G & G Closed Circuit Events, LLC v. Arias Alfaro

• Court: District Court, E.D. California
• Decided: February 7, 2023
• Docket: 1:22-cv-00543
• Status: Unknown

Opinion

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT 9 EASTERN DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA 10

11 G & G CLOSED CIRCUIT EVENTS, LLC, ) Case No.: 1:22-cv-0543 JLT SKO ) 12 Plaintiff, ) ORDER GRANTING PLAINTIFF’S MOTION TO ) STRIKE DEFENDANTS’ AFFIRMATIVE 13 v. ) DEFENSES ) 14 JORGE LUIS ARIAS ALFARO and ) (Doc. 10) JOSE B. SALAZAR, individually and d/b/a ) 15 MERCADO CARNICERIA DEL VALLE, ) ) 16 Defendants. ) ) 17

18 G & G Closed Circuit Events asserts that Jorge Luis Arias Alfaro and Jose B. Salazar, 19 individually and doing business as Mercado Carniceria Del Valle, broadcast a program without paying 20 the commercial licensing fee. (Doc. 1.) Plaintiff seeks to strike the affirmative defenses asserted by 21 Defendants pursuant to Rule 12(f) of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure. (Doc. 10.) The Court 22 finds the matter suitable for decision without oral arguments, and no oral argument will be set 23 pursuant to Local Rule 230(g). For the reasons set forth below, Plaintiff’s motion to strike is 24 GRANTED. 25 I. Factual and Procedural History 26 Plaintiff alleges the company possessed “the exclusive nationwide commercial distribution 27 (closed-circuit) rights to Saul ‘Canelo’ Alvarez v. Billy Joe Saunders Championship Fight Program” 28 (“the Program”), which was broadcast on May 8, 2021. (Doc. 1 at 6, ¶ 17.) Plaintiff asserts this 1 Program included “all under-card bouts and fight commentary encompassed in the television broadcast 2 of the event.” (Id. at 6-7, ¶ 17.) Plaintiff asserts the company “entered into subsequent sublicensing 3 agreements with various commercial entities throughout North America, including entities within the 4 State of California, by which it granted these entities limited sublicensing rights, specifically the rights 5 to publicly exhibit the Program within their respective commercial establishments.” (Id., ¶ 18.) 6 According to Plaintiff, “[t]he Program could only be exhibited in a commercial establishment in 7 California if said establishment was contractually authorized to do so by Plaintiff G & G Closed Circuit 8 Events, LLC.” (Id., ¶ 19 [emphasis omitted].) Plaintiff reports the Program “originated via satellite 9 uplink and was subsequently re- transmitted to cable systems and satellite companies to Plaintiff’s sub- 10 licensees.” (Id., ¶ 21.) 11 Plaintiff asserts that in violation of the company’s rights, “Defendants intercepted, received and 12 published the Program at Mercado Carniceria Del Valle.” (Doc. 1 at 8, ¶ 22.) Plaintiff alleges that 13 “Defendants also divulged and published said communication, or assisted in divulging and publishing 14 said communication to patrons within Mercado Carniceria Del Valle.” (Id.) Plaintiff contends: 15 With full knowledge that the Program was not to be intercepted, received, published, divulged, displayed, and/or exhibited by commercial entities 16 unauthorized to do so the above named Defendants, either through direct action or through actions of employees or agents directly imputable to 17 Defendants (as outlined in Paragraphs 7- 23 above), did unlawfully intercept, receive, publish, divulge, display, and/or exhibit the Program at 18 the time of its transmission at their commercial establishment located at 10301 Artesia Blvd., Ste. 104-105, Bellflower, CA 90706. 19

20 (Id. at 1, ¶ 23 [emphasis omitted].) 21 According to Plaintiff, “[a]t all times relevant hereto, including on Saturday, May 8, 2021,” 22 defendants Jorge Luis Arias Alfaro and Jose B. Salazar were each “an owner and/or operator, and/or 23 licensee, and/or permittee, and/or an individual with dominion, control, oversight and management of 24 the commercial, establishment doing business as Mercado Carniceria Del Valle.” (Doc. 1 at 3-4, ¶¶ 7, 25 9.) Plaintiff also alleges Alfaro and Salazar were each “specifically identified as a licensee on the 26 California Department of Alcoholic Beverage Control License (ABC #547252) issued for Mercado 27 Carniceria Del Valle” at relevant times, including the night of the Program. (Id. at 4, ¶¶ 8, 10.) 28 Plaintiff asserts that the night of the Program broadcast, Alfaro and Salazar “had the right and 1 ability to supervise the activities of Mercado Carniceria Del Valle, which included the unlawful 2 interception, receipt, and publication of Plaintiff’s Program.” (Doc. 1 at 5, ¶ 11.) Further, Plaintiff 3 contends Alfaro and Salazar were obligated “to supervise the activities of Mercado Carniceria Del 4 Valle,” and the defendants “specifically directed or permitted the employees of Mercado Carniceria 5 Del Valle to unlawfully intercept, receive, and publish Plaintiff’s Program …, or intentionally 6 intercepted, received, and published the Program at Mercado Carniceria Del Valle themselves.” (Id., 7 ¶¶ 12-13.) 8 Plaintiff alleges the night of the Program broadcast, “Mercado Carniceria Del Valle sold food 9 and alcohol to its patrons,” and the Program broadcast “resulted in increased profits for Mercado 10 Carniceria Del Valle.” (Doc. 1 at 6, ¶¶ 14-15.) Plaintiff asserts the “unauthorized interception, 11 reception, publication, exhibition, divulgence, display, and/or exhibition by the Defendants was done 12 willfully and for purposes of direct and/or indirect commercial advantage and/or private financial gain.” 13 (Id. at 8, ¶ 24.) According to Plaintiff, “[a]s a proximate result of the aforementioned acts attributable 14 to the Defendants, Plaintiff has been permanently deprived of the patronage of current, previous and 15 potential customers of the sports and entertainment programming it licenses commercially to the 16 hospitality industry….” (Id. at 13-14, ¶ 46.) Plaintiff seeks damages including—but not limited to— 17 statutory damages under Sections 553 and 605; compensatory, exemplary, and punitive damages for the 18 tort of conversion; and restitution under California’s Unfair Competition Law. (Id. at 14-16.) 19 On May 5, 2022, Plaintiff initiated this action by filing a complaint, seeking to hold 20 Defendants liable for violations of the Communications Act of 1934 (47 U.S.C. § 605, et seq.) and the 21 Cable & Television Consumer Protection and Competition Act of 1992 (47 U.S.C. § 553, et seq.). 22 (Doc. 1 at 6-11.) Plaintiff also seeks to hold Defendants liable under state law for the tort of 23 conversion and a violation of California Business and Professions Code, Section 17200. (Id. at 11-14.) 24 Defendants filed their Answer on July 19, 2022. (Doc. 6.) Defendants asserted 21 affirmative 25 defenses, which included reserving “their right to add additional affirmative defenses [in] the event 26 discovery indicates they would be appropriate.” (Id. at 11, ¶ 69.) 27 On August 9, 2022, Plaintiff filed the motion to strike now pending before the Court, seeking 28 to strike Defendants’ affirmative defenses and the reservation clause. (Doc. 10.) Defendants filed 1 their opposition to the motion on August 23, 2022 (Doc. 12), to which Plaintiff filed a reply on 2 September 2, 2022 (Doc. 13). 3 II. Legal Standards 4 Rule 8 of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure requires a party responding to a pleading to 5 “state in short and plain terms its defenses to each claim asserted against it.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 8(b)(1). 6 Further, responding parties are instructed to “state any avoidance or affirmative defense, including: 7 accord and satisfaction; arbitration and award; assumption of risk; contributory negligence; duress; 8 estoppel; failure of consideration; fraud; illegality; injury by fellow servant; laches; license; payment; 9 release; res judicata; statute of frauds; statute of limitations; and waiver.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 8(c)(1). 10 The Court may strike “an insufficient defense or any redundant, immaterial, impertinent, or 11 scandalous matter” from a pleading, either on the Court’s own motion or by motion of a party. Fed. R. 12 Civ. P. 12(f). An affirmative defense may be “insufficient” under Rule 12(f) as a matter of pleading or 13 as a matter of law. Butcher v. City of Marysville, 398 F.Supp.3d 715, 728 (E.D. Cal. 2019); see also 14 Wyshak v. City Nat’l Bank, 607 F.2d 824, 827 (9th Cir. 1979). A defense is insufficiently pled if it fails 15 to give “fair notice” of the defense and is insufficient as a matter of law when there are no questions of 16 fact or law, and the defense would not succeed under any circumstances. Wyshak, 607 F.2d at 827; 17 SEC v. Sands, 902 F. Supp. 1149, 1165 (C.D. Cal. 1995) (citations omitted). Further, a defense may be 18 stricken as immaterial if it “has no essential or important relationship to the claim for relief or the 19 defenses being pleaded.” Fantasy, Inc. v. Fogerty, 984 F.2d 1524, 1527 (9th Cir. 1993) (citations 20 omitted), rev’d on other grounds, 510 U.S. 517 (1994); see also Fed. R. Civ. P. 12(f). 21 The purpose of a motion to strike under Rule 12(f) “is to avoid the expenditure of time and 22 money that must arise from litigating spurious issues.” Sidney-Vinstein v. A.H. Robins Co., 697 F.2d 23 880, 885 (9th Cir. 1983). However, motions to strike affirmative defenses “are disfavored and 24 infrequently granted.” Neveau v. City of Fresno, 392 F. Supp. 2d 1159, 1170 (E.D. Cal. 2005). The 25 Court “must view the pleading under attack in the light more favorable to the pleader.” Garcia ex rel. 26 Marin v. Clovis Unified School Dist., 2009 WL 2982900, at *23 (E.D. Cal. Sept.14, 2009) (internal 27 citation omitted). Even if a court strikes an affirmative defense, leave to amend should be freely given 28 where the opposing party will not be prejudiced given the strong policy favoring resolution of cases “on 1 the proofs rather than the pleadings.” Rennie & Laughlin, Inc. v. Chrysler Corp., 242 F.2d 208, 213 2 (9th Cir. 1957); Wyshak, 607 F.2d at 827. 3 III. Discussion and Analysis 4 Plaintiff asserts that each of the affirmative defenses stated by Defendants should be stricken. 5 (See generally Doc. 10.) Defendants oppose the motion, asserting the affirmative defenses are 6 sufficient, and Plaintiff would not be prejudiced by litigating the identified defenses. (Doc. 12 at 2-5.) 7 A. Prejudice 8 As an initial matter, the parties disagree whether Plaintiff must establish prejudice to prevail on 9 a motion to strike affirmative defenses under Rule 12(f). Defendants contend that “courts have 10 regularly and explicitly” required a moving party to demonstrate prejudice, and argue Plaintiff fails to 11 meet this standard. (Id. at 5, citing FTC v. Medicor LLC, 2001 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 26774, at *5 (C.D. 12 Cal. June 26, 2001); Fantasy. Inc. v. Fogerty, 984 F.2d 1524, 1528 (9th Cir. I993) rev’d on other 13 grounds.) Plaintiff acknowledges there is a split among the courts—including courts within the 14 Eastern District— in whether prejudice is required to prevail on motion to strike. (Doc. 10 at 14.) 15 However, Plaintiff notes a court in the Eastern District indicated that “the text of Rule 12(f) does not 16 suggest[] prejudice is required.” (Id., quoting, e.g., Peacock v. Pabst Brewing Co., LLC, 2022 WL 17 446201, at *4 (E.D. Cal. Feb. 14, 2022).) 18 The plain language of Rule 12(f) does not require a moving party to show prejudice. See Fed. 19 R. Civ. P. 12(f). Rather, it appears a showing of prejudice was “judicially created,” as a result of the 20 view that “motions to strike ‘are often used as delaying tactics and because of the limited importance 21 of pleadings in federal practice.’” Citizens for Quality Educ. San Diego (S.D. Cal. Feb. 18, 2018) 22 (citing Ollier v. Sweetwater Union High Sch. Dist., 735 F. Supp. 2d 1222, 1223 (S.D. Cal. 2010), 23 aff’d, 768 F.3d 843 (9th Cir. 2014). 24 Notably, this Court observed that no published Ninth Circuit authority requires a showing of 25 prejudice to strike affirmative defenses. Houston Cas. Co. v. Crum & Forster Ins. Co., 2016 WL 26 4494444 at *4 (E.D. Cal. Aug. 25, 2016). However, the Court noted that in an unpublished opinion, 27 the Ninth Circuit rejected the argument that a moving party should be required to demonstrate 28 prejudice to strike redundant material, observing “Rule 12(f) says nothing about a showing of 1 prejudice.” Atlantic Richfield Co. v. Ramirez, 1999 WL 273241, at *2 (9th Cir. 1999). The Ninth 2 Circuit expressly indicated it “decline[d] to add additional requirements to the Federal Rules of Civil 3 Procedure when they are not supported by the text of the rule.” Id. Following this “clear, directly on- 4 point (albeit non-precedential) guidance from the Ninth Circuit,” this Court concluded a moving party 5 is not required to show prejudice in moving to strike under Rule 12(f). See Houston Cas. Co., 2016 6 WL 4494444 at *5. Likewise, here, the Court declines to require Plaintiff to show prejudice where 7 such a requirement is not found in Rule 12(f). 8 B. First Affirmative Defense (Fails to State a Claim): “Plaintiff’s Complaint, and each and every cause of action therein, fails to state facts sufficient to constitute a cause of 9 action or a claim upon which relief can be granted against these answering Defendants.” (Doc. 6 at 7, ¶ 49.) 10

11 Plaintiff contends this is not an affirmative defense, because Defendants is merely pointing to a 12 purported defect in the complaint. (Doc. 10 at 5, citation omitted). Previously, this Court explained 13 that proper “[a]ffirmative defenses plead matters extraneous to the plaintiff’s prima facie case, which 14 deny plaintiff’s right to recover, even if the allegations of the complaint are true.” Federal Deposit 15 Ins. Corp. v. Main Hurdman, 655 F. Supp. 259, 262 (E.D. Cal. 1987). In contrast, “allegations that the 16 Plaintiff cannot prove the elements of his claims are not affirmative defenses.” Hernandez v. County 17 of Monterey, 306 F.R.D. 279 (N.D. Cal. 2015) (citation omitted); see also Solis v. Couturier, 2009 WL 18 2022343, at *3 (E.D. Cal. July 8, 2009) (“an assertion that the [plaintiff] cannot prove the elements of 19 her claim” is not a proper affirmative defense). It follows that, “failure to state a claim” is not an 20 affirmative defense. Vasquez v. Leprino Foods Co., (E.D. Cal. May 1, 2021); see also Barnes v. AT & 21 T Pension Ben. Plan, 718 F. Supp. 2d 1167, 1173 (N.D. Cal. 2010) (“Failure to state a claim is not a 22 proper affirmative defense but, rather, asserts a defect in [the plaintiff’s] prima facie case.”). 23 Therefore, the first affirmative defense for failure to state a claim upon is STRICKEN without leave 24 to amend. 25 C. Second Affirmative Defense (Bad Faith): “Plaintiff’s Complaint, [and] each and every cause of action therein, and Plaintiff’s prayer for relief, must be denied by reason 26 of extreme bad faith by Plaintiff.” (Doc. 6 at 7, ¶ 50.)

27 Plaintiff contends this affirmative defense fails as a matter of law, because the company “brings 28 strict liability causes of action” with its claims for conversion, violation of Section 553, and violation of 1 Section 605. (Doc. 10 at 6, citing 47 U.S.C. § 553(c)(3)(C); 47 U.S.C. § 605(e)(3)(C)(iii); Doherty v. 2 Wireless Broadcasting Systems of Sacramento, Inc., 151 F.3d 1129, 1131 (9th Cir. 1998); Gilman v. 3 Dalby, 176 Cal. App. 4th 606, 615 n.1 (2009).) Further, Plaintiff contends that even if “bad faith” was 4 a “legally valid” affirmative defense, Defendants fail to provide fair notice to support the defense. (Id.) 5 Defendants do not address Plaintiff’s argument that “bad faith” is not a proper affirmative 6 defense in this action or address the sufficiency of their second affirmative defense. (See Doc. 12 at 2- 7 5.) Thus, it appears Defendants have waived their challenge to this affirmative defense. Moreover, as 8 Plaintiff’s observe, the conduct of the plaintiff is immaterial to the claims raised in the complaint. See 9 J & J Sports Prods. v. Jimenez, 2010 WL 5173717, at *3 (S.D. Cal. Dec. 15, 2010) (striking an 10 affirmative defense for “bad faith” as immaterial where the plaintiff raised claims under Title 47 11 U.S.C. §§ 553 and 605, as well as conversion and Cal. Bus. & Prof. Code § 17200). Therefore, 12 Defendants’ second affirmative defense is STRICKEN without leave to amend. 13 D. Third Affirmative Defense (Failure to Mitigate Damages): “Plaintiff has failed and neglected to undertake reasonable efforts to mitigate and resolve any damages, if any, 14 which these answering Defendants deny.” (Doc. 6 at 7, ¶ 51.)

15 “[T]he duty to mitigate generally arises when an injured party could have prevented the 16 continuation or enhancement of the injury.” J & J Sports Prods. v. Delgado, 2011 WL 219594, at *2 17 (E.D. Cal. Jan. 18, 2011) (quoting Valle De Oro Bank v. Gamboa, 26 Cal. App. 4th 1686, 1691 (4th 18 Dist. 1994)). Thus, the duty “comes into play after a legal wrong has occurred, but while some 19 damages may still be averted.” United States v. Sierra Pac. Indus., 879 F.Supp.2d 12128, 1136 (E.D. 20 Cal. 2012) (modification, citation omitted). Plaintiff contends the defense should be stricken as 21 immaterial and for lacking fair notice. (Doc. 10 at 7.) 22 1. Whether the defense is immaterial 23 Plaintiff contends this affirmative defense “has no legal significance in this case and thus this 24 allegation should be stricken as legally insufficient and immaterial.” (Doc. 10 at 6, citing G & G 25 Closed Circuit Events, LLC v. Nguyen, 2010 WL 3749284, at *5 (N.D. Cal. Sept. 23, 2010).) Plaintiff 26 notes the Northern District evaluated the “same claims” as those alleged in this action and held that 27 “[m]itigation of damages is… inapplicable to the types of claims asserted by Plaintiff.” (Id., quoting 28 Nguyen, 2010 WL 3749284, at *5.) Notably, however, the Northern District court did not address the 1 damages sought by the plaintiff in the action. See Nguyen, 2010 WL 3749284, at *5. 2 Courts throughout the Ninth Circuit declined to strike the “mitigation of damages” affirmative 3 defense as immaterial where—as here—the plaintiff alleged the “defendant caused it to lose current, 4 previous, and potential customers.” See, e.g., J & J Sports Prods. v. Delgado, 2011 WL 219594, at 5 *2-3 (E.D. Cal. Jan. 19, 2011) (declining to strike the affirmative defense on this basis); G & G Closed 6 Circuit Events, LLC v. Nguyen, 2011 WL 6293922 at *2, n.1 (N.D. Cal. Dec. 15, 2011) (noting a UCL 7 allegation was made in the complaint, and declining “to find that the [mitigation of damages] defense 8 is immaterial at this time”); Joe Hand Promotions, Inc. v. Alvarenga, 2010 WL 11684810, at *3 (S.D. 9 Cal. Sept. 14, 2010) (rejecting the argument that the “defense is immaterial”). 10 As in Delgado, Plaintiff alleges that as a “result of … acts attributable to the Defendants, 11 Plaintiff has been permanently deprived of the patronage of current, previous and potential customers 12 of the sports and entertainment programming it licenses commercially to the hospitality industry….” 13 (Doc. 1 at 13-14, ¶ 46.) In Delgado, the Court observed “[n]either party [had] specifically addressed 14 the applicability of the failure to mitigate affirmative defense to plaintiff’s claim for restitution under 15 the UCL.” Id. Similarly, here, the parties have not addressed the applicability of the defense to 16 Plaintiff’s claim for restitution under Section 17200. The Court declines to find the defense is 17 immaterial and the motion to strike, on this basis, is denied. See Delgado, 2011 WL 219594, at *2-3; 18 Nguyen, 2011 WL 6293922 at *2, n.1. 19 2. Pleading insufficiency 20 Plaintiff also challenges the affirmative defense on the grounds that it “lacks fair notice.” 21 (Doc. 10 at 6, citing United States v. Gibson Wine Co., 2016 WL 1626988, at *5 (E.D. Cal. Apr. 25, 22 2016); Qarbon.com Inc. v. eHelp Corp., 315 F.Supp.2d 1046, 1049 (N.D. Cal. 2004).) As Plaintiff 23 notes, this Court observed previously that “[s]imply referring to a doctrine or statute is insufficient to 24 afford fair notice.” (Id., quoting Gibson Wine Co., 2016 WL 1626988, at *5.) Defendants do little 25 more than refer to the duty to mitigate, without alleging facts sufficient to provide Plaintiff fair notice 26 of the basis of the claim. However, such a defect in the pleading may be cured, and leave to amend is 27 appropriate. See Alvarenga, 2010 WL 11684810, at *3 (granting leave to amend affirmative defenses 28 where the defenses were recited “in a conclusory manner,” and the defendants failed “to state any 1 accompanying fact or reason which would link the defense to this action”); see also Joe Hand 2 Promotions, Inc. v. Kurti, 2015 WL 5276691, at *2 (S.D. Cal. Sept. 8, 2015) (granting leave to amend 3 the affirmative defense for mitigation of damages where the plaintiff alleged future economic damages 4 but the defense, as stated, was conclusory). Therefore, the third affirmative defense is STRICKEN 5 with leave to amend. 6 E. Fourth Affirmative Defense (Fault of Others): “[T]hese answering Defendants are informed and believe and thereon allege that the injuries and damages complained of 7 by Plaintiff, if any, were either wholly or in part, directly and proximately caused by the acts, omissions, and/or legal fault or default of persons or entities other than these 8 answering Defendants.” (Doc. 6 at 7-8, ¶ 52.)

9 Plaintiff contends this should be stricken because it is “a denial[] of elements of Plaintiff’s 10 causes of action (causation and damages).” (Doc. 10 at 7, citing Zivkovic v. Southern Cal. Edison Co., 11 302 F.3d 1080, 1088 (9th Cir. 2002); Bd. of Trustees of IBEW Loc. Union No. 100 Pension Tr. Fund v. 12 Fresno’s Best Indus. Elec., Inc., 2014 WL 1245800, at *4 (E.D. Cal. Mar. 24, 2014).) Defendants 13 contend Plaintiff “fails to explain how or why Defendants’ Fourth Affirmative Defense only negates 14 an element of Plaintiff’s claim.” (Doc. 12 at 3.) 15 As Plaintiff argues, a statement that the alleged damages were caused by others than the 16 answering defendants is a denial of allegations in the complaint. See J & & J Sports Prods., Inc. v. 17 Bear, 2013 WL 708490, at *5 (E.D. Cal. Feb. 26, 2013) (an assertion that “other individuals and 18 entities” caused the damages complained of by the plaintiff was “merely an attack on the prima facie 19 elements of Plaintiff’s claims”); J & J Sports Prods., Inc. v. Jimenez, 2010 WL 5173717, at *2 (S.D. 20 Cal. Dec. 15, 2010) (statement that the defendants “were not the cause of Plaintiff’s damages … is just 21 another way of asserting that Plaintiff has not or cannot prove the element of causation”). Importantly, 22 such denials are not affirmative defenses. Bear, 2013 WL 708490, at *5; Joe Hand Promotions, Inc. v. 23 Davis, 2012 WL 4803923, at *4 (N.D. Cal. Oct. 9, 2012) (“affirmative defenses [that] purport to deny 24 liability or negate an element that Plaintiff is required to prove … are not properly plead as affirmative 25 defenses, but are merely denials”). However, “[d]enials that are improperly pled as defenses should not 26 be stricken on that basis alone.” Delgado, 2011 WL 219594, at *2. 27 Given the conclusory nature of Defendants’ answer, which does not reference third parties 28 beyond the denials cast as affirmative defenses, the Court cannot find factual allegations support this 1 affirmative defense. See J & J Sports Prods. v. Gidha, 2012 WL 537494, at *4 (E.D. Cal. Feb. 17, 2 2012). Accordingly, Defendants’ fourth affirmative defense is insufficiently pled, and is STRICKEN 3 with leave to amend. 4 F. Ninth Affirmative Defense (Statute of Limitations): “Plaintiff’s Complaint, and each and every cause of action therein is barred by the applicable statutes of limitation, 5 including, but not limited to Code of Civil Procedure Sections 335 through 349.4, California Business and Professions Code § 17208, 18 U.S.C. § 2520, and 47 U.S.C. § 6 415.” (Doc. 6 at 8, ¶ 57.)

7 A one year-statute of limitations applies to claims arising under 47 U.S.C. §§ 553 and 605. 8 DirectTV v. Webb, 545 F.3d 837, 847-48 (9th Cir. 2008) (finding the Court must look to analogous 9 state law to determine the applicable statute of limitations, and borrowing the one-year statute of 10 limitations applicable to California’s Piracy Act for claims arising under Section 605); J & J Sports 11 Prods. v. Angulo, 2015 WL 5020725, at *4 (E.D. Cal. Aug. 21, 2015) (“The statute of limitations for 12 violations of 47 U.S.C. §§ 605 and 553 is one year”). Under California law, the statute of limitations 13 is three years for a claim of conversion, and four years for violations of California Business and 14 Professions Code Section 17200. Cal. Code Civ. Proc. § 338(c); Cal. Bus. & Prof. Code § 17208. 15 Plaintiff asserts the Program broadcast—as well as the alleged unlawful interception and 16 publication at Mercardo Carniceria De Valle— occurred on May 8, 2021. (Doc. 1 at 6, ¶¶ 15, 17; id. 17 at 8, ¶ 22).1 Plaintiff initiated the action less than a year later on May 5, 2022. Because the complaint 18 was filed within the applicable statutes of limitations, Defendants’ ninth affirmative defense is 19 STRICKEN without leave to amend. 20 G. Fifth Affirmative Defense (Laches): “Plaintiff’s Complaint, and each and every cause of action therein, is barred by the equitable doctrine of laches.” (Doc. 6 at 8, ¶ 53.) 21 22 As explained by the Ninth Circuit, “Laches is an equitable time limitation on a party’s right to 23 bring suit.” Kling v. Hallmark Cards, Inc., 225 F.3d 1030, 1036 (9th Cir. 2000). To establish the 24 doctrine is applicable, a defendant must show “both an unreasonable delay by the plaintiff and 25 26

27 1 Defendants do not assert the broadcast occurred on another date, and the Court must assume the allegations are true in evaluating a motion to strike. See United States v. Gibson Wine Co., 2017 WL 1064658, at *2 (E.D. Cal. Mar. 20, 2017) (“In ruling on a motion to strike…a court must assume that all of the well-pled factual allegations of the complaint are 28 true”); see also Angulo, 2015 WL 5020725, at *4 (“if the defendant fails to offer any factual assertion that the program was 1 prejudice to itself.” Id. (quoting Couveau v. American Airlines, 218 F.3d 1078, 1083 (9th Cir. 2000)). 2 Notably, there is a “strong presumption” that laches does not apply when an action is filed 3 within the appropriate statute of limitations period. Jarrow Formulas, Inc. v. Nutrition Now, Inc., 304 4 F.3d 829, 835 (9th Cir. 2002). As discussed above, Plaintiff initiated this action within the applicable 5 statutes of limitations. Because Defendants do not allege facts to demonstrate Plaintiff unreasonably 6 delayed in commencing this action, their answer fails to overcome the presumption that the doctrine is 7 not applicable. Further, Defendants do not allege prejudice resulted due to the delay in filing. 8 Accordingly, fifth affirmative defense is insufficiently pled, and is STRICKEN with leave to amend. 9 H. Sixth Affirmative Defense (Waiver): “Plaintiff’s Complaint, and each and every cause of action therein, is barred by the equitable doctrine of waiver.” (Doc. 6 at 8, ¶ 54.) 10

11 Waiver is an “intentional relinquishment or abandonment of a known right.” United States v. 12 Perez, 116 F.3d 840, 845 (9th Cir. 1997). Plaintiff asserts the defense should be stricken because there 13 is “no indication anywhere in Defendants’ pleadings that Plaintiff engaged in activity that might 14 constitute … a waiver of known rights.” (Id., quoting J & J Sports Productions, Inc. v. Montanez, 2010 15 WL 5279907, at *3 (E.D. Cal. Dec. 13, 2010) (modification in original).) 16 As Plaintiff argues, the affirmative defense as stated by Defendants suffers the same infirmities 17 as those identified by the Court in Montanez. Defendants do not allege Plaintiff engaged in any 18 activity that may constitute a waiver. Without such supporting factual allegations, Defendants’ 19 assertion that the equitable doctrine applicable is insufficient to provide fair notice. See Montanez, 20 2010 WL 5279907, at *3; see also J & J Sports Prods., Inc. v. Nguyen, 2012 WL 1030067, at *4 (N.D. 21 Cal. Mar. 22, 2012) (finding an affirmative defense insufficient where the defendant “does not provide 22 any supporting facts, making it impossible for Plaintiff to ascertain the basis for the affirmative 23 defense[]”). Thus, the fourth affirmative defense is STRICKEN with leave to amend. 24 I. Seventh Affirmative Defense (Equitable Estoppel): “Plaintiff’s Complaint, and each and every cause of action therein, is barred by the equitable doctrine of estoppel.” 25 (Doc. 6 at 8, ¶ 55.)

26 Plaintiff argues this affirmative defense should be stricken because it is only a recitation of the 27 doctrine and fails to provide fair notice. (Doc. 10 at 7-8.) The Court agrees Defendants have not 28 explained the applicability of the doctrine of estoppel to the claims alleged, and the defense is 1 insufficiently pled. See J & J Sports Prod., Inc. v. Bernal, 2014 WL 2042120, at *6 (E.D. Cal. May 16, 2 2014) (“Merely reciting a legal doctrine, without alleging facts supporting the doctrine’s application in 3 the case, fails to provide fair notice of the affirmative defense.”). Therefore, Defendants’ seventh 4 affirmative defense is STRICKEN with leave to amend. 5 J. Eighth Affirmative Defense (Unclean Hands): “Plaintiff’s Complaint, and each and every cause of action therein, is barred in whole or in part by Plaintiff’s unclean hands, 6 because Plaintiff’s conduct was fraudulent, illegal, despicable, and inequitable.” (Doc. 8 at 8, ¶ 56.) 7

8 Under the doctrine of unclean hands, the guiding maxim is that “he who comes into equity must 9 come with clean hands.” Precision Instrument Mfg. Co. v. Auto. Maint. Mach. Co., 324 U.S. 806, 814 10 (1945). The doctrine bars recovery by a plaintiff “whose behavior is tainted by inequity or bad faith” 11 and the behavior “occurred in acquiring the right [the plaintiff] now asserts.” Ample Bright Dev., Ltd. v. 12 Comis Int’l, 913 F. Supp. 2d 925, 940 (C.D. Cal. 2012); see also Natomas Gardens Inv. Grp., LLC v. 13 Sinadinos, 2010 WL 1659195, at *5 (E.D. Cal. Apr. 22, 2010) (“The doctrine of unclean hands denies 14 recovery where the claimant seeking relief commits a wrongful act directly relating to the transaction 15 out of which the complaint is based”). 16 Plaintiff argues Defendants fail to provide fair notice of their defense that Plaintiff has unclean 17 hands. (Doc. 10 at 7.) For example, Plaintiff notes Defendants have not specifically identified what 18 actions they believe were fraudulent. (Id. at 7-8.) Defendants do not dispute this, or otherwise argue 19 their “unclean hands” defense provides fair notice. (See Doc. 12 at 2-5.) The Court agrees the pleading 20 is insufficient, as Defendants do not identify what conduct they believe was “fraudulent, illegal, 21 despicable, and inequitable,” and do not allege facts sufficient to support a conclusion that such 22 conduct related to the claims raised in the complaint. See Ample Bright, 913 F. Supp. 2d at 940. Thus, 23 Defendants’ eighth affirmative defense is STRICKEN with leave to amend. 24 K. Tenth Affirmative Defense (Comparative Negligence): “Plaintiff failed to exercise reasonable and ordinary care, caution, or prudence to avoid the alleged incidents. 25 Plaintiff’s resulting injuries and damages, if any, which Defendants deny, were proximately caused and contributed to by the negligence of Plaintiff.” (Doc. 6 at 9, ¶ 58.) 26

27 In general, comparative negligence is an affirmative defense to the tort of negligence. See J & J 28 Sports Prods v. Soto, 2010 WL 3911467, at *2 (S.D. Cal. Sept. 27, 2010) (citing Restatement (Third) of 1 Torts: Apportionment of Liability § 7). Where no negligence claim is raised in the complaint, such an 2 affirmative defense is likely inapplicable. See id. Importantly, there is “no discernable relationship” 3 between negligence and the claims arising under the Communications Act, the Cable & Television 4 Consumer Protection and Competition Act, conversion, or Cal. Bus. & Prof. Code § 17200. See J & J 5 Sports Prods. v. Olivo, 2015 WL 3604457, at *3 (S.D. Cal. June 8, 2015); see also Nguyen, 2010 WL 6 3749284, at *5 (striking the comparative negligence defense without leave to amend because it was 7 “immaterial and/or impertinent” to the same causes of action identified in the matter now pending). 8 Moreover, Defendants do not oppose the motion to strike on these grounds. (See Doc. 12 at 2-5.) 9 Consequently, is undisputed that comparative negligence is inapplicable to the claims alleged by 10 Plaintiff, and the defense is immaterial under Rule 12(f). The tenth affirmative defense is STRICKEN 11 without leave to amend. 12 L. Eleventh Affirmative Defense (Lack of Standing): “Plaintiff lacks the requisite standing to maintain any cause of action against these answering Defendants.” (Doc. 6 13 at 9, ¶ 59.)

14 Standing to sue requires a plaintiff to “allege personal injury fairly traceable to the defendants’ 15 allegedly unlawful conduct and likely to be redressed by the requested relief.” Allen v. Wright, 468 16 U.S. 737, 751 (1984) (citations omitted). Standing has been identified as “a proper affirmative defense 17 by many courts.” Joe Hand Promotions, Inc. v. Dorsett, (E.D. Cal. Apr. 2, 2013) (citations omitted). 18 Plaintiff contends this is “insufficient as a matter of law.” (Doc. 10 at 10, citing Nguyen, 2010 19 WL 3749284 at *4; J & J Sports Productions, Inc. v. Nguyen, 2014 WL 60014, at *5 (N.D. Cal. Jan. 7, 20 2014).) Notably, as Plaintiff acknowledges, in J & J Sports Productions, Inc. v. Nguyen, the Northern 21 District addressed standing with the defendant’s motion to dismiss, not in the context of the plaintiff’s 22 motion to strike affirmative defenses. Id., 2014 WL 60014, at *5. As a result, Plaintiff’s reliance upon 23 this case is misplaced, and the motion to strike is denied on these grounds. 24 Plaintiff also argues the affirmative defense “lacks fair notice.” (Doc. 10 at 10, citing Gibson 25 Wine Co., 2016 WL 1626988, at *5.) Toward this end, the Court agrees. Defendants offer only the 26 legal conclusion that Plaintiff lacks standing, and this “conclusory statement… without more, does not 27 meet the fair notice standard.” See G & G Closed Circuit Events, LLC v. Cal. Ctr. for the Arts, 2021 28 WL 1263952, at *5 (S.D. Cal. Apr. 6, 2021); see also Kohler v. Staples the Office Superstore, LLC, 291 1 F.R.D. 464, 469 (S.D. Cal. 2013) (explaining that although a “pleading need not be supported by 2 detailed factual allegations, it must at least give notice of the grounds upon which it rests,” and striking 3 the affirmative defense for lack for standing) [internal quotation marks omitted]. Given the conclusory 4 nature of the pleading, the eleventh affirmative defense is STRICKEN with leave to amend. 5 M. Twelfth Affirmative Defense (No Proximate Causation): “[A]ny and all harm allegedly sustained by Plaintiff was not proximately caused by these answering 6 Defendants.” (Doc. 6 at 9, ¶ 60.)

7 Plaintiff contends this affirmative defense is a mere denial and should be stricken. (Doc. 10 at 8 7.) As discussed above, a statement that the alleged damages were not caused by the answering 9 defendants is a denial rather than an affirmative defense. See Bear, 2013 WL 708490, at *5; Jimenez, 10 2010 WL 5173717, at *2 (an assertion that the defendants “were not the cause of Plaintiff’s damages … 11 is just another way of asserting that Plaintiff has not or cannot prove the element of causation”). 12 Moreover, Plaintiff does not state a claim for negligence, and as a result the “proximate causation” 13 affirmative defense is impertinent under Rule 12(f). See Bernal, 2014 WL 2042120, at *5 (“Since the 14 complaint includes no negligence claims, an affirmative defense alleging proximate cause is 15 impertinent”). Accordingly, the twelfth affirmative defense is STRICKEN without leave to amend. 16 N. Thirteenth Affirmative Defense (No Ownership Interest): “Plaintiff’s Complaint, and each and every cause of action therein, … are barred against these answering 17 Defendants because they hold no ownership interest in Mercado Carniceria Del Valle.” (Doc. 6 at 9, ¶ 61.) 18

19 Plaintiff moves to strike this affirmative defense as immaterial and a denial. (Doc. 10 at 11.) 20 Plaintiff notes the “defense is written in the present tense,” and “[w]hether Defendants currently hold 21 an ownership interest in Mercado Carniceria Del Valle is immaterial.” (Id. [emphasis in original].) In 22 response, “Defendants admit a failure to plead this lack of ownership interest at the time of the events 23 giving rise to the allegations made by Plaintiff in its Complaint.” (Doc. 12 at 3.) For this reason, 24 Defendants request leave to amend. (Id.) 25 Notably, the assertion that Defendants did not have an ownership interest in Mercado Carniceria 26 Del Valle counters the allegations made in the complaint, and “must be alleged at the relevant section 27 of the answer.” See Bernal, 2014 WL 2042120, at *5 (observing an affirmative defense indicating the 28 defendant obtained a license to broadcast the program addressed allegations in the complaint and 1 granting leave to amend). Thus, the thirteenth affirmative defense is STRICKEN with leave to amend. 2 O. Fourteenth Affirmative Defense (No Benefit): “Plaintiff’s Complaint, and each and every cause of action therein, the same are barred against these answering Defendants 3 because no benefit, if any, commercial or otherwise, was incurred by these answering Defendants.” (Doc. 6 at 10, ¶ 62.) 4

5 Plaintiff asserts this should be stricken because it “is not a defense to Plaintiff’s claims, let alone 6 an affirmative defense.” (Doc. 10 at 11.) Plaintiff observes that “Defendants need not incur a benefit 7 to be liable to Plaintiff” with the claims raised in the complaint. (Id.) Further, Plaintiff contends, “To 8 the extent this defense implies that Plaintiff did not suffer any damages, that is not an affirmative 9 defense, it is a denial.” (Id., citing IBEW Loc. Union No. 100 Pension Tr. Fund, 2014 WL 1245800 at 10 *4; Zivkovic, 302 F.3d at 1088.) 11 On the other hand, Defendants argue the affirmative defense “is relevant to the question of 12 damages.” (Doc. 12 at 4.) Defendants also assert the motion to strike this defense should be denied 13 because Plaintiff “simply conclude[es] the same is not a defense and is, instead, a denial,” without 14 citing any “authority which actually supports this assertion.” (Id. at 3-4.) Defendants contend that 15 while Plaintiff cited IBEW Loc. Union No. 100 and Zivkovic, Plaintiff “fails to conduct any analysis 16 relative to those cases and their application to Defendants’ Fourteenth Affirmative Defense, 17 specifically.” (Id. at 4.) 18 As Plaintiff argues, the fourteenth affirmative defense may be characterized as a denial. The 19 Communications Act “prohibits the unauthorized receipt and use of radio communications for one’s 20 ‘own benefit or for the benefit of another not entitled thereto.’” DirecTV, Inc. v. Webb, 545 F.3d 837, 21 844 (9th Cir. 2008), quoting 47 U.S.C. § 605(a). Thus, Defendants’ assertion they did not benefit from 22 the broadcast seemingly refutes liability under the Communications Act. In Zivkovic, the Ninth Circuit 23 stated: “A defense which demonstrates that plaintiff has not met its burden of proof is not an 24 affirmative defense.” Id., 302 F.3d at 1088. Similarly, in IBEW, the court observed that “denials of the 25 allegations in the complaint or allegations that the plaintiff cannot prove the elements of his claim are 26 not affirmative defenses.” Id., 2014 WL 1245800 at *4 (citing G & G Closed Circuit Events, LLC v. 27 Nguyen, 2010 WL 3749284, at *5 (E.D. Cal. Sept. 23, 2010)). Toward this end, Zivkovic and IBEW 28 clearly indicate a denial is not a proper affirmative defense. 1 Moreover, courts have repeatedly stricken assertions that defendants did not incur profits from 2 an alleged unauthorized broadcast as improper affirmative defenses. See, e.g., Joe Hand Promotions, 3 Inc. v. Garcia, 2012 WL 1413940, at *2 (E.D. Cal Apr. 23, 2012) (finding an assertion that the 4 defendant “did not reap commercial profit from any alleged violation … is essentially an argument that 5 Plaintiff’s complaint is insufficiently pled for purposes of a claim against Defendant in his individual 6 capacity”); Joe Hand Promotions v. Davis, 2012 WL 4803923, at *4 (N.D. Cal. Oct. 9, 2012) (holding 7 an assertion that the “defendant did not reap any commercial profit from any alleged violation … 8 merely denies liability” and striking the defense without leave to amend); Angulo, 2015 WL 5020725, 9 at *2 (striking the affirmative defense on the grounds that it was “an assertion of a defect in … [the] 10 prima facie case”). Likewise, here, the Court finds the assertion that Defendants did not incur any 11 commercial benefits from the alleged unlawful broadcast is not a proper affirmative defense, but rather 12 points to a defect in Plaintiff’s complaint. As this Court explained in Garcia, Defendants may “raise 13 this defense, but it is not an affirmative defense.” Id., 2012 WL 1413940, at *2 (citing Barnes v. AT & 14 T Pension Benefit Plan, 718 F.Supp.2d 1167, 1173-74 (N.D. Cal. 2010)). Accordingly, the fourteenth 15 affirmative defense is STRICKEN without leave to amend. 16 P. Fifteenth Affirmative Defense (Use of Internet): “[A]ny signal or transmission obtained or intercepted by these answering Defendants, the existence of which 17 Defendants deny, was received through internet transmission.” (Doc. 6 at 10, ¶ 63.)

18 Plaintiff contends this defense should be stricken because “[a]s to the 47 U.S.C. §§ 605 and 553 19 claims, this defense does not accurately reflect the state of the law in the Eastern District.” (Doc. 10 at 20 11, citing G & G Closed Circuit Events, LLC v. Infante, Case No. 1:20-cv-01400-JLT-SAB, 2022 WL 21 411847 (E.D. Cal. Feb. 10, 2022), report and recommendation adopted 2022 WL 1082567 (E.D. Cal. 22 Apr. 11, 2022).) In addition, Plaintiff argues the “defense has no application” the claims arising under 23 California law. (Id. at 12.) Thus, Plaintiff concludes “[t]he defense fails as a matter of law.” (Id.) 24 Defendants assert “this affirmative defense should stand” because “Plaintiff has failed to 25 demonstrate, at this point, that Defendants used a cable or satellite connection to obtain internet service 26 in allegedly streaming the subject fight.” (Doc. 12 at 4.) Defendants contend reliance upon Infante is 27 misplaced, because “[t]he Eastern District in Infante did not hold that use of the internet cannot be a 28 defense to claims under §§ 605 or 553.” (Doc. 12 at 4.) Defendants assert: “Instead, the court held that 1 a specific element of a plaintiff’s claim must be negated by undisputed facts in evidence.” (Id., citing 2 Infante, 2022 WL 411847 at *51-52.) According to Defendants, the Court indicated this “may be 3 achieved by the defendant demonstrating how the internet was accessed in order to avail itself of the 4 defense.” (Id.) Based upon the Court’s holding in Infante, Defendants contend they “must show that 5 the internet was not accessed by cable or satellite connection.” (Id.) 6 In Infante, this Court reviewed the defendant’s motion for summary judgment in a case that— 7 as here—involved federal claims for violations of 47 U.S.C. §§ 605 and 553 and state law claims for 8 conversion and violations of Cal. Bus. & Prof. Code §§ 17200. See id., 2022 WL 411847, at *1-2. 9 The Court observed that Section 605(a) “was intended to encompass new technologies, and that 10 liability for intercepting unauthorized radio/satellite programming signals” may attach where a cable 11 or satellite signal was the “broadcast via Internet streaming.” Id. at *18. The undisputed evidence 12 before the Court in Infante was that the program in issue “was displayed … through an Internet 13 streaming application called DAZN.” Id. at *2. Infante asserted that “[n]o cable television signal was 14 used to view the subject Program, and no satellite signal was used....” Id. The Court noted this 15 statement was “a conclusion without any facts [in] support.” Id. at *20. The Court explained: 16 Defendant offers no evidence to demonstrate how the Internet was accessed at the Restaurant (e.g., via wireless laptop, cell phone 5g service, what kind 17 of hardware, if any was utilized at the Restaurant to receive the Internet signal, etc.), Defendant does not identify the Internet service provider utilized 18 at the Restaurant to download and stream the Program, and no expert evidence was provided with respect to that Internet service to establish that 19 neither satellite nor cable was utilized to transmit/receive the Program signal.

20 Id. at *20. Based upon the lack of evidence, the Court concluded Infante “fails to carry her burden to 21 establish she did not utilize a radio or satellite system by using the Internet to receive the at-issue 22 Program signal.” Id. Therefore, the Court denied “summary judgment based on the Internet defense.” 23 Id., recommendation adopted 2022 WL 1082567 (E.D. Cal. Apr. 11, 2022). 24 Significantly, Infante was evaluating the merits of the claims—and the evidence, or lack 25 thereof— at the summary judgment stage, while the matter now pending before the Court remains at 26 the pleadings stage. To the extent Defendants intend to show the Internet was used for any broadcast, 27 rather than cable or satellite signal, this is not an affirmative defense. Indeed, courts have struck 28 similar statements in which the defendants disavowed the use of cable systems as improper affirmative 1 defenses. See, e.g., Angulo, 2015 WL 5020725, at *3 (finding the affirmative defense that “Defendant 2 cannot be liable as a matter of law under Section 605 because there was no cable system at the 3 establishment” was improper because “as pled [it] points to an alleged deficiency in plaintiff’s prima 4 facie case”); Joe Hand Promotions v. Estrada, 2011 WL 2413257 at *3-4 (E.D. Cal. June 7, 2011) 5 (finding the affirmative defense stating “there was no satellite television system at the establishment… 6 is essentially a claimed deficiency in Plaintiff’s prima facie case,” and could be raised as a defense but 7 “it is not an affirmative defense”); Joe Hand Promotions v. Davis, 2012 WL 4803923 at *5, *7 (N.D. 8 Cal. Oct. 9, 2012) (striking without leave to amend the affirmative defense stating “there was no cable 9 system at the establishment identified in plaintiff’s Complaint and therefore defendant cannot be liable 10 as a matter of law…” because it simply denied liability under Section 553). Because the statement 11 that any broadcast “was received through internet transmission” is not a proper affirmative defense 12 and points to a defect in Plaintiff’s prima facie case, the fifteenth affirmative defense is STRICKEN 13 without leave to amend. 14 Q. Sixteenth Affirmative Defense (Lack of Damages): “Plaintiff has suffered no cognizable damages as a result of any actions of these answering Defendants.” (Doc. 6 15 at 10, ¶ 64.)

16 By alleging Plaintiff has not suffered damages, Defendants seek to negate elements of the 17 claims presented in Plaintiff’s complaint. See, e.g., Greka Integrated, Inc. v. Lowrey, 133 Cal. App. 4th 18 1572, 1581 (2005) (“elements of a conversion are the plaintiff’s ownership or right to possession of the 19 property at the time of the conversion; the defendant’s conversion by a wrongful act or disposition of 20 property rights; and damages”). As explained above, this is not a proper affirmative defense. See 21 Zivkovic, 302 F.3d at 1088. Consequently, the twelfth affirmative defense is STRICKEN without 22 leave to amend. 23 R. Seventeenth Affirmative Defense (Compliance with Legal Obligations): “[A]nswering Defendants have complied with all obligations under applicable law.” 24 (Doc. 6 at 10, ¶ 65.)

25 Plaintiff argues this affirmative defense should be stricken because “[i]t is unclear what defense 26 Defendants purport to be alleging” and “at heart, this is just another way for Defendants to say they did 27 not commit a violation of the law.” (Doc. 10 at 12 [emphasis omitted].) As a result, Plaintiff contends 28 “compliance with legal obligations” is clearly not an affirmative defense. (Id., citing Bureau of 1 Consumer Fin. Prot. v. Performance SLC, LLC, 2021 WL 2982275, at *2 (C.D. Cal. Apr. 2, 2021).) 2 Defendants do not address the arguments that this is not a proper affirmative defense. (See generally 3 Doc. 12.) 4 Notably, Defendants’ assertion that they compliance with their legal obligations plainly 5 challenges the allegations in the complaint. See, e.g., Creative Photographers v. Collection, 2021 WL 6 3568243, at *2 (C.D. Cal. July 7, 2021) (finding “compliance with the law” was an attack on the 7 plaintiff’s prima facie case, and granting a motion to strike the defense); Smith v. Bank of N.Y. Mellon, 8 2019 WL 3428744, at *3 (W.D. Wash. July 30, 2019) (“Defendants’ assertion that they complied with 9 the law is not an affirmative defense. Instead, it challenges the factual sufficiency of Plaintiff’s claims 10 by alleging that Plaintiff cannot prove a violation of the law”). Accordingly, the seventeenth affirmative 11 defense is STRICKEN without leave to amend. 12 S. Eighteenth Affirmative Defense (Consent): “Plaintiff’s Complaint, and each and every cause of action therein,… are barred by the doctrine of consent.” (Doc. 6 at 10, ¶ 66.) 13 14 Plaintiff contends this affirmative defense should be stricken because “reference to a doctrine is 15 insufficient notice.” (Doc. 10 at 12, citing Gibson Wine Co., 2016 WL 1626988, at *5.) In addition, 16 Plaintiff argues the defense should be stricken because, based on the allegations of the complaint “there 17 was no consent for Defendants to broadcast the Program.” (Id., citing Fed. R. Civ. P. 12(f); Zivkovic, 18 302 F.3d at 1088.) 19 As Plaintiff observes, the company alleges in the complaint that it “was granted the exclusive 20 nationwide commercial distribution (closed-circuit) rights” to the Program. (Doc. 1 at 6-7, ¶ 17.) 21 Plaintiff alleges it “entered into subsequent sublicensing agreements with various commercial entities 22 throughout North America, including entities within the State of California, by which it granted these 23 entities limited sublicensing rights, specifically the rights to publicly exhibit the Program within their 24 respective commercial establishments.” (Id. at 7, ¶ 18.) Further, Plaintiff explicitly alleges the 25 company “did not authorize transmission, interception, reception, divulgence, exhibition, or display of 26 the … to the commercial establishment operated by the foregoing Defendants.” (Id. at 12, ¶ 41.) 27 Significantly, because the allegations of the complaint are sufficiently plead, the Court must assume 28 their truth. Gibson Wine Co., 2017 WL 1064658, at *2 (“In ruling on a motion to strike…a court must 1 assume that all of the well-pled factual allegations of the complaint are true”). 2 To succeed on a claim for violations of the Communications Act and the Cable Act, Plaintiff 3 must demonstrate Defendants intercepted the Program and published it without authorization. 47 4 U.S.C. §§ 553(a), 605(a). Likewise, under California law, “consent negatives the wrongful element of 5 the defendants act,” and prevents the existence of conversion. Tavernier v. Maes, 242 Cal. App. 2d 6 532, 552, (1966); see also Judicial Council of California, Judicial Council of California Civil Jury 7 Instructions, § 2100 (2017) (identifying lack of consent as an element of conversion). 8 By alleging Plaintiff consented to their actions, Defendants clearly seek to negate elements of 9 the claims presented in the complaint. As a result, this is not a proper affirmative defense. See 10 Zivkovic, 302 F.3d at 1088; see also J & J Sports Prods. v. Sanchez, 2012 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 74070, at 11 *9-10 (E.D. Cal. May 25, 2012) (striking the affirmative defense indicating the plaintiff’s claims were 12 “barred by consent or implied consent” because the allegations negated an element of the plaintiff’s 13 claims, including the tort of conversion). Consequently, the eighteenth affirmative defense is 14 STRICKEN without leave to amend. 15 T. Nineteenth Affirmative Defense (Lack of Control or Responsibility): “[T]hese answering Defendants lack control or power over the alleged intercepting of the subject 16 transmission, any legal responsibility related thereto, or responsibility or control over Mercado Carniceria Del Valles.” (Doc. 6 at 11, ¶ 67.) 17 18 For a claim under the Communications Act, Plaintiff must show Defendants intercepted a 19 program and published it without Plaintiff's permission. 47 U.S.C. § 605(a). Likewise, the claim for 20 conversion requires Plaintiff to establish “the defendant’s conversion by a wrongful act or disposition 21 of property rights.” Greka Integrated, Inc., 133 Cal. App. 4th at 1581. 22 As with the fourth and thirteenth affirmative defenses, Defendants contend the alleged injury 23 was caused by others, who were not within their control. However, this is a denial of the allegations in 24 the complaint, in which Plaintiff alleges that “[a]t all times relevant hereto, including on Saturday, May 25 8, 2021,” defendants Alfaro and Salazar were each “an owner and/or operator, and/or licensee, and/or 26 permittee, and/or an individual with dominion, control, oversight and management of the commercial, 27 establishment doing business as Mercado Carniceria Del Valle.” (Doc. 1 at 3-4, ¶¶ 7, 9.) Plaintiff also 28 asserts the night of the broadcast, Defendants “had the right and ability to supervise the activities of 1 Mercado Carniceria Del Valle, which included the unlawful interception, receipt, and publication of 2 Plaintiff’s Program.” (Id. at 5, ¶ 11.) Further, Plaintiff contends Alfaro and Salazar were obligated “to 3 supervise the activities of Mercado Carniceria Del Valle,” and “specifically directed or permitted the 4 employees of Mercado Carniceria Del Valle to unlawfully intercept, receive, and publish Plaintiff’s 5 Program …, or intentionally intercepted, received, and published the Program at Mercado Carniceria 6 Del Valle themselves.” (Id., ¶¶ 12-13.) 7 As explained, an assertion that is “merely an attack on the prima facie elements of Plaintiff’s 8 claims” is not a proper affirmative defense. Bear, 2013 WL 708490, at *5; Bernal, 2014 WL 2042120, 9 at *5 (a defendant’s assertion that counters the allegations made in the complaint “must be alleged at 10 the relevant section of the answer,” rather than as an affirmative defense). For the reasons set forth 11 above, the nineteenth affirmative defense is STRICKEN with leave to amend the answer. 12 U. Twentieth Affirmative Defense (Business Closed): “Plaintiff’s Complaint, and each and every cause of action therein, … are barred because Mercado Carniceria Del Valle 13 was closed to business and no sales of food or drink took place at the time of the alleged intercepting of the subject transmission.” (Doc. 6 at 11, ¶ 68.) 14

15 Plaintiff asserts this affirmative defense fails because Defendants “offer no legal basis for how 16 [these] facts support a defense.” (Doc. 10 at 13.) Plaintiff also observes: “[f]ood and drink sales are 17 not a requirement of liability under any of Plaintiff’s causes of action.” (Doc. 10 at 4.) Plaintiff 18 acknowledges that “[i]n theory, the amount of food and drink sales related to the broadcast could have 19 an impact on damages,” but note this affirmative defense appears to address liability. (Id.) In 20 response, Defendants contend “this fact is relevant and provides a defense to the damages claimed in 21 Counts I and II, and the liability of the business under Business and Professions Code § 17200 et seq.” 22 (Doc. 12 at 5.) 23 Notably, Defendants do not assert in the affirmative defense that the closed status of the 24 business—and lack of sales—addresses to the amount damages, but rather asserts the “Complaint, and 25 each and every cause of action… are barred.” (Doc. 6 at 11, ¶ 68 [emphasis added].) Toward this 26 end, it appears Defendants attempt to re-cast the parameters of the affirmative defense. Regardless, by 27 asserting the business was closed and no alcohol was sold, Defendants expressly contradict the 28 allegations of the complaint, in which Plaintiff alleges in the complaint that “Mercado Carniceria Del 1 Valle sold food and alcohol to its patrons” on the night of the Program broadcast.” (Doc. 1 at 6, ¶ 15.). 2 As a result, this statement is not a proper affirmative defense, “which deny plaintiff’s right to recover, 3 even if the allegations of the complaint are true.” Federal Deposit Ins. Corp., 655 F. Supp. at 262 4 (emphasis added); see also Garcia, 2012 WL 1413940, at *2 (distinguishing between a defense that 5 may be raised in an answer, and proper affirmative defenses); Bernal, 2014 WL 2042120, at *5. Thus, 6 the affirmative defense is STRICKEN with leave to amend the answer. 7 V. Twenty-first Affirmative Defense (Unknown/ Reservation): “These answering Defendants presently have insufficient knowledge or information upon which to form a 8 belief as to whether they may have additional, as yet unstated, affirmative defenses available. These answering Defendants reserve their right to assert additional 9 affirmative defenses they the event discovery indicates they would be appropriate.” (Doc. 6 at 11, ¶ 69.) 10

11 Importantly, the “reservation of affirmative defenses is not an affirmative defense.” EEOC v. 12 Timeless Invs., Inc., 734 F.Supp.2d 1035, 1055 (E.D. Cal. 2010). Rather, if a defendant seeks to add 13 affirmative defenses later, the defendant must comply with Rule 15 of the Federal Rules of Civil 14 Procedure. Id.; see also Wyshak, 607 F.2d at 826-27. Thus, Defendants’ reservation clause is not a 15 proper affirmative defense and is STRICKEN without leave to amend. 16 IV. Conclusion 17 The affirmative defenses asserted by Defendants appear to be boilerplate defenses that lack 18 factual support and fail to provide Plaintiff with fair notice. Rather, the affirmative defenses are legal 19 conclusions and theories, including those which are inapplicable to the causes of action alleged in the 20 complaint. Significantly, it does not appear many of the deficiencies identified above may be cured by 21 amendment. However, leave to amend the answer will be granted because it does not appear Plaintiff 22 will suffer any prejudice. See Rennie & Laughlin, 242 F.2d at 213; Wyshak, 607 F.2d at 827. 23 Accordingly, the Court ORDERS: 24 1. Plaintiff’s motion to strike under Rule 12(f) (Doc. 10) is GRANTED. 25 2. As to the Third, Fourth, Fifth, Sixth, Seventh, Eighth, Eleventh, Thirteenth, Nineteenth, 26 and Twentieth Affirmative Defenses, Plaintiff’s motion to strike is GRANTED WITH 27 LEAVE TO AMEND. 28 3. The First, Second, Ninth, Tenth, Twelfth, Fourteenth, Fifteenth, Sixteenth, Seventeenth, 1 Eighteenth, and Twenty-First Affirmative Defenses are STRICKEN, WITHOUT 2 LEAVE TO AMEND. 3 4. Defendant may file an amended answer within twenty-one days of the date of service □ 4 this order. 5 If Defendant does not amend within this period, the answer will stand with all the 6 affirmative defenses stricken. 7 8 || IT IS SO ORDERED. Dated: _ February 6, 2023 ( Li pA L. warm 10 TED STATES DISTRICT JUDGE 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 23