb
335 So. 2d 261 (Supreme Court of Florida, 1976)
Knauer v. Barnett
360 So. 2d 399 (Supreme Court of Florida, 1978)
Cc v. Ab
550 N.E.2d 365 (Massachusetts Supreme Judicial Court, 1990)
Commonwealth v. MacKenzie
334 N.E.2d 613 (Massachusetts Supreme Judicial Court, 1975)
Gossett v. Ullendorff
154 So. 177 (Supreme Court of Florida, 1934)
C.C. v. A.B.
406 Mass. 679 (Massachusetts Supreme Judicial Court, 1990)
Privette v. State, Department of Health & Rehabilitative Services ex rel. Sease
585 So. 2d 364 (District Court of Appeal of Florida, 1991)
G.F.C. v. S.G.
686 So. 2d 1382 (District Court of Appeal of Florida, 1997)
Lewis v. Montgomery
396 U.S. 900 (Supreme Court, 1969)

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Bluebook (online)
686 So. 2d 1382, 1997 WL 24244, Counsel Stack Legal Research, https://law.counselstack.com/opinion/gfc-v-sg-fladistctapp-1997.