NOT FOR PUBLICATION FILED UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS MAY 20 2025 MOLLY C. DWYER, CLERK U.S. COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE NINTH CIRCUIT
FULL TILT BOOGIE, LLC, a Nevada No. 23-55388 limited liability company, D.C. No. Plaintiff-Appellee, 2:19-cv-09090-ODW-KES
v. MEMORANDUM* JEROEN BIK; MIRAY BIK,
Defendants-Appellants,
v.
JAMES R. KIRNER,
Counter-defendant-Appellee,
and
KEP FORTUNE, LLC, a Delaware limited liability company; DOE INDIVIDUALS, 1- 10; ROE CORPORATIONS, 11-20,
Defendants,
THE JIMMY K INC.,
Counter-defendant.
* This disposition is not appropriate for publication and is not precedent except as provided by Ninth Circuit Rule 36-3. FULL TILT BOOGIE, LLC, a Nevada No. 23-55452 limited liability company, D.C. No. Plaintiff-Appellee, 2:19-cv-09090-ODW-KES
JEROEN BIK; MIRAY BIK,
DOE INDIVIDUALS, 1-10; ROE CORPORATIONS, 11-20; KEP FORTUNE, LLC, a Delaware limited liability company,
Appeal from the United States District Court for the Central District of California Otis D. Wright II, District Judge, Presiding
Submitted May 16, 2025** Pasadena, California
** The panel unanimously concludes this case is suitable for decision without oral argument. See Fed. R. App. P. 34(a)(2).
2 Before: IKUTA and R. NELSON, Circuit Judges, and EZRA,*** District Judge.
Defendants Jeroen and Miray Bik (“the Biks”) appeal the district court’s
amended default judgment, amended final judgment, and order denying post-
judgment relief in favor of Plaintiff Full Tilt Boogie, LLC (“Full Tilt”) in this
franchise agreement dispute. We have jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 1291.
Reviewing for abuse of discretion, we affirm. See Hawaii Carpenters’ Tr. Funds
v. Stone, 794 F.2d 508, 511–12 (9th Cir. 1986); see also Lam v. City of San Jose,
869 F.3d 1077, 1084 (9th Cir. 2017) (we must uphold “a district court’s
determination that falls within a broad range of permissible conclusions, provided
the district court did not apply the law erroneously.” (citation omitted)).
The Biks argue on appeal that the district court erroneously assumed that the
default of their co-defendant, KEP Fortune, LLC (“KEP”), automatically required
the entry of judgment against the Biks following a finding on summary judgment
of their joint and several liability under the California Franchise Investment Law
(“CFIL”).1 They contend that the district court erred when it “imputed KEP’s
liability to its non-defaulting co-defendants Jeroen and Miray Bik, even though (i)
the Biks had answered the complaint; (ii) the Biks continued to contest liability and
*** The Honorable David A. Ezra, United States District Judge for the District of Hawaii, sitting by designation. 1 The Biks are owner-members of KEP.
3 the amount of damages; and (iii) the Biks were not in default because they were
permitted by law to represent themselves in the action.”
When there are defendants who are jointly and severally liable, the court
should not impose liability on the defaulting defendant before determining whether
the answering defendants are liable. In re First T.D. & Inv., Inc., 253 F.3d 520,
531–33 (9th Cir. 2001) (discussing Frow v. De La Vega, 82 U.S. 552 (1872)). If
the answering defendants are not liable, then the defaulting defendant is not liable
either. See Frow, 82 U.S. at 554. Unlike Frow, this is not a case where the Biks
could be held not liable for violating the CFIL, and therefore KEP could be held
not liable.
In its order on cross-motions for summary judgment, the district court found
KEP and the Biks jointly and severally liable for violating the CFIL. After KEP
defaulted, following the withdrawal of its counsel, Full Tilt moved for default
judgment and elected rescission damages. As Full Tilt explained, if the district
court agreed to an award of rescission under the CFIL, its alternative legal claims,
or the equitable remedy of restitution through unjust enrichment, would not be
available. At this point in the case, it was not yet clear that the district court would
impose the remedy of rescission, because it had previously held on summary
judgment that Full Tilt needed to prove willfulness to be entitled to that
remedy. Cal. Corp. Code § 31300. The district court then issued a Minute Order
4 ordering Full Tilt to explain why its motion for rescission damages negated the
need for a trial, and to provide a more complete analysis of its motion for
rescission damages. The district court also allowed the Biks, who were now
proceeding pro se, to file a responsive brief.
In the Biks’ response, they requested “that this Court issue an Order vacating
the Trial against [the Biks] for Unjust Enrichment and/or any prove-up damages
against [the Biks] on the CFIL claim.” The Biks stated that the unjust enrichment
claim against them was unnecessary and moot because rescission against KEP and
monetary damages for unjust enrichment against the Biks would amount to double
recovery. The Biks also argued that rescission was not available against them,
because they were not parties to the relevant contract. The Biks made no argument
about whether Full Tilt had proven KEP’s willfulness, which was necessary for
rescission liability under the CFIL, by virtue of its default. Further, the Biks
requested the district court vacate any trial settings for prove-up damages against
them on Full Tilt’s CFIL claim.
The district court warned the Biks extensively about the consequences of
their choice to proceed without counsel for both themselves and KEP. For
example, at the February 23, 2023 hearing, the district court explained that “what
happens to KEP is going to happen to [the Biks]” and asked Mr. Bik to explain in
his own words what would happen if KEP defaulted. See Pliler v. Ford, 542 U.S.
5 225, 231 (2004) (“[J]udges have no obligation to act as counsel or paralegal to pro
se litigants” because requiring trial judges to explain the details of federal law or
act as the pro se’s counsel “would undermine district judges’ role as impartial
decisionmakers.”).
In this case all defendants were held liable for a violation of the CFIL at the
summary judgment stage, which was the basis for the remedy imposed by the
district court, following KEP’s default. KEP defaulted on the issue of willfulness,
resulting in the availability of rescission as a remedy under the CFIL, and the Biks
stated that they did not wish to litigate further. Thus, the district court did not err
when it found KEP liable for rescission damages, and the Biks jointly and
severally liable for the same.
As the district court correctly found, “KEP’s CFIL violations were
established as willful based on KEP’s default. Thus, whether the Biks also
willfully violated the CFIL [was] irrelevant to the Court’s conclusion.” Cf.
Westchester Fire Ins. Co. v.
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NOT FOR PUBLICATION FILED UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS MAY 20 2025 MOLLY C. DWYER, CLERK U.S. COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE NINTH CIRCUIT
FULL TILT BOOGIE, LLC, a Nevada No. 23-55388 limited liability company, D.C. No. Plaintiff-Appellee, 2:19-cv-09090-ODW-KES
v. MEMORANDUM* JEROEN BIK; MIRAY BIK,
Defendants-Appellants,
v.
JAMES R. KIRNER,
Counter-defendant-Appellee,
and
KEP FORTUNE, LLC, a Delaware limited liability company; DOE INDIVIDUALS, 1- 10; ROE CORPORATIONS, 11-20,
Defendants,
THE JIMMY K INC.,
Counter-defendant.
* This disposition is not appropriate for publication and is not precedent except as provided by Ninth Circuit Rule 36-3. FULL TILT BOOGIE, LLC, a Nevada No. 23-55452 limited liability company, D.C. No. Plaintiff-Appellee, 2:19-cv-09090-ODW-KES
JEROEN BIK; MIRAY BIK,
DOE INDIVIDUALS, 1-10; ROE CORPORATIONS, 11-20; KEP FORTUNE, LLC, a Delaware limited liability company,
Appeal from the United States District Court for the Central District of California Otis D. Wright II, District Judge, Presiding
Submitted May 16, 2025** Pasadena, California
** The panel unanimously concludes this case is suitable for decision without oral argument. See Fed. R. App. P. 34(a)(2).
2 Before: IKUTA and R. NELSON, Circuit Judges, and EZRA,*** District Judge.
Defendants Jeroen and Miray Bik (“the Biks”) appeal the district court’s
amended default judgment, amended final judgment, and order denying post-
judgment relief in favor of Plaintiff Full Tilt Boogie, LLC (“Full Tilt”) in this
franchise agreement dispute. We have jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 1291.
Reviewing for abuse of discretion, we affirm. See Hawaii Carpenters’ Tr. Funds
v. Stone, 794 F.2d 508, 511–12 (9th Cir. 1986); see also Lam v. City of San Jose,
869 F.3d 1077, 1084 (9th Cir. 2017) (we must uphold “a district court’s
determination that falls within a broad range of permissible conclusions, provided
the district court did not apply the law erroneously.” (citation omitted)).
The Biks argue on appeal that the district court erroneously assumed that the
default of their co-defendant, KEP Fortune, LLC (“KEP”), automatically required
the entry of judgment against the Biks following a finding on summary judgment
of their joint and several liability under the California Franchise Investment Law
(“CFIL”).1 They contend that the district court erred when it “imputed KEP’s
liability to its non-defaulting co-defendants Jeroen and Miray Bik, even though (i)
the Biks had answered the complaint; (ii) the Biks continued to contest liability and
*** The Honorable David A. Ezra, United States District Judge for the District of Hawaii, sitting by designation. 1 The Biks are owner-members of KEP.
3 the amount of damages; and (iii) the Biks were not in default because they were
permitted by law to represent themselves in the action.”
When there are defendants who are jointly and severally liable, the court
should not impose liability on the defaulting defendant before determining whether
the answering defendants are liable. In re First T.D. & Inv., Inc., 253 F.3d 520,
531–33 (9th Cir. 2001) (discussing Frow v. De La Vega, 82 U.S. 552 (1872)). If
the answering defendants are not liable, then the defaulting defendant is not liable
either. See Frow, 82 U.S. at 554. Unlike Frow, this is not a case where the Biks
could be held not liable for violating the CFIL, and therefore KEP could be held
not liable.
In its order on cross-motions for summary judgment, the district court found
KEP and the Biks jointly and severally liable for violating the CFIL. After KEP
defaulted, following the withdrawal of its counsel, Full Tilt moved for default
judgment and elected rescission damages. As Full Tilt explained, if the district
court agreed to an award of rescission under the CFIL, its alternative legal claims,
or the equitable remedy of restitution through unjust enrichment, would not be
available. At this point in the case, it was not yet clear that the district court would
impose the remedy of rescission, because it had previously held on summary
judgment that Full Tilt needed to prove willfulness to be entitled to that
remedy. Cal. Corp. Code § 31300. The district court then issued a Minute Order
4 ordering Full Tilt to explain why its motion for rescission damages negated the
need for a trial, and to provide a more complete analysis of its motion for
rescission damages. The district court also allowed the Biks, who were now
proceeding pro se, to file a responsive brief.
In the Biks’ response, they requested “that this Court issue an Order vacating
the Trial against [the Biks] for Unjust Enrichment and/or any prove-up damages
against [the Biks] on the CFIL claim.” The Biks stated that the unjust enrichment
claim against them was unnecessary and moot because rescission against KEP and
monetary damages for unjust enrichment against the Biks would amount to double
recovery. The Biks also argued that rescission was not available against them,
because they were not parties to the relevant contract. The Biks made no argument
about whether Full Tilt had proven KEP’s willfulness, which was necessary for
rescission liability under the CFIL, by virtue of its default. Further, the Biks
requested the district court vacate any trial settings for prove-up damages against
them on Full Tilt’s CFIL claim.
The district court warned the Biks extensively about the consequences of
their choice to proceed without counsel for both themselves and KEP. For
example, at the February 23, 2023 hearing, the district court explained that “what
happens to KEP is going to happen to [the Biks]” and asked Mr. Bik to explain in
his own words what would happen if KEP defaulted. See Pliler v. Ford, 542 U.S.
5 225, 231 (2004) (“[J]udges have no obligation to act as counsel or paralegal to pro
se litigants” because requiring trial judges to explain the details of federal law or
act as the pro se’s counsel “would undermine district judges’ role as impartial
decisionmakers.”).
In this case all defendants were held liable for a violation of the CFIL at the
summary judgment stage, which was the basis for the remedy imposed by the
district court, following KEP’s default. KEP defaulted on the issue of willfulness,
resulting in the availability of rescission as a remedy under the CFIL, and the Biks
stated that they did not wish to litigate further. Thus, the district court did not err
when it found KEP liable for rescission damages, and the Biks jointly and
severally liable for the same.
As the district court correctly found, “KEP’s CFIL violations were
established as willful based on KEP’s default. Thus, whether the Biks also
willfully violated the CFIL [was] irrelevant to the Court’s conclusion.” Cf.
Westchester Fire Ins. Co. v. Mendez, 585 F.3d 1183, 1190 (9th Cir. 2009)
(insured’s default cannot preclude “adjudication on the merits” where the insurer
“contends that it will be able to overcome” grounds for default). There is nothing
inconsistent or incongruous about finding the Biks jointly and severally liable for
KEP’s CFIL violation and enforcing the remedy against both. Cf. In re First T.D.,
253 F.3d at 532 (A result in which defaulting defendants in related litigation are
6 found liable but not non-defaulting defendants are not liable “is both incongruous
and unfair.”); see also In re Uranium Antitrust Litig., 617 F.3d 1248, 1257 (7th
Cir. 1980) (applying Frow to avoid “logically inconsistent adjudications as to
liability”). Accordingly, the district court did not violate the Biks’ due process
rights, as they contend.
Further, the district court did not award relief that exceeded the scope of Full
Tilt’s motion or pleadings, as the Biks argue. While the default judgment was
entered solely against KEP, the Biks had previously been adjudicated jointly and
severally liable for the CFIL violation, and rescission was merely a remedy
flowing from that claim.
Moreover, the Biks’ argument that the complaint failed to state a cause of
action for rescission against them is unavailing. Rescission is a remedy, not a
standalone claim. Nakash v. Superior Ct., 196 Cal. App. 3d 59, 70 (Cal. Ct. App.
1987). See also Dollar Sys., Inc. v. Avcar Leasing Sys., Inc., 890 F.2d 165, 170
(9th Cir. 1989). Additionally, Cal. Corp. Code § 31302 makes control persons
jointly and severally liable for relief flowing from a CFIL violation. Because
liability under the CFIL had been determined by the district court on summary
judgment, and Full Tilt, as the franchisee, elected rescission as its remedy, the
district court did not err in imposing that remedy jointly and severally.
Finally, for the reasons stated above, the district court did not abuse its
7 discretion in denying the Biks’ post-judgment motions under Federal Rules of
Civil Procedure 59(a), 59(e), or 60(b).
AFFIRMED.