WoodbüRV, J.,
delivered the opinion of the court.
No pretence exists that the defendants have received any money belonging to the plaintiff, unless it be for the services of his son while a minor. The general right of the parent to recover for such services, cannot be contested. 1 Black. Com. 453.-Co. Litt. 117, note 161.
But that recovery may be modified in its form, or wholly defeated on the merits, by the circumstances of the case. We recollect no positions upon which actions for this cause can be sustained, except the following:
1st. Where the parent makes no express contract with the employer of the infant, but rests his claim on an implied promise to pay a quantum meruit for the services, to the person entitled to them.
2d. Where the parent previously enters into an agreement with the employer, and founds his action on that agreement.
3d. When the minor makes a special contract, which the [30]*30parent subsequently assents to, as made by an agent for his benefit, and for the fulfilment of which the parent sues.
4th. When, in either of the above cases, the minors earnings have passed into the hands of a third person, and the suit therefor is commenced against him.
But the present action cannot be supported on the first position, because the declaration is for money had and received, and not for the services of the minor, eo nomine, as the principles of the suit require; 1 Bl. Com. 446; and the propriety of which principles numerous precedents demonstrate. 12 John. 188, Cook vs. Husted. - 6 John. 274, James vs. LeRoy & al. - 5 East 39, in note, Eades vs. Vandeput.-2 Mass. Rep. 113, Benson vs. Remington.
Nor does it appear that the defendants were any thing more than mere prize agents to the owners; whereas a suit under the first position should be against those partly or wholly interested .; else the defendants would not appear to have been benefitted by the infant’s labor; and evidence of this benefit is indispensable in order to raise an implied promise to pay for it. 6 John. 274.
In actions founded on this principle, too, the rule of damage is not any contract the minor may make, or any accidental benefit the employer may receive, but the mere abstract value of the services: which in this case would be the worth of about seven weeks labor, instead of the proceeds of half a prize ticket. (Vide authorities supra, and 2 Cranch 270, Mason & al. vs. Ship Blaireau.)
The facts negative any previous express contract between the plaintiff and the defendants, as to the labor of the infant, and consequently the suit cannot be sustained on the principles involved in the second position. 1 Vez. 48. In such case, too, the declaration is usually, if not necessarily, founded upon the special agreement, (7 Mass. Rep. 145. Day vs. Everett) and details its particulars.
The doctrine contained in the third position, which supposes the plaintiff to sue as principal, on a special contract, made by the minor, as his agent, we apprehend may be extended to this class of cases, under certain circumstances.
[31]*31But the suit should be against the contracting party: here probably the owners, and not the prize-agents. It should be founded, too, on the contract, which was here probably contained in the articles of agreement entered into, and in the prize ticket executed, at the time Carter Gale shipped on board the Portsmouth ; and should not be generally for money had and received. If a case can be supposed, dispensing with a special count on the agreement, where the prize-agents and not the owners were in fact the employers of the minor ; yet a person so contracting with the minor as agent can, when sued by the principal, unless previously notified of the claims of the latter, interpose any defence which would be valid against the agent. 7 D. & E. 359, George vs. Claggett & al.
The defendants, however, were not so notified ; and at the commencement of-this suit possessed a valid discharge from the agent.
Upon the principles involved in the fourth position, the plaintiff may recover upon the present declaration and against the present defendants, if they still retain money belonging to him, which was received from others. Such seems to have been the character of the cases, Barber vs. Dennis, reported 1 Salk. 68, and 6 Mod. 69, and the anonymous one 12 Mod. 415, and 2 Saund. 47, note 1.
But the defendants have received no such money, under the circumstances supposed in the second position : that is, from persons under a previous express contract to pay the plaintiff for the services of his son — at least, the evidence proves no such contract.
If they have received it under the circumstances supposed to exist in the third position, from persons contracting with the son as an agent whose acts the father subsequently ratifies, then the defendants at the commencement of this action had ceased to be liable, because the money so received had before that period been paid to the agent, and they released from any further responsibility.
Should we, however, consider them under the circumstances supposed in the first position, as receiving from tfie [32]*32owneis of the privateer, through the hands of the marshal, money to discharge all claims against them as owners, perhaps no competent satisfactory reason exists against their being liable to the plaintiff in this form of action. 3 Bos. & Pul. 257.-1 Wilson 211.-4 East 238.-2 do. 507. Hut the extent of that liability must be limited by the real value of the services of the son, during the seven weeks he was engaged in the owners’ employ ; and the plaintiff must, also, under all the facts in this case, be entitled to the benefit of those services.
We have limited the amount recoverable, to the real value of the services; because a claim growing out of an implied promise to pay for labor, cannot, as we have shewn under the first position, extend beyond the abstract value of that labor. On this point, James vs. Le Roy & al. is a direct authority — strongly supported by Mason & al. vs. The Ship Blaireau, and 1 Vez. 83.
Were the defendants liable in this case as receiving the money of the owners, under the circumstances of a previous contract with the parent, or of one with the infant, subsequently ratified by the parent, the rule of damages would of course be different, embracing all expressly contracted for. Such probably were the principles governing the eases in the 6 arid 12 Mod,., before cited. But we have shewn that such is not the situation of the present case, and consequently the verdict must be set aside. It has thus become unnecessary to decide whether the plaintiff can in this action recover for the actual services of his soil.
It deserves, however, the consideration of the plaintiff’s counsel, before entering on a new trial, as the defendants have received no money but since the son of the plaintiff became age ; as the plaintiff made no claim in the district court; as the property was there condemned to the actual
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WoodbüRV, J.,
delivered the opinion of the court.
No pretence exists that the defendants have received any money belonging to the plaintiff, unless it be for the services of his son while a minor. The general right of the parent to recover for such services, cannot be contested. 1 Black. Com. 453.-Co. Litt. 117, note 161.
But that recovery may be modified in its form, or wholly defeated on the merits, by the circumstances of the case. We recollect no positions upon which actions for this cause can be sustained, except the following:
1st. Where the parent makes no express contract with the employer of the infant, but rests his claim on an implied promise to pay a quantum meruit for the services, to the person entitled to them.
2d. Where the parent previously enters into an agreement with the employer, and founds his action on that agreement.
3d. When the minor makes a special contract, which the [30]*30parent subsequently assents to, as made by an agent for his benefit, and for the fulfilment of which the parent sues.
4th. When, in either of the above cases, the minors earnings have passed into the hands of a third person, and the suit therefor is commenced against him.
But the present action cannot be supported on the first position, because the declaration is for money had and received, and not for the services of the minor, eo nomine, as the principles of the suit require; 1 Bl. Com. 446; and the propriety of which principles numerous precedents demonstrate. 12 John. 188, Cook vs. Husted. - 6 John. 274, James vs. LeRoy & al. - 5 East 39, in note, Eades vs. Vandeput.-2 Mass. Rep. 113, Benson vs. Remington.
Nor does it appear that the defendants were any thing more than mere prize agents to the owners; whereas a suit under the first position should be against those partly or wholly interested .; else the defendants would not appear to have been benefitted by the infant’s labor; and evidence of this benefit is indispensable in order to raise an implied promise to pay for it. 6 John. 274.
In actions founded on this principle, too, the rule of damage is not any contract the minor may make, or any accidental benefit the employer may receive, but the mere abstract value of the services: which in this case would be the worth of about seven weeks labor, instead of the proceeds of half a prize ticket. (Vide authorities supra, and 2 Cranch 270, Mason & al. vs. Ship Blaireau.)
The facts negative any previous express contract between the plaintiff and the defendants, as to the labor of the infant, and consequently the suit cannot be sustained on the principles involved in the second position. 1 Vez. 48. In such case, too, the declaration is usually, if not necessarily, founded upon the special agreement, (7 Mass. Rep. 145. Day vs. Everett) and details its particulars.
The doctrine contained in the third position, which supposes the plaintiff to sue as principal, on a special contract, made by the minor, as his agent, we apprehend may be extended to this class of cases, under certain circumstances.
[31]*31But the suit should be against the contracting party: here probably the owners, and not the prize-agents. It should be founded, too, on the contract, which was here probably contained in the articles of agreement entered into, and in the prize ticket executed, at the time Carter Gale shipped on board the Portsmouth ; and should not be generally for money had and received. If a case can be supposed, dispensing with a special count on the agreement, where the prize-agents and not the owners were in fact the employers of the minor ; yet a person so contracting with the minor as agent can, when sued by the principal, unless previously notified of the claims of the latter, interpose any defence which would be valid against the agent. 7 D. & E. 359, George vs. Claggett & al.
The defendants, however, were not so notified ; and at the commencement of-this suit possessed a valid discharge from the agent.
Upon the principles involved in the fourth position, the plaintiff may recover upon the present declaration and against the present defendants, if they still retain money belonging to him, which was received from others. Such seems to have been the character of the cases, Barber vs. Dennis, reported 1 Salk. 68, and 6 Mod. 69, and the anonymous one 12 Mod. 415, and 2 Saund. 47, note 1.
But the defendants have received no such money, under the circumstances supposed in the second position : that is, from persons under a previous express contract to pay the plaintiff for the services of his son — at least, the evidence proves no such contract.
If they have received it under the circumstances supposed to exist in the third position, from persons contracting with the son as an agent whose acts the father subsequently ratifies, then the defendants at the commencement of this action had ceased to be liable, because the money so received had before that period been paid to the agent, and they released from any further responsibility.
Should we, however, consider them under the circumstances supposed in the first position, as receiving from tfie [32]*32owneis of the privateer, through the hands of the marshal, money to discharge all claims against them as owners, perhaps no competent satisfactory reason exists against their being liable to the plaintiff in this form of action. 3 Bos. & Pul. 257.-1 Wilson 211.-4 East 238.-2 do. 507. Hut the extent of that liability must be limited by the real value of the services of the son, during the seven weeks he was engaged in the owners’ employ ; and the plaintiff must, also, under all the facts in this case, be entitled to the benefit of those services.
We have limited the amount recoverable, to the real value of the services; because a claim growing out of an implied promise to pay for labor, cannot, as we have shewn under the first position, extend beyond the abstract value of that labor. On this point, James vs. Le Roy & al. is a direct authority — strongly supported by Mason & al. vs. The Ship Blaireau, and 1 Vez. 83.
Were the defendants liable in this case as receiving the money of the owners, under the circumstances of a previous contract with the parent, or of one with the infant, subsequently ratified by the parent, the rule of damages would of course be different, embracing all expressly contracted for. Such probably were the principles governing the eases in the 6 arid 12 Mod,., before cited. But we have shewn that such is not the situation of the present case, and consequently the verdict must be set aside. It has thus become unnecessary to decide whether the plaintiff can in this action recover for the actual services of his soil.
It deserves, however, the consideration of the plaintiff’s counsel, before entering on a new trial, as the defendants have received no money but since the son of the plaintiff became age ; as the plaintiff made no claim in the district court; as the property was there condemned to the actual captors, among whom was the son ; as no title to the property was vested in airy body, until the condemnation, when he was 21 ; and as'the defendants received the money and distributed it in strict conformity to the decree, before any suit was [33]*33instituted, whether they can now be regarded liable to the plaintiff, in any form of action, for any part of the prize money. 16 East 275.-4 D. & E. 382.—2 Bro. ad. & Civ. L. 235.
Where a minor happens to be eloigned from the parent, the flatter often ceases to be entitled to any portion of his wages, on the ground that the former would without them be suffered to starve. In some cases, also, special rewards, conferred for important personal services, as salvage, prize money, bounties, &c. seem peculiarly the minor’s individual property.. 2 Crunch 270.-10 Niles' Register 387-9.
Nor would it require very strong additional circumstances to satisfy a jury that a parent neglecting in this manner to interpose a claim, had consented to the son’s receipt of his own wages: at all events, their attention should have been directed to this point on the trial. .
Verdict sat aside and a new trial granted.
Richardsos, C. J., having been of counsel, did not sit.