IN THE TENTH COURT OF APPEALS
No. 10-09-00057-CR
GARY COLE WILKERSON, Appellant v.
THE STATE OF TEXAS, Appellee
From the 18th District Court Johnson County, Texas Trial Court No. F39078
MEMORANDUM OPINION
A jury convicted Gary Cole Wilkerson of three counts of aggravated assault (as
lesser-included offenses of aggravated assault of a public servant), unlawful possession
of a firearm by a felon, and possession of a prohibited weapon. Wilkerson pleaded true
to an enhancement allegation, and the jury assessed his punishment at twenty-five
years’ imprisonment and a $5,000 fine for each of the aggravated assault convictions,
ten years’ imprisonment for the unlawful possession conviction, and twenty years’
imprisonment for the prohibited weapon conviction. Wilkerson contends in two issues that: (1) the court erred by denying his motion for instructed verdict on the second
count of aggravated assault; and (2) the court erred by denying his request for a charge
on deadly conduct as a lesser-included offense of each of the three aggravated assault
charges. We will affirm.
Background
Wilkerson’s father called 9-1-1 to report that Wilkerson had assaulted him and
was in possession of firearms. Wilkerson has a history of mental health issues and was
speaking incoherently. He believed that various federal agencies were trying to get
him. He barricaded himself in the house, and a seventeen-hour standoff ensued.
Officers tried various tactics to bring the standoff to a peaceful resolution. At one point,
officers attempted to gain entry and immobilize Wilkerson with “beanbag” rounds fired
from a 12-gauge shotgun. Although they struck him with the beanbags, he was not
incapacitated. He responded by shooting toward the area where officers were
retreating after the unsuccessful attempt. Officers were later able to enter the home and
disarm Wilkerson with a taser.
Instructed Verdict
Wilkerson contends in his first issue that the court erred by denying his motion
for instructed verdict on the second count of aggravated assault because the
complainant for that count, Chris Havens, did not testify at trial. Specifically, he
contends that the evidence is legally insufficient to establish that Havens was
threatened or felt threatened with imminent bodily injury.
Wilkerson v. State Page 2 A challenge to the denial of a motion for an instructed verdict is a challenge to
the legal sufficiency of the evidence. McDuff v. State, 939 S.W.2d 607, 613 (Tex. Crim.
App. 1997); Johnson v. State, 271 S.W.3d 756, 757-58 (Tex. App.—Waco 2008, pet. ref’d).
In reviewing a claim of legal insufficiency, we view all of the evidence in a light most
favorable to the verdict and determine whether any rational trier of fact could have
found the essential element beyond a reasonable doubt. Jackson v. Virginia, 443 U.S. 307,
319, 99 S. Ct. 2781, 2789, 61 L. Ed. 2d 560 (1979); Sells v. State, 121 S.W.3d 748, 753-54
(Tex. Crim. App. 2003); Johnson, 271 S.W.3d at 758.
Under the indictment, the State had to prove that Wilkerson intentionally or
knowingly threatened Havens with imminent bodily injury by discharging a firearm in
his direction.1 The two officers who were complainants in the first and third counts of
the indictment both testified. Officer Dale Abbott testified that Wilkerson fired shots
from inside the house where he had barricaded himself. Abbott later testified that
Wilkerson fired these shots “at us.” Abbott testified that he “was in fear of being shot,
seriously in fear of imminent bodily harm.” According to Abbott, Havens was next to
him, and Officer Robert Sigler was in front of him.
The other complainant Officer Neal Sandlin testified that he was working with a
tactical team consisting of Abbott, Havens, Sigler, and Sandlin. Sigler was holding a
ballistic shield, providing cover for Abbott, Havens and himself. Sandlin was an
unspecified distance behind them “providing lethal cover” with an assault rifle. He
1 The State argues that Wilkerson’s first issue is moot because the jury convicted him of a lesser- included offense. We disagree. For either the charged offense or the lesser-included offense, the jury had to find that Wilkerson intentionally or knowingly threatened Havens with imminent bodily injury.
Wilkerson v. State Page 3 testified that Wilkerson fired two or three shots “in our general vicinity, in our
direction” and that the officers “were in danger at that point.”
Viewing this evidence in the light most favorable to the verdict, a rational trier of
fact could have found that Wilkerson fired shots in the direction of the four officers and
thus threatened each of them with imminent bodily injury. Accordingly, the evidence is
legally sufficient to prove Wilkerson threatened Havens with imminent bodily injury by
discharging a firearm in his direction. See Sosa v. State, 177 S.W.3d 227, 231 (Tex. App.—
Houston [1st Dist.] 2005, no pet.).
Wilkerson’s first issue is overruled.
Deadly Conduct
Wilkerson contends in his second issue that the court erred by denying his
request for a charge on deadly conduct as a lesser-included offense of each of the three
aggravated assault charges. This contention is premised on reasoning similar to that
presented in Wilkerson’s first issue.
A defendant must satisify a two-part test to obtain a charge on a lesser-included
offense. “First, the lesser-included offense must be included within the proof necessary
to establish the offense charged. Second, there must be some evidence in the record that
would permit a rational jury to find that if the defendant is guilty, he is guilty only of
the lesser-included offense.” Smith v. State, 297 S.W.3d 260, 274-75 (Tex. Crim. App.
2009) (citations omitted).
An offense is a lesser-included offense of another offense, under Article 37.09(1) of the Code of Criminal Procedure, if the indictment for the greater-inclusive offense either: 1) alleges all of the elements of the
Wilkerson v. State Page 4 lesser-included offense, or 2) alleges elements plus facts (including descriptive averments, such as non-statutory manner and means, that are alleged for purposes of providing notice) from which all of the elements of the lesser-included offense may be deduced. Both statutory elements and any descriptive averments alleged in the indictment for the greater- inclusive offense should be compared to the statutory elements of the lesser offense. If a descriptive averment in the indictment for the greater offense is identical to an element of the lesser offense, or if an element of the lesser offense may be deduced from a descriptive averment in the indictment for the greater-inclusive offense, this should be factored into the lesser-included-offense analysis in asking whether all of the elements of the lesser offense are contained within the allegations of the greater offense.
Ex parte Watson, 306 S.W.3d 259, 273 (Tex. Crim. App. 2009) (per curiam) (op. on reh’g)
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IN THE TENTH COURT OF APPEALS
No. 10-09-00057-CR
GARY COLE WILKERSON, Appellant v.
THE STATE OF TEXAS, Appellee
From the 18th District Court Johnson County, Texas Trial Court No. F39078
MEMORANDUM OPINION
A jury convicted Gary Cole Wilkerson of three counts of aggravated assault (as
lesser-included offenses of aggravated assault of a public servant), unlawful possession
of a firearm by a felon, and possession of a prohibited weapon. Wilkerson pleaded true
to an enhancement allegation, and the jury assessed his punishment at twenty-five
years’ imprisonment and a $5,000 fine for each of the aggravated assault convictions,
ten years’ imprisonment for the unlawful possession conviction, and twenty years’
imprisonment for the prohibited weapon conviction. Wilkerson contends in two issues that: (1) the court erred by denying his motion for instructed verdict on the second
count of aggravated assault; and (2) the court erred by denying his request for a charge
on deadly conduct as a lesser-included offense of each of the three aggravated assault
charges. We will affirm.
Background
Wilkerson’s father called 9-1-1 to report that Wilkerson had assaulted him and
was in possession of firearms. Wilkerson has a history of mental health issues and was
speaking incoherently. He believed that various federal agencies were trying to get
him. He barricaded himself in the house, and a seventeen-hour standoff ensued.
Officers tried various tactics to bring the standoff to a peaceful resolution. At one point,
officers attempted to gain entry and immobilize Wilkerson with “beanbag” rounds fired
from a 12-gauge shotgun. Although they struck him with the beanbags, he was not
incapacitated. He responded by shooting toward the area where officers were
retreating after the unsuccessful attempt. Officers were later able to enter the home and
disarm Wilkerson with a taser.
Instructed Verdict
Wilkerson contends in his first issue that the court erred by denying his motion
for instructed verdict on the second count of aggravated assault because the
complainant for that count, Chris Havens, did not testify at trial. Specifically, he
contends that the evidence is legally insufficient to establish that Havens was
threatened or felt threatened with imminent bodily injury.
Wilkerson v. State Page 2 A challenge to the denial of a motion for an instructed verdict is a challenge to
the legal sufficiency of the evidence. McDuff v. State, 939 S.W.2d 607, 613 (Tex. Crim.
App. 1997); Johnson v. State, 271 S.W.3d 756, 757-58 (Tex. App.—Waco 2008, pet. ref’d).
In reviewing a claim of legal insufficiency, we view all of the evidence in a light most
favorable to the verdict and determine whether any rational trier of fact could have
found the essential element beyond a reasonable doubt. Jackson v. Virginia, 443 U.S. 307,
319, 99 S. Ct. 2781, 2789, 61 L. Ed. 2d 560 (1979); Sells v. State, 121 S.W.3d 748, 753-54
(Tex. Crim. App. 2003); Johnson, 271 S.W.3d at 758.
Under the indictment, the State had to prove that Wilkerson intentionally or
knowingly threatened Havens with imminent bodily injury by discharging a firearm in
his direction.1 The two officers who were complainants in the first and third counts of
the indictment both testified. Officer Dale Abbott testified that Wilkerson fired shots
from inside the house where he had barricaded himself. Abbott later testified that
Wilkerson fired these shots “at us.” Abbott testified that he “was in fear of being shot,
seriously in fear of imminent bodily harm.” According to Abbott, Havens was next to
him, and Officer Robert Sigler was in front of him.
The other complainant Officer Neal Sandlin testified that he was working with a
tactical team consisting of Abbott, Havens, Sigler, and Sandlin. Sigler was holding a
ballistic shield, providing cover for Abbott, Havens and himself. Sandlin was an
unspecified distance behind them “providing lethal cover” with an assault rifle. He
1 The State argues that Wilkerson’s first issue is moot because the jury convicted him of a lesser- included offense. We disagree. For either the charged offense or the lesser-included offense, the jury had to find that Wilkerson intentionally or knowingly threatened Havens with imminent bodily injury.
Wilkerson v. State Page 3 testified that Wilkerson fired two or three shots “in our general vicinity, in our
direction” and that the officers “were in danger at that point.”
Viewing this evidence in the light most favorable to the verdict, a rational trier of
fact could have found that Wilkerson fired shots in the direction of the four officers and
thus threatened each of them with imminent bodily injury. Accordingly, the evidence is
legally sufficient to prove Wilkerson threatened Havens with imminent bodily injury by
discharging a firearm in his direction. See Sosa v. State, 177 S.W.3d 227, 231 (Tex. App.—
Houston [1st Dist.] 2005, no pet.).
Wilkerson’s first issue is overruled.
Deadly Conduct
Wilkerson contends in his second issue that the court erred by denying his
request for a charge on deadly conduct as a lesser-included offense of each of the three
aggravated assault charges. This contention is premised on reasoning similar to that
presented in Wilkerson’s first issue.
A defendant must satisify a two-part test to obtain a charge on a lesser-included
offense. “First, the lesser-included offense must be included within the proof necessary
to establish the offense charged. Second, there must be some evidence in the record that
would permit a rational jury to find that if the defendant is guilty, he is guilty only of
the lesser-included offense.” Smith v. State, 297 S.W.3d 260, 274-75 (Tex. Crim. App.
2009) (citations omitted).
An offense is a lesser-included offense of another offense, under Article 37.09(1) of the Code of Criminal Procedure, if the indictment for the greater-inclusive offense either: 1) alleges all of the elements of the
Wilkerson v. State Page 4 lesser-included offense, or 2) alleges elements plus facts (including descriptive averments, such as non-statutory manner and means, that are alleged for purposes of providing notice) from which all of the elements of the lesser-included offense may be deduced. Both statutory elements and any descriptive averments alleged in the indictment for the greater- inclusive offense should be compared to the statutory elements of the lesser offense. If a descriptive averment in the indictment for the greater offense is identical to an element of the lesser offense, or if an element of the lesser offense may be deduced from a descriptive averment in the indictment for the greater-inclusive offense, this should be factored into the lesser-included-offense analysis in asking whether all of the elements of the lesser offense are contained within the allegations of the greater offense.
Ex parte Watson, 306 S.W.3d 259, 273 (Tex. Crim. App. 2009) (per curiam) (op. on reh’g)
(footnotes omitted).
When we include the descriptive averments of the indictment, the elements of
aggravated assault in each of the first three counts are:
(1) Wilkerson intentionally or knowingly; (2) threatened the complainant with imminent bodily injury by discharging a firearm in his direction; and (3) used or exhibited a deadly weapon, namely, a firearm; (4) knowing that the complainant was a public servant, namely, a police officer; and (5) knowing that the complainant was lawfully discharging an official duty, namely, detaining Wilkerson.
See TEX. PEN. CODE ANN. § 22.02(a)(2) (Vernon Supp. 2009); Act of May 28, 2003, 78th
Leg., R.S., ch. 1019, § 3, 2003 Tex. Gen. Laws 2963, 2963 (amended 2005) (current version
at TEX. PEN. CODE ANN. § 22.02(b)(2)(B) (Vernon Supp. 2009)).
Conversely, the statutory elements for deadly conduct are:
(1) the defendant knowingly discharges a firearm (2) at or in the direction of one or more individuals.
See TEX. PEN. CODE ANN. § 22.05(b)(1) (Vernon 2003).
Wilkerson v. State Page 5 Wilkerson argues that he was entitled to the requested instruction because
Officer Sandlin’s testimony about the threat he posed to the officers constitutes
evidence on which a rational jury could have relied to find that he was guilty only of
deadly conduct because he did not threaten the officers. See Smith, 297 S.W.3d at 275.
The first three counts of the indictment each included the descriptive averment
that Wilkerson discharged a firearm in the complainant’s direction as the manner and
means of committing the offense of aggravated assault. This descriptive averment is
identical to the statutory elements for deadly conduct. Therefore, under this
indictment, deadly conduct is a lesser-included offense of aggravated assault by threat
under article 37.09(1).2 See Watson, 306 S.W.3d at 273; Rice v. State, 305 S.W.3d 900, 906-
07 (Tex. App.—Dallas 2010, pet. granted) (reckless driving is lesser-included offense of
aggravated assault by threat); Brown v. State, 183 S.W.3d 728, 732-33 (Tex. App.—
Houston [1st Dist.] 2005, pet. ref’d) (same). But see Rogers v. State, 38 S.W.3d 725, 727-28
(Tex. App.—Texarkana 2001, pet. ref’d).3
The second step of our inquiry requires us to determine whether there is “some
evidence in the record that would permit a rational jury to find that if the defendant is
guilty, he is guilty only of the lesser-included offense.” Smith, 297 S.W.3d at 275. “[I]t is
2 Article 37.09(1) provides, “An offense is a lesser included offense if . . . it is established by proof of the same or less than all the facts required to establish the commission of the offense charged.” TEX. CODE CRIM. PROC. ANN. art. 37.09(1) (Vernon 2006).
3 The facts of Rogers appear close to the facts in Wilkerson’s case. See Rogers v. State, 38 S.W.3d 725, 727 (Tex. App.—Texarkana 2001, pet. ref’d). But Rogers was decided before the Court of Criminal Appeals clarified that “descriptive averments, such as non-statutory manner and means” must be considered in the lesser-included analysis. See Ex parte Watson, 306 S.W.3d 259, 273 (Tex. Crim. App. 2009) (per curiam) (op. on reh’g).
Wilkerson v. State Page 6 not enough that the jury may disbelieve crucial evidence pertaining to the greater
offense, but rather, there must be some evidence directly germane to the lesser-included
offense for the finder of fact to consider before an instruction on a lesser-included
offense is warranted.” Grey v. State, 298 S.W.3d 644, 653 n.11 (Tex. Crim. App. 2009)
(quoting Hampton v. State, 109 S.W.3d 437, 441 (Tex. Crim. App. 2003)).
Wilkerson contends that, based on Officer Sandlin’s testimony, a rational jury
could have found that his act of shooting in the direction of the officers did not threaten
them with imminent bodily injury. We disagree. Officer Sandlin testified that the
officers “were in danger” when Wilkerson shot in their direction. The jury would have
to disbelieve Officer Sandlin’s testimony that the officers were in danger before it could
find Wilkerson guilty of only deadly conduct. This is not a sufficient evidentiary basis
on which to support a request for a lesser-included offense. See id. Accordingly, the
court did not err by failing to submit the requested charge on the lesser-included
offense.
Wilkerson’s second issue is overruled.
We affirm the judgment.
FELIPE REYNA Justice Before Chief Justice Gray, Justice Reyna, and Justice Davis Affirmed Opinion delivered and filed September 1, 2010 Do not publish [CRPM]
Wilkerson v. State Page 7