1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT 9 SOUTHERN DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA 10 11 MARISSA GARCIA, an individual, for Case No. 20-cv-1483-BAS-LL the real party in interest, the State of 12 California, and on behalf of other current ORDER GRANTING PLAINTIFF’S 13 and former employees MOTION TO REMAND (ECF No. 8)
14 Plaintiff,
15 v. 16 COMMONWEALTH FINANCIAL NETWORK; and DOES 1 through 50, 17 Defendants. 18
19 20 In this wage and hour litigation brought under the Private Attorneys General Act, 21 Cal. Lab. Code §§ 2698, et seq. (“PAGA”), Plaintiff Marissa Garcia alleges that her former 22 employer, Commonwealth Financial Network (CFN) failed to pay her and others the 23 correct amounts of sick pay and overtime wages. CFN removed the action to federal court 24 on the basis of diversity jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 1332. The Court is asked to decide 25 whether CFN has shown by a preponderance of the evidence that the amount-in- 26 controversy requirement and the complete diversity in citizenship requirement are met. 27 The Court finds Garcia’s motion to remand suitable for determination on the papers 28 submitted and without oral argument. See Fed. R. Civ. P. 78(b); Civ. L.R. 7.1(d)(1). For 1 the following reasons, the Court finds CFN’s Notice of Removal is deficient and 2 REMANDS this action to the San Diego Superior Court for lack of subject matter 3 jurisdiction. 4 5 I. BACKGROUND1 6 Plaintiff Marissa Garcia worked for Defendant CFN between 2018 and 2019. 7 (Compl. ¶¶ 10, 31, ECF No. 1-2.) Garcia regularly received nondiscretionary incentive 8 payments in the form of bonuses. (Id. ¶¶ 29, 40.) Sometimes Garcia worked more than 40 9 hours in a single workweek. (Id. ¶ 39.) 10 On June 15, 2020, Garcia filed suit in the Superior Court of the California in the 11 County of San Diego, alleging that CFN violated several provisions of the California Labor 12 Code. (Compl., ECF No. 1-2.) Garcia raises nine causes of action: (1) CFN underpaid 13 Garcia and other employees by applying a lower pay rate for the sick leave than what is 14 required under Section 246 of the California Labor Code; (2) CFN underpaid Garcia and 15 other employees by not adequately compensating their overtime hours; (3) CFN issued 16 wage statements that did not include the correct amounts of gross wages; (4) CFN issued 17 wage statements that did not include the correct amounts of net wages; (5) CFN issued 18 wage statements that did not include the correct hourly rates in effect during the pay period 19 and the corresponding number of hours worked at each hourly rate; (6) CFN failed to keep 20 a duplicate copy of the wage statements; (7) CFN failed to timely pay Garcia and other 21 employees during their employment; (8) CFN failed to pay Garcia and other employees all 22 wages due upon termination or separation of employment; and (9) CFN required Garcia 23 and other employees to sign an unlawful authorization form. (Id. ¶¶ 27–114.) As relief, 24 Garcia seeks 25% pro rata share of civil penalties under PAGA. (Id.) 25 26 1 The facts are taken from Garcia’s allegations in the operative complaint (Compl., ECF No. 1-2), 27 which the Court assumes are true. See Roth v. Comerica Bank, 799 F. Supp. 2d 1107, 1117 (C.D. Cal. 2010) (“In measuring the amount in controversy, a court must assume that the allegations of the complaint 28 1 On July 31, 2020, CFN removed the action to federal court based on diversity 2 jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 1332. (Notice of Removal, ECF No. 1.) CFN estimated 3 that Garcia’s pro rata share of the PAGA civil penalties amounts to $30,764.49: 4 Causes of Action (COA) PAGA recovery 5 First COA–Underpayment of sick leave $1,000.00 6 Second COA–Underpayment of overtime work $2,240.79 7 Third COA–Incorrect gross wages on wage statements $5,487.50 8 Fourth COA–Incorrect net wages on wage statements $5,487.50 9 Fifth COA–Incorrect hourly rates on wage statements $5,487.50 10 Sixth COA–Failure to keep records of wage statements $5,487.50 11 Seventh COA–Failure to timely pay during employment $1,873.70 12 Eighth COA–Failure to pay wages due upon termination $2,775.00 13 Ninth COA–Requiring employees to agree to unlawful terms $925.00 14 Total $30,764.49 15 16 (Id. ¶¶ 29–57) In addition, CFN estimated that the attorney’s fees would exceed 17 $44,235.51, and that the total amount in controversy would exceed the $75,000 threshold. 18 (Id. ¶¶ 58–67.) 19 Garcia now moves to remand the action back to state court. (Mot. Remand, ECF 20 No. 8.) She argues that neither the amount-in-controversy requirement nor the complete 21 diversity of citizenship requirement is satisfied. Garcia’s motion is ripe for decision. 22 23 II. LEGAL STANDARD 24 “Federal courts are courts of limited jurisdiction.” Kokkonen v. Guardian Life Ins. 25 Co. of Am., 511 U.S. 375, 377 (1994). “They possess only that power authorized by 26 Constitution and statute, which is not to be expanded by judicial decree.” Id. (citations 27 omitted). “[A]ny civil action brought in a State court of which the district courts of the 28 1 United States have original jurisdiction, may be removed by the defendant or the 2 defendants, to the district court of the United States.” 28 U.S.C. § 1441(a). 3 In order to invoke a district court’s diversity jurisdiction, a party must demonstrate 4 that there is complete diversity of citizenship between the parties and that the amount in 5 controversy exceeds the sum or value of $75,000, exclusive of interest and costs. See 28 6 U.S.C. § 1332; see also Caterpillar Inc. v. Lewis, 519 U.S. 61, 68 (1996). “The burden of 7 establishing federal jurisdiction is on the party invoking federal jurisdiction.” United States 8 v. Marks, 530 F.3d 799, 810 (9th Cir. 2008); see also Geographic Expeditions, Inc. v. 9 Estate of Lhotka, 599 F.3d 1102, 1106–07 (9th Cir. 2010) (“[I]n a case that has been 10 removed from state court to federal court . . . on the basis of diversity jurisdiction, the 11 proponent of federal jurisdiction—typically the defendant in the substantive dispute—has 12 the burden to prove, by a preponderance of the evidence, that removal is proper.”). 13 14 III. ANALYSIS 15 A. Amount in Controversy 16 To assert the amount in controversy in the removal notice, a “short and plain” 17 statement need not contain evidentiary submissions and must include only “a plausible 18 allegation that the amount in controversy exceeds the jurisdictional threshold.” Dart 19 Cherokee Basin Operating Co. v. Owens, 574 U.S. 81, 84, 89 (2014). If the plaintiff 20 challenges the defendant’s asserted amount in controversy, both sides may submit proof 21 and the court must find by a preponderance of the evidence that the amount in controversy 22 exceeds the jurisdictional threshold. Id. at 88 (quoting 28 U.S.C. § 1446(c)(2)(b)); see also 23 Schneider v. Ford Motor Co., 756 F. App’x 699, 700–01 (9th Cir. 2018) (“The 24 preponderance of the evidence standard applies only after ‘the plaintiff contests, or the 25 court questions, the defendant’s allegation’ and ‘both sides submit proof.’”); Guglielmino 26 v. McKee Foods Corp., 506 F.3d 696, 701 (9th Cir. 2007) (holding that when a complaint 27 “is unclear and does not specify ‘a total amount in controversy,’ the proper burden of proof 28 . . . is proof by a preponderance of the evidence”). 1 Further, if the existence of diversity jurisdiction depends on the amount in 2 controversy, “[t]he district court may consider whether it is ‘facially apparent’ from the 3 complaint that the jurisdictional amount is in controversy.” Singer v. State Farm Mut. 4 Auto. Ins. Co., 116 F.3d 373, 377 (9th Cir. 1997) (citing Allen v. R & H Oil & Gas Co., 63 5 F.3d 1326, 1335–36 (5th Cir. 1995)). If not, a court may consider facts in the removal 6 notice, and it may “require parties to submit summary-judgment-type evidence relevant to 7 the amount in controversy at the time of removal.” Id. 8 The amount in controversy is “not a prospective assessment of [a] defendant’s 9 liability.” Lewis v. Verizon Commc’ns, Inc., 627 F.3d 395, 400 (9th Cir. 2010). Rather, it 10 is the “amount at stake in the underlying litigation.” Theis Research, Inc. v. Brown & Bain, 11 400 F.3d 659, 662 (9th Cir. 2005). In assessing the amount in controversy, a court must 12 “assume that the allegations of the complaint are true and assume that a jury will return a 13 verdict for the plaintiff on all claims made in the complaint.” Campbell v. Vitran Exp., 14 Inc., 471 F. App’x 646, 648 (9th Cir. 2012) (quoting Kenneth Rothschild Tr. v. Morgan 15 Stanley Dean Witter, 199 F. Supp. 2d 993, 1001 (C.D. Cal. 2002)). “In that sense, the 16 amount in controversy reflects the maximum recovery the plaintiff could reasonably 17 recover.” Arias v. Residence Inn by Marriott, 936 F.3d 920, 927 (9th Cir. 2019) (citing 18 Chavez v. JPMorgan Chase & Co., 888 F.3d 413, 417 (9th Cir. 2018)). 19 Garcia argues that her individual potential recovery, including her pro rata share of 20 the PAGA civil penalty and attorney’s fees, would not meet the $75,000 threshold that is 21 required to invoke federal diversity jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 1332(a). 22 1. Civil Penalties under PAGA 23 Garcia argues that CFN overestimated her pro rata share of civil penalties under 24 PAGA by double-stacking mutually exclusive civil penalties for each independent Labor 25 Code violation. The Court looks to California law to resolve questions of substantive law. 26 See Hanna v. Plumer, 380 U.S. 460, 465 (1965) (“[F]ederal courts sitting in diversity cases, 27 when deciding questions of substantive law, are bound by state court decisions as well as 28 state statutes.”). “Under the [California] Labor Code, the Labor and Workforce 1 Development Agency (LWDA) and its constituent departments and divisions are 2 authorized to collect civil penalties for specified labor law violations by employers.” Home 3 Depot U.S.A., Inc. v. Superior Court, 191 Cal. App. 4th 210, 216 (2010). “To enhance the 4 enforcement of the labor laws, the Legislature enacted PAGA in 2003.” Id. Under PAGA, 5 any provision of [the California Labor] code that provides for a civil penalty to be assessed and collected by the Labor and Workforce Development 6 Agency or any of its departments, divisions, commissions, boards, agencies, 7 or employees, for a violation of this code, may, as an alternative, be recovered through a civil action brought by an aggrieved employee on behalf of himself 8 or herself and other current or former employees[.] 9 10 Cal. Lab. Code § 2699(a). “In addition, to address violations for which no such penalty 11 had been established, subdivision (f) of the statute created ‘a default penalty and a private 12 right of action’ for aggrieved employees.” Home Depot U.S.A., 191 Cal. App. 4th at 216. 13 If an employer has one or more employees, the default civil penalty is $100 for each 14 aggrieved employee per pay period for the initial violation and $200 for each aggrieved 15 employee per pay period for each subsequent violation. Cal. Lab. Code § 2699(f). 16 An aggrieved employee who succeeds in their PAGA claim is entitled to 25% of the 17 civil penalties2 and attorney’s fees and costs. Cal. Lab. Code § 2699(g)(1), (i). A plaintiff’s 18 entitlement to PAGA penalties cannot be aggregated with the penalties owed to other 19 employees in order to reach the jurisdictional threshold. Urbino v. Orkin Servs. of 20 California, Inc., 726 F.3d 1118, 1122–23 (9th Cir. 2013). In addition, the Court may only 21 consider the 25% share allotted to the PAGA plaintiff, and not the 75% that is allotted to 22 the government, for the purposes of calculating the amount in controversy required to 23 establish original diversity jurisdiction. Steenhuyse v. UBS Fin. Servs., Inc., 317 F. Supp. 24 3d 1062, 1069 (N.D. Cal. 2018) 25 The Court examines Garcia’s nine causes of action in turn to estimate her 25% pro 26 rata share of civil penalties under PAGA. 27 2 The remaining 75% is distributed to the California Labor Workforce Development Agency 28 1 i. First Cause of Action: Paid Sick Leave 2 Garcia’s first cause of action alleges that CFN violated section 246 of the California 3 Labor Code. That provision requires the employer to provide its employees with a certain 4 number of paid sick days. Cal. Lab. Code § 246. Section 248.5 specifically provides for 5 the civil penalties for the violation of section 246. Under that enforcement article, the 6 penalty is assessed at “a sum of fifty dollars ($50) for each day or portion thereof that the 7 violation occurred or continued, not to exceed an aggregate penalty of four thousand dollars 8 ($4,000).” Cal. Lab. Code § 248.5(b)(3). CFN assumes that Garcia took one day of sick 9 leave per pay period and estimates the penalty is $300, the 25% pro rata share of which 10 equals $75. (See Def.’s Notice of Removal ¶ 33, ECF No. 1.) The Court estimates the 11 same amount, $75, as Garcia’s pro rata share of PAGA civil penalty for her first cause of 12 action. Because the enforcement provision specifically provides for civil penalties, 13 Garcia’s PAGA recovery would be under section 2699(a), and not under section 2699(f). 14 See Cal. Lab. Code § 2699(f) (stating that the default civil penalty set forth in subdivision 15 (f) applies to all provisions of the Labor Code “except those for which a civil penalty is 16 specifically provided”). 17 Therefore, the civil penalty that may form a part of the amount in controversy for 18 Garcia’s first cause of action is limited to $75. 19 ii. Second Cause of Action: Overtime Wages 20 Garcia’s second cause of action is brought under sections 510, 558, 1194, and 1198 21 of the California Labor Code and the wage orders issued by the Industrial Welfare 22 Commission (IWC)3 governing compensation of overtime work. 23 Garcia is eligible to recover her pro rata share of the civil penalty for CFN’s violation 24 of section 1198 under section 2699(f) of the Labor Code. The Labor Code itself does not 25
26 3 The IWC was enacted in 1913 “to regulate the wages, hours, and working conditions of various classes of workers to protect their health and welfare.” Home Depot U.S.A., 191 Cal. App. 4th at 217. 27 “To this end, the IWC promulgated so-called ‘wage orders,’ which prescribe ‘minimum requirements with respect to wages, hours and working conditions’ for workers in a number of industries and occupations.” 28 1 itself specifically provide the amount of civil penalty to be assessed for violations of section 2 1198. See Home Depot U.S.A., 191 Cal. App. 4th at 218 (holding that the civil penalty for 3 violating an IWC wage order is not specifically provided for a cause of action brought 4 under section 1198 for a violation of an IWC wage order). Therefore, the default civil 5 penalties set forth in section 2699(f) apply. See id. 6 CFN estimates the civil penalties at $3,700, and Garcia’s 25% pro rata share at 7 $925.00. Garcia argues that CFN’s assumption that it violated the overtime provision 8 during all nineteen pay periods, when Garcia’s Complaint does not state so, is erroneous 9 and results in an inflated amount of civil penalties. In fact, Garcia’s Complaint only lists 10 a single violation during one pay period beginning on June 24, 2019, and ending on July 11 7, 2019, as an example. Where, as here, neither the plaintiff’s pleading nor the defendant’s 12 removal documents establish the basis for calculating the amount in controversy, the Court 13 may require the parties to submit evidence. E.g., Ibarra v. Manheim Investments, Inc., 775 14 F.3d 1193, 1199 (9th Cir. 2015) (vacating the district court’s order to remand the action to 15 state court and remanding to district court for consideration of evidence about the 16 applicable violation rate). Doing so would be unnecessary if the maximum amount in 17 controversy calculated based on a 100% violation rate would not amount to $75,000. For 18 the purposes of this Order, the Court uses the 100% violation rate to find that the maximum 19 pro rata share of the PAGA civil penalty under section 2699(f) attributable to Garcia’s 20 second cause of action is $925.00. 21 CFN’s removal also considers penalties under section 558 of the California Labor 22 Code, which assesses a penalty of $50 for initial violation of an IWC order and $100 for 23 each subsequent violation. Cal. Lab. Code § 558(a). Those penalties are “in addition to 24 any other civil or criminal penalty provided by law.” Cal. Lab. Code § 558(d); Guifu Li v. 25 A Perfect Day Franchise, Inc., No. 5:10-CV-01189-LHK, 2012 WL 2236752, at *17 (N.D. 26 Cal. June 15, 2012). CFN estimates the civil penalties under section 558 at $1,850, again 27 assuming a 100% violation rate, and 25% of that amount equals $462.50. The Court finds 28 1 that $462.50 is the maximum pro rata share of civil penalty under section 558(a) that Garcia 2 may recover under section 2699(a).4 3 Although CFN’s removal considered liquidated damages under section 1194.2, that 4 provision is not applicable to the present action. Section 1194.2 applies only where the 5 minimum wage provision of the Labor Code is placed at issue. See Cal. Lab. Code 6 § 1194.2; 1 M. Kirby C. Wilcox, California Employment Law § 5.40 (2020) (“An employee 7 may not recover liquidated damages for failure to pay overtime compensation.”). Here, 8 Garcia does not allege that CFN failed to pay minimum wages. Thus, the Court does not 9 consider the liquidated damages as a part of the amount in controversy. 10 Adding the pro rata share of the civil penalties for the violations of sections 1198 11 and 558, the maximum PAGA recovery that encompasses Garcia’s second cause of action 12 is $1,387.50. 13 iii. Third through Sixth Causes of Action: Wage Statements 14 Garcia alleges that CFN violated subdivision (a) of section 226 of the Labor Code, 15 which requires the employers to accurately state certain information (gross wages, net 16 wages, and hourly rates, among others) on the wage statements and keep a duplicate of any 17 wage statement provided to an employee. Garcia seeks civil penalties “under sections 18 2699(f), 226.3, and any other applicable statute allowing recovery of penalties under 19 PAGA.” (Compl. ¶¶ 57, 66, 76, 84.) 20 The initial issue is whether Garcia may recover civil penalties under section 2699(a) 21 or under section 2699(f). A district court within this circuit has held that “Cal. Lab. Code 22 § 226.3 penalties are applicable as the appropriate measure of civil penalties under PAGA” 23 for all violations of section 226. Magadia v. Wal-Mart Assocs., Inc., 384 F. Supp. 3d 1058, 24
25 4 Section 558 states that an employee may recover $50 for the initial violation or $100 for each 26 subsequent violation, “in addition to an amount sufficient to recover underpaid wages.” Cal. Lab. Code § 558(a)–(b). The Court does not consider the amount of underpaid wages as a part of the amount in 27 controversy because “the civil penalties a plaintiff may seek under section 558 through the PAGA do not include the ‘amount sufficient to recover underpaid wages.’” ZB, N.A. v. Superior Court, 8 Cal. 5th 175, 28 1 1109 (N.D. Cal. 2019) (construing Raines v. Coastal Pac. Food Distributors, Inc., 23 Cal. 2 App. 5th 667 (2018)). Because section 226.3 specifically provides for the applicable civil 3 penalties, the default civil penalty set forth in section 2699(f) does not apply, and Garcia 4 may recover her share of the civil penalties under section 2699(a). Section 226.3 provides 5 that the applicable civil penalty for a violation of section 226 is 6 two hundred fifty dollars ($250) per employee per violation in an initial citation and one thousand dollars ($1,000) per employee for each violation in 7 a subsequent citation, for which the employer fails to provide the employee a 8 wage deduction statement or fails to keep the records. 9 Cal. Lab. Code § 226.3. 10 CFN assumes that every wage statement Garcia received during her employment 11 violated section 226(a). Based on that assumption, CFN estimates the civil penalty for 12 each cause of action brought under section 226 to be $18,250, 25% of which equals 13 $4,562.5. CFN’s assumption is erroneous because Garcia’s Complaint is silent and 14 ambiguous as to the exact frequency of the alleged violations. CFN does not offer evidence 15 that supports the assumed violation rate of 100%. “[W]here the Complaint is considered 16 ambiguous regarding the frequency with which § 226(a) violations occurred, the Court 17 cannot resolve that ambiguity in favor of federal jurisdiction.” Riddoch v. McCormick & 18 Schmicks Seafood Restaurants, Inc., No. CV0907127ODWMANX, 2010 WL 11520546, 19 at *3 (C.D. Cal. June 28, 2010). Because Garcia’s Complaint is silent as to the violation 20 rate, as was the case in Riddoch, the Court declines to resolve the ambiguity in favor of 21 removal. 22 Moreover, CFN has not shown that the $1,000 penalty rate applies here. Section 23 226.3 assesses $1,000 “per employee for each violation in a subsequent citation.” Cal. 24 Lab. Code § 226.3 (emphasis added). In comparison, other provisions of the Labor Code 25 that assess higher amounts of civil penalties for cumulative violations use the word, 26 “subsequent violation,” without mentioning a subsequent citation. E.g., Cal. Lab. Code 27 §§ 210(a)(2), 558(a)(2), 2699(f)(2). A district court within this circuit has reasoned that 28 the plain reading of the statutory language used in section 226.3 dictates that a $1,000 1 penalty rate applies only where the existence of “subsequent citations” are alleged. Snow 2 v. United Parcel Serv., Inc., No. EDCV20025PSGAFMX, 2020 WL 1638250, at *4 (C.D. 3 Cal. Apr. 1, 2020). In Snow, the court found that the defendant erred in applying the $1,000 4 penalty rate to the assumed subsequent violations, where the plaintiff has not pleaded the 5 occurrence of an initial citation nor the defendant has offered evidence of one. Id. The 6 facts are analogous here. Garcia has not pleaded that an initial citation occurred nor has 7 CFN alleged so. Therefore, the Court applies the $250 penalty rate for the assumed section 8 226 violations to calculate Garcia’s maximum recovery under PAGA. 9 Assuming that all wage statements Garcia received breached section 226, nineteen 10 violations multiplied by the $250 penalty rate equals $4,750, and 25% of that amount is 11 $1,187.5. Thus, Garcia’s maximum pro rata share of civil penalties that encompasses her 12 third through sixth causes of action is $4,750 (4 × $1,187.5). 13 iv. Seventh Cause of Action: Timely Payment 14 In her seventh cause of action, Garcia alleges that CFN violated section 204 of the 15 California Labor Code by failing to timely pay the earned wages. Section 210 specifically 16 establishes civil penalties for violations of section 204. Cabardo v. Patacsil, No. 17 212CV01705TLNKJN, 2020 WL 2468197, at *7 (E.D. Cal. May 13, 2020). Under section 18 210, a defendant who violates section 204 is subject to a penalty as follows: 19 (1) For any initial violation, one hundred dollars ($100) for each failure to pay each employee. 20
21 (2) For each subsequent violation, or any willful or intentional violation, two hundred dollars ($200) for each failure to pay each employee, plus 25 percent 22 of the amount unlawfully withheld. 23 24 Cal. Lab. Code § 210(a). “An employee is only entitled to either recover the statutory 25 penalty provided for in [section 210] or to enforce a civil penalty as set forth in subdivision 26 (a) of Section 2699, but not both, for the same violation.” Cal. Lab. Code § 210(c). 27 CFN assumes that Garcia claims $19.96 in unpaid wages for each of the 19 pay 28 periods. (Notice of Removal ¶ 52.) Assuming a violation rate of 100%, the maximum civil 1 penalties that may be assessed for Garcia’s seventh cause of action is $3,794.81 ($100 × 1 2 + $200 × 18 + 25% × ($19.96 × 19)). The 25% pro rata share of that amount is $948.70. 3 Therefore, the maximum civil penalty that may form a part of the amount in controversy 4 for Garcia’s seventh cause of action is limited to $948.70. 5 v. Eighth Cause of Action: Unpaid Wages at Departure 6 Garcia’s eighth cause of action alleges that CFN failed to pay Garcia all wages upon 7 her departure from employment. Depending on the reason for her departure, an aggrieved 8 employee may sue under one of the two provisions of the Labor Code to challenge the 9 former employer’s failure to timely pay the unpaid earned wages. Section 201 of the Labor 10 Code applies to involuntary resignations, that is, when the employer discharges the 11 employee. Cal. Lab. Code § 201. Section 202 applies to voluntary resignations. Cal Lab. 12 Code § 202. Although CFN argues that civil penalties for both sections 201 and 202 should 13 be considered in estimating the amount in controversy, Garcia cannot both have been 14 involuntarily discharged and have voluntarily resigned from her employment with CFN. 15 Therefore, the Court will only consider the pro rata share of civil penalty for one violation, 16 of either section 201 or 202, in calculating the amount in controversy for Garcia’s eighth 17 cause of action. Garcia and CFN agree that Garcia may recover her pro rata share of the 18 civil penalties under section 2699(f). The default penalty for the initial violation under 19 section 2699(f) is $100. The 25% pro rata share of that amount is $25. 20 The Labor Code also provides a specific penalty for the willful violation of section 21 201 or 202. That provision “imposes up to thirty days’ wages as a penalty on an employer 22 who ‘willfully fails to pay’ wages owed to a former employee.” Adoma v. Univ. of Phoenix, 23 Inc., 270 F.R.D. 543, 553 (E.D. Cal. 2010).5 To the extent that a willful violation of section 24
25 5 The statute states in full: If an employer willfully fails to pay, without abatement or reduction, in accordance with 26 Sections 201, . . . [or] 202, . . . any wages of an employee who is discharged or who quits, the wages of the employee shall continue as a penalty from the due date thereof at the same 27 rate until paid or until an action therefor is commenced; but the wages shall not continue for more than 30 days. 28 1 201 or 202 constitutes a separate violation for which Garcia is eligible to recover civil 2 penalties under PAGA, she may do so under section 2699(a). Neither party alleges, or 3 provides evidence of, the length of the delay. 4 Courts have used the statutory maximum penalty for the purpose of calculating the 5 amount in controversy by crediting the employee as working full-time (40 hours per week 6 or 8 hours per day) during the thirty-day period. See, e.g., Adkins v. J.B. Hunt Transp., 7 Inc., 293 F. Supp. 3d 1140, 1146 & n.5 (E.D. Cal. 2018); Andrade v. Arby’s Rest. Grp., 8 Inc., 225 F. Supp. 3d 1115, 1139 (N.D. Cal. 2016) (estimating the civil penalty for the 9 section 203 claim by multiplying the plaintiff’s hourly rate of pay by an eight-hour 10 workday over thirty days). Here, CFN offers evidence that Garcia’s hourly rate was 11 $19.96. (Decl. of Ellen Rosenberg ¶ 11, ECF No. 1-4.) Applying that hourly rate to an 12 eight-hour workday for the thirty-day period, the maximum civil penalty that Garcia may 13 recover under section 203 is $4,790.4 ($19.96/hour × 8 hours per day × 30 days). Garcia’s 14 25% pro rata share of that amount is $1,197.6. 15 Adding the two amounts ($25 and $1,197.6) together, the Court finds that the 16 maximum pro rata share of civil penalty that may form a part of the amount in controversy 17 for Garcia’s eighth cause of action is $1,222.6. 18 vi. Ninth Cause of Action: Unlawful Form 19 Garcia’s ninth cause of action alleges that CFN violated section 432.5 of the Labor 20 Code by requiring her to sign an unlawful form as a part of her employment. Garcia and 21 CFN agree that Garcia’s 25% share of the PAGA civil penalty applicable to Garcia’s ninth 22 cause of action is $925.00. 23 Based on the foregoing calculations, the amount in controversy for Garcia’s asserted 24 claims, exclusive of attorney’s fees, is at most $9,308.80, which is much less than CFN’s 25 estimation of $30,764.49, on which CFN based its removal. 26 // 27 // 28 1 Causes of Action (COA) Maximum PAGA Recovery 2 First COA–Underpayment of sick leave $75.00 3 Second COA–Underpayment of overtime work $1,387.50 4 Third COA–Incorrect gross wages on wage statements $1,187.50 5 Fourth COA–Incorrect net wages on wage statements $1,187.50 6 Fifth COA–Incorrect hourly rates on wage statements $1,187.50 7 Sixth COA–Failure to keep records of wage statements $1,187.50 8 Seventh COA–Failure to timely pay $948.70 9 Eighth COA–Failure to pay wages due upon termination $1,222.60 10 Ninth COA–Requiring employee to agree to unlawful terms $925.00 11 Total $9,308.80 12
13 14 2. Attorney’s Fees 15 Garcia also seeks attorney’s fees under sections 1194 and 2699(g) of the Labor Code. 16 (Compl. ¶¶ 36, 48–49, 58, 67, 77, 85, 95, 105, 114.) Garcia estimates that the recoverable 17 attorney’s fees are $22,000, whereas CFN estimates that attorney’s fees alone would 18 exceed $75,000, which is equivalent to 250 hours billed at an hourly rate of $300. “The 19 amount in controversy includes . . . attorney’s fees, if authorized by statute or contract.” 20 Kroske v. U.S. Bank Corp., 432 F.3d 976, 980 (9th Cir. 2005). “[T]he measure of fees 21 should be the amount that can reasonably be anticipated at the time of removal, not merely 22 those already incurred.” Simmons v. PCR Tech., 209 F. Supp. 2d 1029, 1035 (N.D. Cal. 23 2002). Such estimations should be conservative estimates. See Guglielmino v. McKee 24 Foods Corp., 506 F.3d 696, 701 (9th Cir.2007). In the context of a PAGA action, courts 25 consider only the plaintiff’s pro rata share of attorney’s fees in assessing the amount in 26 controversy. See Canela v. Costco Wholesale Corp., 971 F.3d 845, 850 (9th Cir. 2020) 27 (finding that the plaintiff’s pro rata share of civil penalties, including attorney’s fees, was 28 not greater than the $75,000 jurisdictional threshold). “The amount of fees commonly 1 incurred in similar litigation can usually be reasonably estimated based on experience.” 2 Brady v. Mercedes–Benz USA, Inc., 243 F. Supp. 2d 1004, 1011 (N.D. Cal. 2002). 3 “Courts have ‘held that a reasonable rate for employment cases is $300 per hour’ 4 and ‘100 hours is an appropriate and conservative estimate’ of the number of hours 5 expended through trial for an employment action.” Adkins v. J.B. Hunt Transp., Inc., 293 6 F. Supp. 3d 1140, 1148 (E.D. Cal. 2018) (citing Sasso v. Noble Utah Long Beach, LLC, 7 No. CV 14-09154-AB AJWX, 2015 WL 898468, at *6 (C.D. Cal. Mar. 3, 2015) (collecting 8 cases)). In a recent action, a federal court in California applied 100 billable hours at an 9 hourly rate of $300 as a basis for reasonable and conservative estimate of the attorney’s 10 fees in an employment litigation involving claims of wage and hour violations, 11 discrimination, and wrongful termination. See Adkins, 293 F. Supp. 3d at 1148. 12 Based on the Court’s experience in similar cases, the Court finds that $30,000, or 13 100 hours of attorney’s time multiplied by a billing rate of $300 per hour, is a reasonable 14 and conservative estimate to litigate Garcia’s wage and hour claims through trial. CFN 15 assumes that litigating this case would necessitate Garcia to incur more than 250 hours of 16 billable hours without explaining why. The various cases that CFN cites in its removal do 17 not provide a better benchmark to guide the Court’s decision because those cases are either 18 not as recent or not decided by a federal district court in California. Although CFN lists 19 examples of attorney’s fees awarded to Garcia’s counsel in other PAGA actions, CFN does 20 not provide information about those cases that would help this Court to calculate the pro 21 rata share of attorney’s fees in the present action. 22 The Court finds that the amount in controversy of Garcia’s claims is estimated at 23 $39,308.80, which is a sum of the estimated pro rata share of PAGA civil penalties 24 ($9,308.80) and the estimated attorney’s fees ($30,000). Because CFN, as the removing 25 party, has not met its burden to show by a preponderance of the evidence that the amount 26 in controversy is greater than the $75,000 jurisdictional threshold, the Court finds that it 27 lacks original diversity jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 1332. See Estate of Lhotka, 599 F.3d 28 at 1106–07. Therefore, CFN’s removal was improper. 1 B. Complete Diversity of Citizenship 2 Having found that the amount in controversy requirement is not met, the Court need 3 ||not resolve whether the parties are completely diverse. See 28 U.S.C. § 1332 (requiring 4 || both an amount in controversy greater than $75,000 and a complete diversity of citizenship 5 || to establish federal diversity of citizenship jurisdiction). 6 7 |\|IV. CONCLUSION 8 Because Defendant fails to establish diversity jurisdiction as required by 28 U.S.C. 9 1332 and 1441, the Court REMANDS this action to the San Diego Superior Court for 10 of subject matter jurisdiction. See 28 U.S.C. § 1447(c) (If at any time before final 11 ||/judgment it appears that the district court lacks subject matter jurisdiction, the case shall 12 || be remanded.’’). 13 14 IT IS SO ORDERED. 15 16 || DATED: November 24, 2020 Lin A (Lyohaa 6 7 United States District Judge 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 _1&-