JUDGE PRYOR
delivered the opinion op tiie court.
The principal and only question necessary to be considered in this case arises from the refusal of the regular-judge below to vacate the bench on the filing of an affidavit by the agent of the appellant with the clerk of the court, as provided by section 1, article 7 of chapter 28,, General'Statutes, to the effect that “the judge would not afford the appellant a fair and impartial trial.” When the case was called, the appellant, the German Insurance Company, of Freeport, Illinois, defendant in the action, moved, through its counsel, for a continuance of the case, supported by the affidavit of its agent. The motion was overruled, and thereupon an amended affidavit was filed and the motion renewed and the motion again overruled. At this stage of the proceeding the counsel filed the affidavit of the agent, asking that the case be tried by a special judge, and the court, disregarding the affidavit, proceeded to try the case, resulting in a verdict and judgment against the appellant.
The constitutionality of this statute requiring the judge. [435]*435to vacate the bench was maintained and ably argued on the hearing; and if constitutional, it is urged the judgment in this case should be reversed in order that the appellant may have a retrial before some other judge than the regular elected judge of the district.
The constant abuse of this statutory privilege in almost every circuit court district in the State has directed the attention of the courts and the profession to this important question; and, while the purpose of the law is to-place the trial judge beyond the temptation to oppress those who ard compelled to resort to the courts for the-protection of person or property, and to enable the litigant to prevent a corrupt or partial judge from passing judgment on his case, it must be conceded by every one at all familiar with the administration of the law by the circuit judges of the State, that this statute, with the construction now given it, operates in its practical effect to enable the shrewd and reckless litigant to avoid the t trial of his case, by the regular elected judge without cause, and to deprive the honest litigant of what is his constitutional right. He takes advantage of this statute and acquits his conscience in making the affidavit on the ground that the judge, in refusing a continuance, sustaining a demurrer to his complaint or defense, or in excluding testimony offered, or on account of other rulings in his case or in other cases, whether erroneous or proper, has induced the belief in his mind that he can not have a fair and impartial trial. The personal and judicial integrity of the judge is questioned only in this way, when every man acquainted with the judicial history of the State will testify, in looking to the present or to the past, that [436]*436no public officials are more entitled to the approbation of their fellowmen for the faithful and honest discharge of their duties than the judges of the various circuit districts, and whether elevated to their positions by appointment or the popular vote, it can not be truthfully said that they are influenced in their judicial action by local influences or party prejudice. Those who make these affidavits, and they are becoming almost as numerous in contested cases as motions for a continuance, assign no cause for their belief that justice will be denied them, yet the trial judge, with no charge made against him, is often unseated by a litigant he has never known, or by those with whom he has never had a business transaction, with no means of ascertaining the facts upon which the belief of the litigant is based; and however corrupt the oath may be, there is no means of punishing the guilty party, because his belief is made the law. In fact, that branch of the judiciary upon whose intelligence and integrity we depend more for the protection of person and property than any other, and whose intercourse and influence with the people in the administration of the law molds public sentiment in sustaining every moral as well as legal principle essentia] to social existence, is met at every term of the court with an affidavit that he is a corrupt or a partial judge, and this affidavit spread upon the records. It not only lessens the respect we should have for the judge and the law he administers, but tends directly to destroy that pure public sentiment that demands its vigorous enforcement. The statute can not well be held unconstitutional, for the reason that all doubts as to the constitutionality of the act must favor its validity, and, [437]*437as has been also argued, the abuse of the legislative power is no argument against its exercise; still it may be a convincing argument against such a construction as must he apparent is in plain violation of the legislative meaning. Section 28 of article 4 of the Constitution provides : “ The G-eneral Assembly shall provide by law for “ holding circuit court when from any cause the judge “ shall fail to attend, or, if in attendance, can not prop- “ erly preside.” The Legislature, under this constitutional provision, has from its adoption exercised the power of authorizing the election of special judges, and the causes for which the regular judge may be required to vacate the bench for the time being, and it would be a useless waste of time, in the determination of this question-, to go behind the present constitution or to consult the common law rule under which judges were disqualified from trying a cause. Personal interest in the result of the litigation, or being related to those who had an interest, were the only disqualifications at common law. This court, however, held, in the case of Turner v. Commonwealth, reported in 2 Met., 625, that our laws had enlarged the causes for which a judge might be compelled to vacate the bench, and that the constitutional provision already referred to was intended to effectuate that object, and therefore the inquiry in that case was, as must be the inquiry now: Did the appellant, in the court below, manifest its right to have the cause tried by a special judge ? Whatever may he said of the policy of this legislation, in view of that decision and the constitutional provision under which this legislative power has been so long exercised, the right of the litigant should [438]*438not be denied bim of compelling the judge to leave the bench when he can not properly preside.
If we interpret this statute by its letter, then the litigant, for any cause, may have a special judge to try his case if, in his own belief, that cause will justify him in making the affidavit. The judge may have instructed the jury in a case similar to the one the affiant is about to try unfavorably to his side of the controversy. He may have sustained a demurrer to a pleading in the case, or. in some other similar case that, if adhered to, must prove fatal to the case of the affiant. He may be known to one of the parties and unknown to the other. He may have peculiar views on certain branches of the law. He may refuse to continue a case when the litigant or his counsel believes the grounds were sufficient. In all such cases the litigant, for such reasons, may conceive that injustice will be done him, and, therefore, he is ready to make the affidavit, when it is apparent that not one of the grounds mentioned, or those of a like character, are sufficient to require the judge to vacate the bench.
Free access — add to your briefcase to read the full text and ask questions with AI
JUDGE PRYOR
delivered the opinion op tiie court.
The principal and only question necessary to be considered in this case arises from the refusal of the regular-judge below to vacate the bench on the filing of an affidavit by the agent of the appellant with the clerk of the court, as provided by section 1, article 7 of chapter 28,, General'Statutes, to the effect that “the judge would not afford the appellant a fair and impartial trial.” When the case was called, the appellant, the German Insurance Company, of Freeport, Illinois, defendant in the action, moved, through its counsel, for a continuance of the case, supported by the affidavit of its agent. The motion was overruled, and thereupon an amended affidavit was filed and the motion renewed and the motion again overruled. At this stage of the proceeding the counsel filed the affidavit of the agent, asking that the case be tried by a special judge, and the court, disregarding the affidavit, proceeded to try the case, resulting in a verdict and judgment against the appellant.
The constitutionality of this statute requiring the judge. [435]*435to vacate the bench was maintained and ably argued on the hearing; and if constitutional, it is urged the judgment in this case should be reversed in order that the appellant may have a retrial before some other judge than the regular elected judge of the district.
The constant abuse of this statutory privilege in almost every circuit court district in the State has directed the attention of the courts and the profession to this important question; and, while the purpose of the law is to-place the trial judge beyond the temptation to oppress those who ard compelled to resort to the courts for the-protection of person or property, and to enable the litigant to prevent a corrupt or partial judge from passing judgment on his case, it must be conceded by every one at all familiar with the administration of the law by the circuit judges of the State, that this statute, with the construction now given it, operates in its practical effect to enable the shrewd and reckless litigant to avoid the t trial of his case, by the regular elected judge without cause, and to deprive the honest litigant of what is his constitutional right. He takes advantage of this statute and acquits his conscience in making the affidavit on the ground that the judge, in refusing a continuance, sustaining a demurrer to his complaint or defense, or in excluding testimony offered, or on account of other rulings in his case or in other cases, whether erroneous or proper, has induced the belief in his mind that he can not have a fair and impartial trial. The personal and judicial integrity of the judge is questioned only in this way, when every man acquainted with the judicial history of the State will testify, in looking to the present or to the past, that [436]*436no public officials are more entitled to the approbation of their fellowmen for the faithful and honest discharge of their duties than the judges of the various circuit districts, and whether elevated to their positions by appointment or the popular vote, it can not be truthfully said that they are influenced in their judicial action by local influences or party prejudice. Those who make these affidavits, and they are becoming almost as numerous in contested cases as motions for a continuance, assign no cause for their belief that justice will be denied them, yet the trial judge, with no charge made against him, is often unseated by a litigant he has never known, or by those with whom he has never had a business transaction, with no means of ascertaining the facts upon which the belief of the litigant is based; and however corrupt the oath may be, there is no means of punishing the guilty party, because his belief is made the law. In fact, that branch of the judiciary upon whose intelligence and integrity we depend more for the protection of person and property than any other, and whose intercourse and influence with the people in the administration of the law molds public sentiment in sustaining every moral as well as legal principle essentia] to social existence, is met at every term of the court with an affidavit that he is a corrupt or a partial judge, and this affidavit spread upon the records. It not only lessens the respect we should have for the judge and the law he administers, but tends directly to destroy that pure public sentiment that demands its vigorous enforcement. The statute can not well be held unconstitutional, for the reason that all doubts as to the constitutionality of the act must favor its validity, and, [437]*437as has been also argued, the abuse of the legislative power is no argument against its exercise; still it may be a convincing argument against such a construction as must he apparent is in plain violation of the legislative meaning. Section 28 of article 4 of the Constitution provides : “ The G-eneral Assembly shall provide by law for “ holding circuit court when from any cause the judge “ shall fail to attend, or, if in attendance, can not prop- “ erly preside.” The Legislature, under this constitutional provision, has from its adoption exercised the power of authorizing the election of special judges, and the causes for which the regular judge may be required to vacate the bench for the time being, and it would be a useless waste of time, in the determination of this question-, to go behind the present constitution or to consult the common law rule under which judges were disqualified from trying a cause. Personal interest in the result of the litigation, or being related to those who had an interest, were the only disqualifications at common law. This court, however, held, in the case of Turner v. Commonwealth, reported in 2 Met., 625, that our laws had enlarged the causes for which a judge might be compelled to vacate the bench, and that the constitutional provision already referred to was intended to effectuate that object, and therefore the inquiry in that case was, as must be the inquiry now: Did the appellant, in the court below, manifest its right to have the cause tried by a special judge ? Whatever may he said of the policy of this legislation, in view of that decision and the constitutional provision under which this legislative power has been so long exercised, the right of the litigant should [438]*438not be denied bim of compelling the judge to leave the bench when he can not properly preside.
If we interpret this statute by its letter, then the litigant, for any cause, may have a special judge to try his case if, in his own belief, that cause will justify him in making the affidavit. The judge may have instructed the jury in a case similar to the one the affiant is about to try unfavorably to his side of the controversy. He may have sustained a demurrer to a pleading in the case, or. in some other similar case that, if adhered to, must prove fatal to the case of the affiant. He may be known to one of the parties and unknown to the other. He may have peculiar views on certain branches of the law. He may refuse to continue a case when the litigant or his counsel believes the grounds were sufficient. In all such cases the litigant, for such reasons, may conceive that injustice will be done him, and, therefore, he is ready to make the affidavit, when it is apparent that not one of the grounds mentioned, or those of a like character, are sufficient to require the judge to vacate the bench. Again, even in ordinary cases, where the judge rules the one way or the other, those perfectly honest, in the excitement of the moment and feeling the sting that perhaps results from an erroneous ruling, will seize on this action of the court as a justification (to use the language so often heard and.read in the records before us) for swearing the judge off the bench. It can not be urged that the rule of the common law has been so far enlarged as to permit the exercise of the privilege conferred by the .statute for any of the reasons given.
The cause to disqualify a judge, as said by this court [439]*439in Turner v. Commonwealth, should not he trivial, “ but should be a legal and substantial one, and so the section should be construed in cases involving the propriety of a judge’s presiding, and the necessity for a special judge on that ground.” In that case the belief of' Turner was stated on oath, accompanied by the grounds upon, which his belief was founded. The judge had been personally hostile to Turner for years, and because of this hostility •and for other reasons he did not believe he could obtain .a fair trial.
It is contended that the statute has provided the ¡grounds in saying that, if the affiant stated that the judge will not afford him a fair and impartial trial, he shall vacate the bench. This affidavit or the statements contained in it the affiant believes are true. .What is the foundation of the belief or the ground on which the statements in the affidavit rest ? No one, if this construction is given the statute, can know unless the ground is ■disclosed by the litigant himself; and, therefore, for any •of the alleged causes mentioned the litigant obtains the ¡benefit of the statute, although he is not entitled to a ¡special judge. It is all left to the litigant and to no one else, with no means of questioning his belief or punishing him for stating what he does not believe. This can ■■not be a correct or proper interpretation of the statute, ¡and is not in accord with the only decision of this court <on the subject. The statute could not have been framed with a view of protecting a corrupt or partial judge by ¡keeping from the records of the court such grave charges ¡against him. If corrupt it should be known and the bench vacated for all time, instead of temporarily, and [440]*440if the charges are false they should be made in such a. manner as would subject the party making them to criminal punishment. The fact or facts upon which the belief that the judge will not give the litigant a fair trial should and must be stated in the affidavit, and they must be of such a character as shall prevent the judge from properly presiding in the case. We do not mean to say the statement of the ground for belief must establish, if' true, that the judge is a corrupt official, but we do mean to adjudge that such causes, and those of a like character,, as have been noticed, are not sufficient, and there must be: some fact stated, such as personal hostility of such a. character, if that ground is relied on, as would prevent, an official of personal integrity from presiding in the case; and of the sufficiency of the affidavit the trial judge must determine, and the question, if improperly decided,.' can be raised in this court, as in other cases, if án appeal is taken.
If an honest litigant is sincere in his belief that the' judge will not give him a fair trial, he will as readily disclose the grounds for his belief as to make the oath that the judge will not fairly administer the law in his case; and this he will do before he submits his case, or any branch of it, to the judge for hearing. The objection to' the trial judge becomes, in fact, a question of jurisdiction, and the objection, to be available, must be made before an appeal, and to the merits of the action or the submission of preliminary motions by either party preparatory to astrial. Judges are constituted like other men. They desire the approbation of their fellowmen and will avoid the censure of an enlightened bar, that is certain to make: [441]*441itself heard when the judge is favoring the one litigant to the prejudice of the other; and, besides, his high sense of honor will prompt him to leave the bench when facts and circumstances exist rendering it improper for him to preside. There may be exceptions to this rule of conduct, but we can well say that no such exception exists in this State; and if the time should arrive when official duty is made subordinate to corruption and prejudice, the statute, under the construction given, affprds the litigant all the protection he is entitled to.
The affidavit containing no grounds requiring the judge to vacate the bench, the judgment below is affirmed.