[PUBLISH]
IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT
No. 95-4117
D. C. Docket No. 91-8739-CIV-JCP
GARY GATTIS,
Plaintiff-Appellant,
versus
HERMAN BRICE, individually and in his official capacity as Fire Chief of Palm Beach County Fire Rescue, PALM BEACH COUNTY, FLORIDA, a local governmental agency, MICHAEL IACONA, individually and in his official capacity as Deputy Chief of Palm Beach County Fire Rescue, LARRY KOESTER, individually and in his official capacity as Deputy Chief of Palm Beach County Fire Rescue, ROBERT WEISMAN, in his official capacity as County Administrator for Palm Beach County,
Defendants-Appellees.
Appeal from the United States District Court for the Southern District of Florida
(March 3, 1998)
Before TJOFLAT, Circuit Judge, and RONEY and PHILLIPS*, Senior Circuit Judges. _________________________________________________________________
*Honorable J. Dickson Phillips, Jr., Senior U.S. Circuit Judge for the Fourth Circuit, sitting by designation. TJOFLAT, Circuit Judge:
In this case, an employee of the Palm Beach County Fire Department, appellant Gary
Gattis, claims that he was demoted within the department because he exercised his First
Amendment right of free speech. Gattis expressed his views on two issues: one concerned the
department's proposed alterations to the county’s fire code; the other concerned the department’s
equipment procurement policies. Gattis has sued the county, the county administrator, and in the
order of descending supervisory authority in the department, Fire Administrator Herman Brice
and Deputy Chiefs Michael Iacona and Larry Koester. Proceeding under 42 U.S.C. § 1983
(1994), Gattis seeks an injunction restoring him to his former position,1 and money damages
against the county and each individual defendant in the defendant's official capacity. Gattis also
seeks damages against Brice, Iacona, and Koester in their individual capacities.
After the pleadings closed, the district court granted the defendants summary judgment.
Gattis now appeals, presenting one issue: whether Brice demoted Gattis pursuant to a county
policy, established by Brice in his capacity as fire administrator, which called for Gattis’
demotion in retaliation for his engaging in the above speech.2 We find no evidence in the record
1 Gattis' amended complaint seeks an injunction but does not indicate the relief the injunction should provide. We assume that relief is the restoration of Gattis’ former position of Battalion Chief. 2 Gattis specifically appeals the district court's ruling that Administrator Brice is not a county “policymaker.” A local government can only be held liable under § 1983 if a municipal “policy” or “custom” exists pursuant to which that government violated a plaintiff's constitutional rights. See Monell v. Department of Social Servs. of New York, 436 U.S. 658, 690-94, 98 S.Ct. 2035-38, 56 L.Ed.2d 611 (1978); McMillian v. Monroe County, Ala., -- U.S. --, 117 S.Ct. 1734, 1735-36, 138 L.Ed.2d 1 (1997) (applying Monell's principles to a suit against a county). If a county official holds final policymaking authority for the county in the subject area of the alleged constitutional violation, that official's decisions may constitute county policy. See
2 that would permit a jury to conclude that Brice established such a policy for the county and that
he demoted Gattis in pursuance thereof. We therefore affirm.
I.
The salient facts are these. In 1991, the Palm Beach County Fire Department was
arranged in the following descending hierarchy: Fire Administrator, Division Chiefs, Deputy
Chiefs, Battalion Chiefs, District Chiefs, and Captains. Fire Administrator Brice reported to the
county administrator, who in turn reported to the board of commissioners for Palm Beach
County. In the fall of 1991, Administrator Brice, in anticipation of a report from the Office of
Finance, Management, and Budget finding that the fire department had too many senior officers,
reorganized the department to keep it within budgetary constraints. As a result of this
reorganization, the department eliminated eleven positions: one deputy chief, two division chief,
three battalion chief, and five district chief positions. Personnel holding the eliminated positions
were generally demoted to the next tier of management.
To determine which battalion chiefs would be demoted to district chief positions, Chief
Pembaur v. City of Cincinnati, 475 U.S. 469, 480-83, 106 S.Ct. 1292, 1299-1300, 89 L.Ed.2d 452 (1986) (establishing principle for a municipality); McMillian v. Johnson, 88 F.3d 1573, 1577 (11th Cir. 1996), aff'd sub nom McMillian v. Monroe County, Ala., -- U.S. --, 117 S.Ct. 1734, 138 L.Ed.2d 1 (1997) (applying Pembaur's principles in a suit against the county); Mandel v. Doe, 888 F.2d 783, 792-93 (11th Cir. 1989) (stating that liability may attach for decisions of county officials who “possess[] the authority and responsibility for establishing final policy with respect to the issue in question”). We assume that Administrator Brice is a policymaker for Palm Beach County. This assumption, however, does not affect the outcome of the case.
3 Brice asked Deputy Chiefs Koester, Iacona, and Sweat3 to recommend for reassignment three of
the battalion chiefs under their supervision. The deputy chiefs developed an objective evaluation
form, upon which they rated each battalion chief numerically in five areas: Leadership,
Teamwork, Organizational Skills, Knowledge and Experience, and Accountability. They then
forwarded the names of the three lowest-rated battalion chiefs to Administrator Brice, who
adopted the deputy chiefs' recommendation and demoted those individuals. Gattis was one of
the three lowest-rated battalion chiefs and was thus demoted to a district chief position.
Gattis contends that Brice demoted him because: (1) he opposed the department’s policy
favoring two fire codes -- one for the rural portions of the county, and the other for the more
densely populated urban areas -- and argued that the county should have only one code; and (2)
he opposed the department’s equipment procurement policies. We disagree.
II.
To succeed in a section 1983 suit based on a claim of retaliation for speech, the plaintiff
must show that his speech was a “substantial” or “motivating” factor in the allegedly retaliatory
decision. See Mt. Healthy City Sch. Dist. Bd. of Educ. v. Doyle, 429 U.S. 274, 287, 97 S.Ct.
568, 576, 50 L.Ed.2d 471 (1977); Bryson v. City of Waycross, 888 F.2d 1562, 1565-66 (11th
Cir. 1989) (establishing four-part test that requires plaintiff to prove speech in question was a
substantial or motivating factor behind plaintiff's injury). The question of whether the plaintiff
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[PUBLISH]
IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT
No. 95-4117
D. C. Docket No. 91-8739-CIV-JCP
GARY GATTIS,
Plaintiff-Appellant,
versus
HERMAN BRICE, individually and in his official capacity as Fire Chief of Palm Beach County Fire Rescue, PALM BEACH COUNTY, FLORIDA, a local governmental agency, MICHAEL IACONA, individually and in his official capacity as Deputy Chief of Palm Beach County Fire Rescue, LARRY KOESTER, individually and in his official capacity as Deputy Chief of Palm Beach County Fire Rescue, ROBERT WEISMAN, in his official capacity as County Administrator for Palm Beach County,
Defendants-Appellees.
Appeal from the United States District Court for the Southern District of Florida
(March 3, 1998)
Before TJOFLAT, Circuit Judge, and RONEY and PHILLIPS*, Senior Circuit Judges. _________________________________________________________________
*Honorable J. Dickson Phillips, Jr., Senior U.S. Circuit Judge for the Fourth Circuit, sitting by designation. TJOFLAT, Circuit Judge:
In this case, an employee of the Palm Beach County Fire Department, appellant Gary
Gattis, claims that he was demoted within the department because he exercised his First
Amendment right of free speech. Gattis expressed his views on two issues: one concerned the
department's proposed alterations to the county’s fire code; the other concerned the department’s
equipment procurement policies. Gattis has sued the county, the county administrator, and in the
order of descending supervisory authority in the department, Fire Administrator Herman Brice
and Deputy Chiefs Michael Iacona and Larry Koester. Proceeding under 42 U.S.C. § 1983
(1994), Gattis seeks an injunction restoring him to his former position,1 and money damages
against the county and each individual defendant in the defendant's official capacity. Gattis also
seeks damages against Brice, Iacona, and Koester in their individual capacities.
After the pleadings closed, the district court granted the defendants summary judgment.
Gattis now appeals, presenting one issue: whether Brice demoted Gattis pursuant to a county
policy, established by Brice in his capacity as fire administrator, which called for Gattis’
demotion in retaliation for his engaging in the above speech.2 We find no evidence in the record
1 Gattis' amended complaint seeks an injunction but does not indicate the relief the injunction should provide. We assume that relief is the restoration of Gattis’ former position of Battalion Chief. 2 Gattis specifically appeals the district court's ruling that Administrator Brice is not a county “policymaker.” A local government can only be held liable under § 1983 if a municipal “policy” or “custom” exists pursuant to which that government violated a plaintiff's constitutional rights. See Monell v. Department of Social Servs. of New York, 436 U.S. 658, 690-94, 98 S.Ct. 2035-38, 56 L.Ed.2d 611 (1978); McMillian v. Monroe County, Ala., -- U.S. --, 117 S.Ct. 1734, 1735-36, 138 L.Ed.2d 1 (1997) (applying Monell's principles to a suit against a county). If a county official holds final policymaking authority for the county in the subject area of the alleged constitutional violation, that official's decisions may constitute county policy. See
2 that would permit a jury to conclude that Brice established such a policy for the county and that
he demoted Gattis in pursuance thereof. We therefore affirm.
I.
The salient facts are these. In 1991, the Palm Beach County Fire Department was
arranged in the following descending hierarchy: Fire Administrator, Division Chiefs, Deputy
Chiefs, Battalion Chiefs, District Chiefs, and Captains. Fire Administrator Brice reported to the
county administrator, who in turn reported to the board of commissioners for Palm Beach
County. In the fall of 1991, Administrator Brice, in anticipation of a report from the Office of
Finance, Management, and Budget finding that the fire department had too many senior officers,
reorganized the department to keep it within budgetary constraints. As a result of this
reorganization, the department eliminated eleven positions: one deputy chief, two division chief,
three battalion chief, and five district chief positions. Personnel holding the eliminated positions
were generally demoted to the next tier of management.
To determine which battalion chiefs would be demoted to district chief positions, Chief
Pembaur v. City of Cincinnati, 475 U.S. 469, 480-83, 106 S.Ct. 1292, 1299-1300, 89 L.Ed.2d 452 (1986) (establishing principle for a municipality); McMillian v. Johnson, 88 F.3d 1573, 1577 (11th Cir. 1996), aff'd sub nom McMillian v. Monroe County, Ala., -- U.S. --, 117 S.Ct. 1734, 138 L.Ed.2d 1 (1997) (applying Pembaur's principles in a suit against the county); Mandel v. Doe, 888 F.2d 783, 792-93 (11th Cir. 1989) (stating that liability may attach for decisions of county officials who “possess[] the authority and responsibility for establishing final policy with respect to the issue in question”). We assume that Administrator Brice is a policymaker for Palm Beach County. This assumption, however, does not affect the outcome of the case.
3 Brice asked Deputy Chiefs Koester, Iacona, and Sweat3 to recommend for reassignment three of
the battalion chiefs under their supervision. The deputy chiefs developed an objective evaluation
form, upon which they rated each battalion chief numerically in five areas: Leadership,
Teamwork, Organizational Skills, Knowledge and Experience, and Accountability. They then
forwarded the names of the three lowest-rated battalion chiefs to Administrator Brice, who
adopted the deputy chiefs' recommendation and demoted those individuals. Gattis was one of
the three lowest-rated battalion chiefs and was thus demoted to a district chief position.
Gattis contends that Brice demoted him because: (1) he opposed the department’s policy
favoring two fire codes -- one for the rural portions of the county, and the other for the more
densely populated urban areas -- and argued that the county should have only one code; and (2)
he opposed the department’s equipment procurement policies. We disagree.
II.
To succeed in a section 1983 suit based on a claim of retaliation for speech, the plaintiff
must show that his speech was a “substantial” or “motivating” factor in the allegedly retaliatory
decision. See Mt. Healthy City Sch. Dist. Bd. of Educ. v. Doyle, 429 U.S. 274, 287, 97 S.Ct.
568, 576, 50 L.Ed.2d 471 (1977); Bryson v. City of Waycross, 888 F.2d 1562, 1565-66 (11th
Cir. 1989) (establishing four-part test that requires plaintiff to prove speech in question was a
substantial or motivating factor behind plaintiff's injury). The question of whether the plaintiff
has established this element is one for the fact-finder. Id. To survive summary judgment, Gattis
3 Chief Sweat is not a defendant in this suit.
4 must therefore make a showing sufficient to permit a reasonable jury to find that his protected
speech was a substantial or motivating factor behind his demotion. He has not done so.
Gattis claims that the record permits the inference that his speech was a factor in
Administrator Brice's decision.4 We assume for purposes of this appeal that Gattis' speech was
entirely protected. Administrator Brice's decision to demote Gattis, however, had nothing to do
with that speech. The decision Brice made was to adopt the recommendation of his deputy
chiefs. There is nothing in the record to suggest that Brice's mere acceptance of the list of three
poorly-rated battalion chiefs was in any way retaliatory. Brice did not generate the list. He did
not himself evaluate Gattis and the other two individuals recommended for reassignment. He
simply made a decision to rely on the experience and judgment of Chiefs Koester, Iacona, and
Sweat as to which three battalion chiefs were doing the worst job in the Fire Department.
Gattis argues that the low marks he received from Chiefs Iacona and Koester were
themselves retaliation for his speech. Even though the evaluation forms contain nothing to
suggest such retaliation, Gattis claims that the deputy chiefs harbored retaliatory motives that
rendered Administrator Brice's adoption of the chiefs' recommendation retaliatory as well. There
is very little to support a claim that Chiefs Iacona and Koester acted upon any “hidden” motives
when they filled out their evaluation forms. Even if the deputy chiefs did have improper
motives, however, those motives do not render Brice's decision an unconstitutional county
policy.
A policymaker's approval of an unconstitutional action can constitute unconstitutional
4 The record contains no direct evidence that Brice demoted Gattis on account of his speech; the question thus becomes whether the record permits the inference that speech played a role in Brice’s decision.
5 county policy only when the policymaker “approve[s] a subordinate's decision and the basis for
it.” City of St. Louis v. Praprotnik, 485 U.S. 112, 127, 108 S.Ct. 915, 926, 99 L.Ed.2d 107
(1988) (emphasis added). Gattis must therefore present evidence that Administrator Brice not
only accepted the recommendation of his deputy chiefs, but knew of and ratified the improper
motives behind their recommendation. See Hill v. Clifton, 74 F.3d 1150, 1152 (1996). There is
nothing in the record that suggests Chief Brice was aware of any such motives on the part of
Chiefs Koester and Iacona. As mentioned supra, the evaluations themselves contain nothing
retaliatory, and there is nothing to suggest that Brice learned of improper motives from other
sources. Brice's adoption of the deputy chiefs' recommendation therefore cannot constitute
unconstitutional county policy even if the chiefs did act upon retaliatory motives in making their
evaluations.5
III.
Gattis has presented nothing that would convince a reasonable jury that his speech was a
substantial or motivating factor in his demotion. His claim therefore cannot survive summary
judgment, and the decision of the district court is
AFFIRMED
5 Gattis argues in the alternative that the county administrator, Robert Weisman, is a policymaker for Palm Beach County, and that Weisman rendered the County liable by ratifying Brice's decision to demote Gattis. As discussed supra, liability cannot attach to the County because of Brice's decision; therefore, any ratification of that decision is harmless.
6 7