NOT FOR PUBLICATION WITHOUT THE APPROVAL OF THE APPELLATE DIVISION
SUPERIOR COURT OF NEW JERSEY APPELLATE DIVISION DOCKET NO. A-2859-20
FULTON BANK OF NEW JERSEY,
Plaintiff-Appellant,
v.
CASA ELEGANZA, LLC, ANDREW P. KLOSE and STATE OF NEW JERSEY,
Defendants,
and
IRON GATE AT GALLOWAY HOA and IRON GATE AT GALLOWAY, INC.,
Defendants-Respondents. __________________________
Submitted March 24, 2022 – Decided August 11, 2022
Before Judges Alvarez, Mawla and Mitterhoff.
On appeal from the Superior Court of New Jersey, Chancery Division, Atlantic County, Docket No. F-000615-18.
Eisenberg, Gold & Agrawal, PC, attorneys for appellant (Douglas J. Ferguson, on the briefs). Christopher J. Stanchina, attorney for respondents.
The opinion of the court was delivered by
ALVAREZ, P.J.A.D. (retired and temporarily assigned on recall)
Plaintiff Fulton Bank of New Jersey (the Bank) acquired title at a
sheriff's sale after mortgage foreclosure to a portion of a residential
community subject to defendant Iron Gate at Galloway Homeowners'
Association (HOA) Declaration of Covenants. The developer recorded the
HOA's Declaration of Covenants on June 25, 2007, after the Bank's first
mortgage was recorded, and in accord with Galloway Township's major
subdivision approval.
The Bank later sold the property to Gargione LLC. At closing, the HOA
billed the Bank for $12,651.35 attributed to the period the Bank held title. The
Bank refused to pay, and the funds were escrowed. The Bank then filed a
motion under the foreclosure docket number in Chancery to "divest" the land
from the HOA Covenants and vacate the fees.
The Bank contends that because the first mortgage was recorded before
the HOA Declaration, the foreclosure extinguished the obligations. We affirm
the Chancery judge's June 7, 2021 denial of the motions, finding the HOA
Declaration constituted an equitable servitude that follows the land even if the
mortgage was filed first.
A-2859-20 2 Defendant Casa Eleganza, LLC (Casa), initially prepared the major
subdivision approval granted by Galloway Township on "Iron Gate at
Galloway," on October 23, 2006, revised it on February 14, 2007, and filed it
on June 25, 2007. The HOA was responsible for maintaining the private road
in the development, designated as Block 1260.01, Lot 15.01, along with open
space designated as Lot 15.13. In addition, the HOA was responsible for
drainage facilities, related buffer areas, and signage. If the HOA failed to
perform, the municipality would take over and charge costs back to individual
owners on a pro rata basis.
Certain architectural restrictions and easements for the maintenance of
the community systems were also included. Article 4 of the Declaration
requires every property owner in the community "to have a membership" in the
HOA. It further states that "[m]embership shall be appurtenant to and may not
be separated from ownership of any Lot or Dwelling," and that "[i]n the event
that fee title to a Lot or Dwelling is transferred or otherwise conveyed, the
membership in the Association which is appurtenant thereto shall
automatically pass to such transferee."
Article 9 of the Declaration pertains to assessments. Section 9.1 states
that "assessments for Common Expenses provided for herein shall be used for
the general purposes of promoting the health, safety, welfare, common benefit,
A-2859-20 3 and enjoyment of the Owners and Occupants of the Development, and
maintaining the Development and improvements therein[.]" Section 9.2, titled
"Creation of Lien and Personal Obligation of Assessments[,]" provides in
relevant part:
Each Owner of a Lot or Dwelling, by acceptance of a deed or other conveyance thereof, whether or not it shall be so expressed in such deed or conveyance, is deemed to covenant and agree to pay to the Association: (a) annual assessments . . . ; and (b) special assessments . . . ; and (c) individual or specific assessments . . . , and (d) emergency assessments . . . . Any such assessments together with late charges, interest at the rate of ten . . . percent per annum compounded annually, and court costs and attorney's fees incurred to enforce or collect such assessments, shall be an equitable charge and a continuing lien upon the Lot or Dwelling, the Owner of which is responsible for payment. Each Owner shall be personally liable for assessments coming due while he is the Owner of the Lot or Dwelling, and his grantee shall take title to such Lot or Dwelling subject to the equitable charge and continuing lien thereof, but without prejudice to the rights of such grantee to recover from his grantor any amounts paid by such grantee thereof; provided, however, the lien for unpaid assessments attributable to the time prior to the foreclosure, sale or a conveyance by deed in lieu of foreclosure shall not apply to the holder of any first priority institutional Mortgage or to the holder of any Mortgage securing a loan made by Declarant, its affiliates, successors, or assigns.
Additionally, Section 9.8, titled "Effect of Nonpayment; Remedies of the
Association" states, in pertinent part:
A-2859-20 4 The equitable charge and lien provided for in this Article shall be in favor of the Association, and each Owner, by his acceptance of a deed or other conveyance to a Lot or Dwelling, vests in the Association and its agents the right and power to bring all actions against him/her personally for the collection of such assessments as a debt and/or to foreclose the aforesaid lien in the same manner as other liens for the improvements of real property.
Furthermore, Section 9.11, titled "Initial Assessments and Capital
Contribution," states:
Declarant covenants to require the transferee of each Lot and/or Dwelling on the day on which such Lot or Dwelling is conveyed to a person other than Declarant to contribute as a non-refundable capital contribution to the Association the sum of Five Hundred Dollars . . . , or other such sum that Declarant determines is reasonable and required, except that such amended sum must be applied uniformly to all [eight] Owners. Upon the purchase of a Lot from the Declarant, the portion of the then current Annual Assessment to be paid by the transferee of any such Lot or Dwelling shall be prorated at the Closing.
Per the HOA's letter dated March 15, 2021, the $12,651.35 bill was for:
(1) capital contributions; (2) HOA and legal fees from April 1, 2019, through
March 31, 2021; and (3) an unpaid landscaping bill for services that the Bank
had authorized.
The original mortgagee lent $646,000 to the developer in a mortgage
recorded June 8, 2007. Two additional mortgages for $386,666.40 and
A-2859-20 5 $11,972.40 were recorded on August 3, 2007. Upon foreclosure, the sheriff's
deed to the Bank included Block 1260.01, Lots 15.01, 15.07, 15.09, 15.10,
15.11, and "15.13 [f/k/a] 15.01."
Schedule A of the sheriff's deed excepts from the conveyance the right
of ingress and egress over the "premises known as Lot 15.01 in Block 1260.01
and commonly known as Gate House Drive, a private road[.]" The sheriff's
deed did not include all the lots originally secured by the mortgage loans, as
third parties had purchased three of those lots over the years. Those owners
were not named as defendants, did not intervene in the litigation, and did not
participate in this appeal.
Casa, the developer, conveyed Lots 15.01 and 15.13 to the HOA. The
foreclosure complaint did not refer to the Declaration of Covenants; however,
it joined the HOA and developer as defendants, presumably because the HOA
was the record owner of a portion of the mortgaged property. In the prayer for
relief included in the foreclosure complaint, the Bank only sought judgment
"[b]arring and foreclosing the [d]efendant(s), and each of them, of all equity of
redemption in and to the said lands and premises."
Judge Michael Blee denied the Bank's motion despite the sequence of
recordation, finding neither the charges nor the Declaration extinguished. He
concluded the equities weighed against the Bank's application because the
A-2859-20 6 HOA and the covenants were a condition of the subdivision approval.
Furthermore, the other individual homeowners in the development relied upon
the existence of the HOA and the Declaration of Covenants when they
purchased their homes and would suffer great prejudice were they voided. 1
The other homeowners "would be stuck with the cost of a private road moving
forward and all of the . . . basins and not be able to enforce the architectural
mandate that they relied upon when purchasing." Therefore, the judge directed
that the fees held in escrow be paid to the HOA.
The judge found that prior to foreclosure, the Bank knew that the
subdivision approval required the HOA to assume responsibility for
maintaining the common areas, including a drainage basin and private road.
The Bank was also on notice that there were unpaid assessments.
During oral argument, the Bank's attorney asked the judge whether the
sheriff's sale divested the HOA's interest because the initial mortgage was first
in time. The judge responded, "[n]ot in this circumstance, no." He added:
"the equities in this case balance more in favor of the defendant [inasmuch] as
this was a planned development approved by the Galloway Township Planning
Board. Its HOA association clearly was a condition of that."
1 Although Gargione was served with the Bank's application, he did not appear during the argument or participate in the appeal.
A-2859-20 7 When the Bank's attorney questioned the judge's decision because the
sheriff's deed included the lots that had been conveyed to the HOA, the judge
said that if there were issues with title, "there may have to be a corrected
deed." The judge further stated: "it's up to [Gargione] to work something out.
I'm presuming the HOA's going to start assessing them moving forward since
the time of the purchase."
On appeal, the Bank alleges the following error:
POINT I
THE TRIAL COURT ABUSED ITS DISCRETION IN DENYING APPELLANT'S MOTION TO DIVEST.
A. A PURCHASER AT FORECLOSURE SALE ACQUIRES THE ENTIRE INTEREST OF THE MORTGAGOR AND MORTGAGEE UNAFFECTED BY THE RIGHTS OF JUNIOR MORTGAGEES OR ENCUMBRANCERS MADE PARTY TO THE FORECLOSURE.
We review a trial court's application of an equitable doctrine for abuse of
discretion. See N.Y. Mortg. Tr. 2005-3 Mortg.-Backed Notes, U.S. Bank Nat'l
Ass'n as Tr. v. Deely, 466 N.J. Super. 387, 397 (App. Div. 2021). Under this
standard, we do not reverse "in the absence of a clear abuse of discretion."
Ibid. (quoting Ocwen Loan Servs., LLC v. Quinn, 450 N.J. Super. 393, 397
(App. Div. 2016)).
A-2859-20 8 Common interest communities, such as Iron Gate at Galloway, are
"distinguishable from any other form of real property ownership because 'there
is a commonality of interest, an interdependence directly tied to the use,
enjoyment, and ownership of property.'" Comm. for a Better Twin Rivers v.
Twin Rivers Homeowners' Ass'n, 192 N.J. 344, 365 (2007) (quoting Fox v.
Kings Grant Maint. Ass'n, 167 N.J. 208, 222 (2001)). "One of the core
foundations of a common interest community is a sharing of expenses for
maintenance among the residents." Mulligan v. Panther Valley Prop. Owners
Ass'n, 337 N.J. Super. 293, 311 (App. Div. 2001).
The Restatement (Third) of Property: Servitudes defines a common
interest community as:
a real-estate development or neighborhood in which individually owned lots or units are burdened by a servitude that imposes an obligation that cannot be avoided by nonuse or withdrawal
(1) to pay for the use of, or contribute to the maintenance of, property held or enjoyed in common by the individual owners, or
(2) to pay dues or assessments to an association that provides services or facilities to the common property or to the individually owned property, or that enforces other servitudes burdening the property in the development or neighborhood.
[Restatement (Third) of Property: Servitudes § 1.8 (Am. Law Inst. 2000).]
A-2859-20 9 "A servitude is a legal device that creates a right or an obligation that
runs with the land or an interest in the land." Cape May Harbor Vill. & Yacht
Club Ass'n v. Sbraga, 421 N.J. Super. 56, 71 (App. Div. 2011) (citing
Restatement (Third) of Property: Servitudes § 1.1(1) (Am. Law Inst. 2000)).
"Covenants are included in the umbrella definition of servitudes." Ibid. (citing
Restatement (Third) of Property: Servitudes §1.1(2) (Am. Law Inst. 2000)).
"Most common-interest communities are created by a declaration, which
not only imposes the servitudes, but also provides automatic and mandatory
membership in an association of property owners." Restatement (Third) of
Property: Servitudes § 1.8 cmt. c (Am. Law Inst. 2000). Accordingly, property
owners in common interest communities "take title subject to a master deed or
declaration[.]" Cape May Harbor Vill., 421 N.J. Super. at 70.
The declaration of covenants "include[s] restrictions and conditions that
run with the land and bind all current and future property owners." Highland
Lakes Country Club & Cmty. Ass'n v. Franzino, 186 N.J. 99, 110 (2006).
Declarations are recordable interests and "from the time of recording ," serve as
"notice to all subsequent purchasers, mortgagees and judgment creditors of the
execution of the document recorded and its contents." N.J.S.A. 46:26A-12(a).
As noted, the declaration may also create a homeowners' association.
Highland Lakes, 186 N.J. at 110. "The association performs many functions,
A-2859-20 10 but '[p]erhaps its most important responsibilities are enforcement of the
covenants agreed to by community members.'" Fox, 167 N.J. at 223 (alteration
in original) (quoting David C. Drewes, Note, Putting the "Community" Back
Into Common Interest Communities: A Proposal For Participation-Enhancing
Procedural Review, 101 Colum. L. Rev. 314, 350 n.9 (2001)).
The Bank disputes the charged assessments. When interpreting the
Declaration, however, "fundamental canons of contract construction require
[the court to] examine the plain language of the contract and the parties' intent,
as evidenced by the contract's purpose and surrounding circumstances."
Highland Lakes, 186 N.J. at 115 (quoting State Troopers Fraternal Ass'n v.
State, 149 N.J. 38, 47 (1997)).
In Highland Lakes, the Court found that the properties in a common
interest community were "subject to an equitable servitude in respect of arrears
accrued by prior owners" based upon the plain language of the binding
covenants contained within the community's recorded deeds and bylaws. Id. at
103. The mortgage was recorded after the HOA's declaration, but the
homeowner contended that the mortgage foreclosure proceeding, which
preceded his acquisition of ownership, discharged the lien. Ibid.
The homeowners' association took the position that arrears on
membership charges accrued by predecessors in title could "be enforced both
A-2859-20 11 as a contractual obligation undertaken by an acquiring property owner and as
an equitable servitude on the property." Id. at 104. The bylaws provided that
membership would be granted automatically upon acquisition of title, and that
the homeowner would be obliged to pay assessments "from the time the same
shall have become due." Id. at 105. Liens would become effective from the
time of recordation. Id. at 118. The mortgage foreclosure complaint "sought a
judgment barring and foreclosing all defendants of all equity or redemption in
and to the property." Id. at 106.
The Court began its discussion by reiterating the principle that the
covenants providing for the servitude ran with the land, were valid,
enforceable, and binding on all property owners. Id. at 110. Although lacking
statutory origin, by virtue of the filing of declarations of covenants, conditions,
and restrictions in deeds and association bylaws, HOAs create obligation s
which bind future property owners. Id. at 110-11. The filed HOA documents
serve as notice to subsequent judgment creditors and purchasers. Id. at 111.
"[H]omeowners' association liens are classified as equitable liens
because they are created by the covenants contained in members' deeds." Ibid.
Such liens combine "a legally cognizable debt and a binding agreement to
subject property to the payment of that claim." Ibid. For a covenant to create
a lien right in a homeowners' association, the "property owner must have
A-2859-20 12 adequate notice." Id. at 112. As the Court explained, "[s]ubsequent bona fide
purchasers of property encumbered with an equitable lien take 'subject to the
rights of the equitable lienor,' provided there is notice of the lien." Ibid.
(quoting 51 Am. Jur. 2d Liens § 18 (2000)). The Court further posited that
while the mortgage foreclosure action may have discharged the lien, the
underlying debt continued to run with the land. Ibid.
The Court pointed out that under the bylaws, a new owner had an
obligation to inquire regarding arrears "and to ensure satisfaction of" any
arrears. Id. at 117. On acquisition, a purchaser had to pay arrears. Id. at 118.
Although no lien was recorded, the purchaser still had to satisfy arrears
accrued by prior owners. Id. at 108, 117, 118.
As the Court stated, the language in the bylaws created "no safe harbor
for a less-than-diligent prospective purchaser. On the contrary, . . . the
Association [has] the means to enforce its contract rights by recording a lien; it
has no effect on the parties' substantive rights and obligations." Id. at 119. In
other words, regardless of the status of any recorded lien, a new owner took
title subject to the arrears that might exist towards the homeowners'
association.
A-2859-20 13 The HOA bylaws here impose a similarly worded obligation on title
owners. The Bank held title for two years and must pay the debt accrued
during that period.
"It is well established that membership obligations requiring
homeowners in a community to join an association and to pay a fair share
toward community maintenance are enforceable as contractual obligations."
Id. at 111. "[S]uch recorded covenants also can create a lien on the property."
Ibid. Even though these equitable liens may be extinguished by entry of a
foreclosure judgment and sale, "[i]t has long been the law in New Jersey that
extinguishment of a lien does not affect the validity of the underlying debt that
gave rise to the lien." Id. at 114. The debt owed to the HOA by the Bank was
still valid after the foreclosure because the HOA and the Declaration continued
as a servitude running with the land. The Bank therefore had to pay
assessments accrued during its ownership.
Iron Gate at Galloway is not subject to either the New Jersey
Condominium Act, N.J.S.A. 46:8B-1 to -38 (because the properties therein are
not condominiums), or The Planned Real Estate Development Full Disclosure
Act, N.J.S.A. 45:22A-21 to -56 (because the community has less than 100
lots). Regardless, these statutes "may be considered 'instructive' and looked to
for guidance" to the extent they address the same subject matter. Mulligan,
A-2859-20 14 337 N.J. Super. at 301; see also Cape May Harbor Vill., 421 N.J. Super. at 70.
Moreover, "courts should be responsive to legislation as expressive of public
policy, which can serve to shape and add content to the common law, even
though such legislative expressions may not be directly applicable or binding
in the given matter." Carr v. Carr, 120 N.J. 336, 350 (1990). We note that
they establish limited lien priority for condominium associations and HOAs
owed assessments, thereby demonstrating the Legislature's recognition of the
importance of collecting unpaid assessments to sustain common interest
communities. See N.J.S.A. 46:8B-21 (for condominium associations);
N.J.S.A. 45:22A-44.1 (for HOAs).
The approach taken by Judge Blee accords with the doctrine of equitable
subrogation. In modern times, this doctrine provides that New Jersey, a race-
notice jurisdiction, 2 may alter the ordinary sequence of priority to satisfy
principles of equity. Although the doctrine is rarely applied, its intent is "to
ameliorate the harsh consequences of the recording act, by 'permit[ting] the
third[-]party lender to inherit, in full or in part, the original lien position of the
mortgage that it paid off, even if an intervening lien existed in the meantime."
2 "New Jersey is considered a 'race-notice' jurisdiction, which means that as between two competing parties the interest of the party who first records the instrument will prevail so long as that party had no actual knowledge of the other party's previously-acquired interest." Cox v. RKA Corp., 164 N.J. 487, 496 (2000).
A-2859-20 15 N.Y. Mortg. Tr., 466 N.J. Super. at 398 (alterations in original) (quoting
Sovereign Bank v. Gillis, 432 N.J. Super. 36, 44 (App. Div. 2013)). The idea
behind the doctrine is to preserve the equitable interest of subsequent lenders
where there was neither "prejudice to or justified reliance by a party in adverse
interest." Equity Sav. & Loan Ass'n v. Chicago Title Ins. Co., 190 N.J. Super.
340, 342 (App. Div. 1983).
N.Y. Mortgage explains "the doctrine [of equitable subrogation], rooted
in principles of equity, is used 'to compel the ultimate discharge of an
obligation by the one who in good conscience ought to pay it.'" 466 N.J.
Super. at 398-99 (quoting First Union Nat'l Bank v. Nelkin, 354 N.J. Super.
557, 565 (App. Div. 2002)). Those seeking equity must do equity. This
project never would have been granted major subdivision approval without an
HOA to assume responsibilities that would otherwise fall on the municipality.
Pursuant to the doctrine of equitable subrogation, the ordinary sequence
of priority here must be altered. Otherwise, prejudice would result to the
individual homeowners who already own lots, and to the municipality, which
issued major subdivision approval in reliance on the creation of an HOA.
Thus, Judge Blee's decision not to discharge the sums due or otherwise
dissolve the HOA was not an abuse of discretion. This is the rare instance
where, in a race-notice jurisdiction, the ordinary sequence of priority must be
A-2859-20 16 altered in order to satisfy equitable principles. To do otherwise would result in
harsh consequences to the other innocent property owners as well as the
municipality. The municipality is not in a position to take back its approval,
any more than the individual homeowners are in a position to rescind their
purchases.
Furthermore, the Bank has already benefitted from the creation of the
HOA. Without the HOA, no portion of the mortgages would have been paid as
other owners in the development bought their lots.
The question in this case is not whether pursuant to the race-notice
statute, N.J.S.A. 46:26A-12, the HOA exists because it was named in the
mortgage foreclosure complaint, or whether the debt for outstanding HOA fees
should be paid. The question is whether obtaining "clean" title at a sheriff's
sale enables the Bank to bootstrap itself into a position better than any other
purchaser responsible for assessments and HOA responsibilities during a
period of ownership. The sheriff's sale should not—and could not—have that
effect.
Thus, under the doctrine of equitable subrogation, the Declaration of
Covenants remains in full force and effect, and the $12,651.35 currently in the
hands of the title insurance company should be paid over. The HOA
responsibilities and debts could not be extinguished by the foreclosure of a
A-2859-20 17 portion of the lots covered by the subdivision approval. These debts run with
the land, as does the HOA Declaration, which constitutes an equitable
servitude on the land.
Affirmed.
A-2859-20 18