NUMBER 13-13-00418-CR
COURT OF APPEALS
THIRTEENTH DISTRICT OF TEXAS
CORPUS CHRISTI - EDINBURG
GARY GREEN, Appellant,
v.
THE STATE OF TEXAS, Appellee.
On appeal from the 390th District Court of Travis County, Texas.
MEMORANDUM OPINION
Before Chief Justice Valdez and Justices Rodriguez and Garza Memorandum Opinion by Justice Rodriguez
Appellant Gary Green appeals from a judgment rendered by the 390th District
Court of Travis County, Texas.1 The jury found Green guilty of robbery and sentenced
him to prison for ninety-nine years. Green raises three issues on appeal contending that
1This case is before the Court on transfer from the Third Court of Appeals in Austin pursuant to a docket equalization order issued by the Supreme Court of Texas. See TEX. GOV'T CODE ANN. § 73.001 (West, Westlaw through 2013 3d C.S.). he received ineffective assistance of counsel and that there was error in the jury charge.
We affirm.
I. BACKGROUND
Lena Hoffman testified that on the evening of July 2, 2012, she took her laptop to
Comal Park in Austin, Texas, where she could use the park’s wireless internet. Green
approached Hoffman while she was at the park. Hoffman asked Green to “leave her
alone” and moved away from him. Green followed her and said, “I’m going to take your
sh—,” and attempted to take her laptop. He assaulted Hoffman, punching her in the face
and head multiple times. Officer Leonard Wheeler testified that he was on patrol and
saw Green striking Hoffman. The officer’s patrol car video recorded part of the assault
that showed Green punch Hoffman six times. The jury viewed the video during the
State’s case-in-chief.
Green testified in his defense. He admitted to assaulting Hoffman but denied that
he attempted to take her laptop. Green’s testimony was markedly different from
Hoffman’s. He testified that he was playing basketball at Shawnda Joyner’s house
across the street from Comal Park. According to Green, he went to the park to retrieve
his basketball that had bounced across the street and when he got close to Hoffman, she
called him a “bald-headed crackheaded-ass n——” and tried to strike him with her laptop.
Green became very upset by Hoffman’s racial slur and was in a rage when he hit her.
Joyner corroborated Green’s testimony at trial by stating that she heard Hoffman call
Green a “n———.” The theory presented by the defense was that Green was guilty of
misdemeanor assault, not felony robbery.
Green had a significant criminal record. Green’s attorney did not file a pretrial
2 motion in limine regarding his extraneous offenses or a pretrial motion for Green to testify
without impeachment by prior convictions. Additionally, Green’s attorney did not elicit
any testimony from Green regarding his prior convictions during his direct examination.
On cross-examination the State questioned Green extensively about his full
criminal history. In response to a question asking Green whether this “was [his] first
rodeo,” Green replied that he had been in the criminal justice system five times from 1980
through 1990. The prosecution proceeded to impeach Green by asking detailed
questions about his criminal history. Green testified, without objection, to the
commission of seventeen extraneous offenses—testimony that he now contends was
inadmissible. 2 Specifically, the jury heard evidence that Green was convicted of
misdemeanor assaults in 1983, 2004, 2010, and 2011,3 two misdemeanor possessions
of marijuana in 2009, possession of a controlled substance in 2010, misdemeanor
evading arrest in 2004, retaliation in 1986, burglary of a habitation in 1986, 1987, 4 and
1989, burglary of a building in 1980, unauthorized use of a motor vehicle in 1985, and
involuntary manslaughter in 1991.5
On re-direct, Green’s counsel asked him about his mental health. Green testified
that he was diagnosed with a mental health condition in 2009 and that he was taking
Risperdal, a psychiatric medication, at the time of trial, but not at the time of the assault.
2 Green testified to twenty prior offenses, but only contends that seventeen were inadmissible.
3 In 2011, Green was convicted of two misdemeanor assaults.
4 In 1987 Green was convicted of two burglaries of a habitation.
5 Additionally, Green was previously convicted of three misdemeanor thefts, which he does not
contend were inadmissible.
3 Green’s counsel asked Green if he had “self-medicated with illegal substances,” and
Green replied in the affirmative. Green then testified that “despite all [his] history and
everything else, [he] didn’t try to steal from that woman that day.”
On re-cross-examination, the State asked Green to identify the drugs he used to
self-medicate. Green testified that he self-medicated with alcohol and pills. Green was
then asked if he was self-medicating when he was arrested for possession of crack
cocaine in 2010. Green testified that he was not; instead, he had it because he was
selling it. When asked how he paid for the drugs he sold, Green testified that he used
his disability check to purchase them. 6 Green’s counsel objected to this line of
questioning but the objection was overruled. Green’s counsel did not object to
subsequent testimony regarding Green’s drug financing.7 The jury found Green guilty of
second degree felony robbery. TEX. PENAL CODE § 29.02 (West, Westlaw through 2013
3d C.S.).
Enhanced by ten felony convictions, Green was sentenced to ninety-nine years in
prison. This appeal followed.
II. INEFFECTIVE ASSISTANCE OF COUNSEL
A. Standard of Review & Applicable Law
Both the Federal and Texas Constitutions guarantee an accused the right to
assistance of counsel. U.S. CONST. amend. VI; TEX. CONST. art. I, § 10; TEX. CODE CRIM.
6 Green testified that he received a monthly disability check in the amount of $674.00 because of a bullet lodged in his back.
7 Days after the trial concluded the trial court acknowledged on the record that Green’s counsel
was not included on the “A-list,” which was a list of attorneys qualified to represent clients charged with first-degree felonies. However, the judge noted that the “A-list” had been frozen and that he had informed Green of the discrepancy. It made an affirmative finding that counsel effectively represented Green during the jury trial. 4 PROC. ANN. § 1.051 (West, Westlaw through 2013 3d C.S.). This right necessarily
includes the right to reasonably effective assistance of counsel. Strickland v.
Washington, 466 U.S. 668, 686 (1984). To establish ineffective assistance of counsel,
an appellant must show by a preponderance of the evidence that (1) trial counsel's
performance fell below an objective standard of reasonableness; and (2) the deficient
performance prejudiced the defense.8 Id.; Wert v. State, 383 S.W.3d 747, 752 (Tex.
Crim. App. 2012).
To satisfy Strickland's first prong, the appellant must identify acts or omissions of
counsel that allegedly were not the result of reasonable judgment. Strickland, 466 U.S.
at 690. A defendant must overcome the strong presumption that trial counsel's actions
fell within the wide range of reasonable and professional assistance. Garza v. State, 213
S.W.3d 338, 347–48 (Tex. Crim. App. 2007); see also Jackson v. State, 877 S.W.2d 768,
771 (Tex. Crim. App. 1994) (en banc). If the reasons for counsel's conduct at trial do not
appear in the record and it is possible that the conduct could have been grounded in
legitimate trial strategy, an appellate court will defer to counsel's decisions and deny relief
on an ineffective assistance claim on direct appeal.9 Garza, 213 S.W.3d at 348; see also
Menefield v. State, 363 S.W.3d 591, 593 (Tex. Crim. App. 2012) (holding that “[a]n
ineffective-assistance claim must be ‘firmly founded in the record’ and ‘the record must
affirmatively demonstrate’ the meritorious nature of the claim.”) (internal citations
8 Texas adopted the Strickland test in Hernandez v. State. See 726 S.W.2d 53 (Tex. Crim. App. 1986) (en banc).
9 A proper record is best developed in a habeas corpus proceeding or in a motion for new trial
hearing. Jensen v. State, 66 S.W.3d 528, 542 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2002, pet. ref'd). We note that no motion for new trial was filed and that there was no habeas corpus proceeding whereby a record could be developed in this case. 5 omitted). Direct appeal is usually an inadequate vehicle for raising such a claim.
Menefield, 363 S.W.3d at 592–93.
A sound trial strategy may be imperfectly executed, but the right to effective
assistance of counsel does not entitle a defendant to errorless or perfect counsel.
Robertson v. State, 187 S.W.3d 475, 483 (Tex. Crim. App. 2006). “Isolated instances in
the record reflecting errors of omission or commission do not render counsel's
performance ineffective, nor can ineffective assistance of counsel be established by
isolating one portion of trial counsel's performance for examination.” Wert, 383 S.W.3d
at 753. Finally, “[i]t is not sufficient that the appellant show, with the benefit of hindsight,
that his counsel's actions or omissions during trial were merely of questionable
competence.” Id. (internal citations omitted). Instead, to establish that the attorney's
acts or omissions were outside the range of professionally competent assistance,
appellant must show that counsel's errors were so serious that he was essentially not
functioning as counsel. Id. (citing Patrick v. State, 906 S.W.2d 481, 495 (Tex. Crim. App.
1995) (en banc)). “To warrant reversal when trial counsel has not been afforded an
opportunity to explain his reasons, the challenged conduct must be so outrageous that
no competent attorney would have engaged in it.” Roberts v. State, 220 S.W.3d 521,
533–34 (Tex. Crim. App. 2007) (internal citations omitted).
To satisfy Strickland's second prong, the appellant must establish a reasonable
probability that, but for counsel's errors, the result would have been different. 466 U.S.
at 694. A reasonable probability is a probability sufficient to undermine confidence in the
outcome. Thompson v. State, 9 S.W.3d 808, 812 (Tex. Crim. App. 1999). Failure to
satisfy either prong defeats an ineffective assistance claim. Strickland, 466 U.S. at 697.
6 In applying the Strickland test we consider the totality of the representation and the
particular circumstances of the case to determine whether counsel was ineffective.
Thompson, 9 S.W.3d at 813.
B. Analysis
Green contends in his first and second issues that his counsel’s failure to object to
questions eliciting his criminal history and drug usage show that he received ineffective
assistance of counsel and that without his counsel’s errors the result of the trial would
have been different. See Strickland, 466 U.S. at 687. Specifically, Green contends that
his counsel’s trial performance fell below an objective standard of reasonableness. Id.
Green must therefore overcome the strong presumption that his counsel’s actions did fall
within the wide range of reasonable and professional assistance. See Wert, 383 S.W.3d
at 752–53; Garza, 213 S.W.3d at 348. Green has the burden of establishing that his
counsel made errors so serious that he was essentially not functioning as counsel. See
Patrick, 906 S.W.2d at 495.
A defendant who testifies places his credibility at issue and may be impeached like
any other testifying witness. Geuder v. State, 142 S.W.3d 372, 375 (Tex. App.—Houston
[14th Dist.] 2004, pet. ref'd). Texas Rule of Evidence 609(a) provides that prior
convictions for felonies or for crimes involving moral turpitude are admissible to impeach
a witness's credibility for truthfulness if the court determines that the probative value of
admitting this evidence outweighs its prejudicial effect to a party. TEX. R. EVID. 609(a)
(West, Westlaw through 2013 3d C.S.). If the conviction and date of release are more
than ten years old, then the probative value must substantially outweigh the prejudicial
effect. See id. at 609(b).
7 Green testified to fourteen extraneous offenses that were over ten years old,
misdemeanor convictions, or both. See id. Of the misdemeanor convictions testified
to, five were for misdemeanor assault.10 Nonetheless, Green’s counsel may have made
a strategic determination in not objecting to evidence of his client’s criminal history. See
McKinny v. State, 76 S.W.3d 463, 473–74 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2002, no pet.)
(en banc) (regarding making objections, the court noted “advocates must be free to
choose not to make them even if they have a legal basis for doing so. . . . jurors often
see lawyers who make [objections] as trying to keep the real truth from them.”) (internal
quotations omitted). More importantly, a lawyer may strategically decide to allow the
other side to introduce otherwise inadmissible evidence because it simply does not hurt
the client's case or, in fact, may help it. If a lawyer is reasonably sure certain evidence
will not hurt his client's case, “it is usually better not to object.” Without the benefit of a
hearing on a motion for new trial or a habeas proceeding, we do not have insight into
Green’s counsel’s trial strategy. See id. at 473.
Green’s counsel made the following statement during closing argument:
Well no matter how you may feel about Mr. Green as a person, no matter how bad his history may be, his history is only important to the extent that you think it affects his credibility. . . . You can only use that to determine and deal with his credibility versus Ms. Hoffman’s credibility.
Green’s counsel also stated that Green was not “hiding from [his] history,” as part of his
argument that Green was guilty of assault only, as opposed to assault and robbery. This
suggests that Green’s counsel was utilizing trial strategy in Green’s defense. We cannot
10 We note that evidence of prior criminal convictions for the same crime as that being tried can be
highly prejudicial. See generally Theus v. State, 845 S.W.2d 874, 879–80 (Tex. Crim. App. 2002).
8 find that the decisions made by Green’s counsel to not object were so outrageous that no
competent attorney would have engaged in them. See Roberts, 220 S.W.3d at 533–34;
McKinny, 76 S.W.3d at 473 (noting that an attorney may choose not to make a valid
objection for a number of strategic reasons).
Green also complains that his counsel failed to object to the State’s questioning
about his drug usage and dealing and that his counsel did not use reasonable judgment
in opening the door to his mental health issues and his habit of self-medicating with illegal
substances. However, defense counsel can only present the evidence that is available.
See West, 2014 WL 6601216, at *4. This may sometimes lead to a choice between
presenting potentially harmful evidence or no evidence at all. Id. Without a motion for
new trial or habeas corpus hearing, we are unable to determine what facts Green relayed
to defense counsel and what, if any, alternative legal strategies defense counsel chose
to disregard. See id.
It may be that framing Green’s assault as a rage-fueled action of a mentally
unstable individual was Green’s only available strategy. See Garza, 213 S.W.3d at 348
(“Counsel's reasons for his actions or intentions do not appear in the record, and his
conduct could have been part of a reasonable trial strategy. Without more, we must
defer to counsel's decisions and deny relief.”); Ortiz v. State, 93 S.W.3d 79, 88–89 (Tex.
Crim. App. 2002) (en banc) (“If counsel's reasons for his conduct do not appear in the
record and there is at least the possibility that the conduct could have been legitimate trial
strategy, we will defer to counsel's decisions and deny relief on an ineffective assistance
claim on direct appeal.”); McNeil v. State, 174 S.W.3d 758, 760 (Tex. App.—Waco 2005,
no pet.) (“[I]f nothing in the record reveals trial counsel's reason, it is improper for [the
9 court] to speculate on it.”). Consequently, presenting evidence of Green’s mental history
and his use of illegal substances does not by itself, demonstrate outrageous or clearly
deficient performance. See Wert, 383 S.W.3d at 753; Roberts, 220 S.W.3d at 533–34.
We cannot conclude Green overcame the “strong presumption” that his counsel acted
reasonably. See Garza, 213 S.W.3d at 348.
Even assuming that Green met Strickland’s first prong, he cannot meet the second
prong requiring that he affirmatively prove prejudice. See 466 U.S. at 693; West, 2014
WL 6601216, at *2. Green cannot show there is a reasonable probability that, but for his
counsel’s unprofessional errors, the result of the proceeding would have been different.
See 466 U.S. at 693; West, 2014 WL 6601216, at *2. The strongest evidence presented
that Green robbed Hoffman was Hoffman’s direct testimony that Green said “I’m going to
take all your sh—,” before he grabbed her laptop and began beating her. The video
showing Green beating Hoffman also captured the aftermath of the assault. The jury
saw and heard Hoffman immediately after the beating—sobbing and hysterical—tell the
officer that Green tried to steal her laptop.
Green testified that the beating the jury saw in the video was the result of an insult
and nothing more. Green further testified that he only approached Hoffman for the
purpose of retrieving his basketball. On cross-examination, however, the State showed
that Green could not name the children with whom he claimed he had been playing
basketball. 11 Green was also unable to explain how his initial story involving the
basketball could be accurate when there was a fence around the park. After he initially
11 Green testified that he did not know the children’s names, but that their nicknames were Poo
Poo and Lay Lay. Joyner later testified that the children’s’ nicknames were Tom Tom and Nana.
10 testified that the ball rolled close by Hoffman, he changed his testimony on cross-
examination to state that the ball rolled to the fence, Hoffman insulted him across the
fence, and he walked around the fence to assault her.12
Additionally, the jury could have found Joyner’s changed story not credible.
Green’s story that he was called a “n——“ was corroborated in part by Joyner. At trial
Joyner testified that Green was playing basketball in her front yard and that she heard
Hoffman call Green a “n——” before he began to beat her. Joyner admitted that her
corroborating testimony was new. She neither informed the police about the racial slur
immediately following the assault nor a detective in a later interview. Joyner also testified
that when she met with the prosecutor in preparation for trial she did not tell him about
Hoffman’s alleged use of the racial slur. The evidence strongly supports Green’s
conviction for robbery even without considering his criminal history and drug use. Green
therefore cannot establish that, but for his counsel’s errors, the result of the proceeding
would have been different. See Thompson, 9 S.W.3d at 812–13. Green failed to satisfy
both prongs of the Strickland test. 466 U.S. at 487.
We overrule Green’s first and second issues.
III. FUNDAMENTAL ERROR IN CHARGE
In his third issue, Green contends that the failure to include a limiting instruction in
12 The following exchange took place during cross-examination:
State: So, you came over to get the ball, your testimony, the ball rolls over here, the ball rolls across the street, bumps up onto the curb, keeps a straight trajectory, so comes straight across, you come across, she calls you a bald head crackheaded ass n——, you walk down the fence line, up into the fence line, and approach her, and hit her?
Green: Yes sir. 11 the charge for his extraneous offenses constitutes reversible error. He contends that
because the jury was not instructed that it could not consider evidence of an extraneous
offense to prove Green’s character in conformity with the crime for which he was on trial,
Green suffered egregious harm.
A claim of jury-charge error is governed by the procedures set forth in Almanza v.
State. 686 S.W.2d 157, 171 (Tex. Crim. App. 1985) (en banc) (op. on reh'g), overruled
on other grounds by Rodriguez v. State, 758 S.W.2d 787 (Tex. Crim. App. 1988). We
must first determine whether the trial court erred in its submission of the charge. Barrios
v. State, 283 S.W.3d 348, 350 (Tex. Crim. App. 2009). If error exists and appellant
properly objected at trial, reversal is required if “some harm” resulted, i.e., if the error was
“calculated to injure the rights of the defendant.” Id. (quoting Almanza, 686 S.W.2d at
171). If appellant failed to object, error must be “fundamental,” and reversal will result
only if the error was so egregious and created such harm that the defendant “has not had
a fair and impartial trial.” Id. (quoting Almanza, 686 S.W.2d at 171).
Green did not object to the trial court's failure to include a limiting instruction in the
jury charge; thus we will consider the effect of any error under the standard of egregious
harm. Price v. State, —S.W.3d—, 2015 WL 1743388, at *2 (Tex. Crim. App. 2015). To
determine egregious harm, we must consider (1) the entire jury charge, (2) the state of
the evidence, including the contested issues and the weight of the probative evidence,
(3) the arguments of the parties, and (4) any other relevant information revealed by the
record of the trial as a whole. Allen v. State, 253 S.W.3d 260, 264 (Tex. Crim. App. 2008)
(citing Almanza, 686 S.W.2d at 171). “Jury charge error is egregiously harmful if it affects
12 the very basis of the case, deprives the defendant of a valuable right, or vitally affects a
defensive theory.” Id.
B. Discussion
We determine initially whether failure to instruct the jury regarding the limited use
for which the extraneous criminal convictions could be used was error. See Barrios, 283
S.W.3d at 350. “The trial judge does not have a duty to instruct the jury on all potential
defensive issues, lesser-included offenses, or evidentiary issues.” Grubbs v. State, 440
S.W.3d 130, 137 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2013, pet. ref’d) (citing Delgado, 235
S.W.3d at 249). The Texas Court of Criminal Appeals has noted “that the decision of
whether to request a limiting instruction concerning the proper use of certain evidence,
including extraneous offenses, may be a matter of trial strategy.” Delgado, 235 S.W.3d
at 250.
“A limiting instruction concerning the use of extraneous offense evidence should
be requested, and given, in the guilt-stage jury charge only if the defendant requested a
limiting instruction under Rule of Evidence 105 when the evidence was first admitted.”
Id. at 251; see also Hammock v. State, 46 S.W.3d 889, 894 (Tex. Crim. App. 2001);
McGowan v. State, 375 S.W.3d 585, 593 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2012, pet.
ref'd). Once evidence has been admitted without a limiting instruction, it is part of the
general evidence and may be considered for all purposes. Delgado, 235 S.W.3d at 251;
McGowan, 375 S.W.3d at 593. Here, Green did not request a limiting instruction when
the evidence was admitted during the trial and the evidence was therefore before the jury
for all purposes. See Delgado, 235 S.W.3d at 251; McGowan, 375 S.W.3d at 593.
Thus, because the evidence was before the jury for all purposes and the trial court had
13 no duty to instruct the jury on this evidentiary issue, the trial court did not err by failing to
include a limiting instruction in the jury charge. See Delgado, 235 S.W.3d at 251;
Grubbs, 440 S.W.3d at 130; see also McGowan, 375 S.W.3d at 593.
We overrule Green’s third issue.
IV. CONCLUSION
We affirm the judgment of the trial court.
NELDA V. RODRIGUEZ Justice
Do not publish. TEX. R. APP. P. 47.2(b).
Delivered and filed the 28th day of May, 2015.