Fu v. Bondi

Opinion

NOT FOR PUBLICATION FILED UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS JUL 22 2025 MOLLY C. DWYER, CLERK U.S. COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE NINTH CIRCUIT

TAIPING FU, No. 24-5469 Agency No. Petitioner, A206-664-502 v. MEMORANDUM* PAMELA BONDI, Attorney General,

Respondent.

On Petition for Review of an Order of the Board of Immigration Appeals

Submitted July 18, 2025** Pasadena, California

Before: WARDLAW, MENDOZA, and JOHNSTONE, Circuit Judges.

Petitioner Taiping Fu, citizen of China, conceded removability and applied

for asylum, withholding of removal, and protection under the Convention Against

Torture (“CAT”). Fu petitions for review of a decision by the Board of Immigration

Appeals (“BIA”) affirming an immigration judge’s (“IJ”) order denying all relief.

* This disposition is not appropriate for publication and is not precedent except as provided by Ninth Circuit Rule 36-3. ** The panel unanimously concludes this case is suitable for decision without oral argument. See Fed. R. App. P. 34(a)(2). We have jurisdiction pursuant to 8 U.S.C. § 1252. Where the BIA conducts a de

novo review of an IJ’s decision, our analysis is “limited to the BIA’s decision except

to the extent that the IJ’s opinion is expressly adopted by the BIA.” Garcia v.

Wilkinson, 988 F.3d 1136, 1142 (9th Cir. 2021) (citation modified). We deny the

petition.

1. We review adverse credibility findings for substantial evidence.

Shrestha v. Holder, 590 F.3d 1034, 1039 (9th Cir. 2010). In a statement supporting

his asylum application, Fu wrote that he and his then-wife “were hiding everywhere”

in the leadup to the birth of their second child in August 2004. During testimony,

when the IJ asked him who he was living with in 2004 and where, he responded

“[w]ith my ex-wife, with my father, and my daughter” at their home. He reaffirmed

that he lived nowhere else that year, not even temporarily. When the IJ confronted

him with his prior written statement, he changed his story, explaining that his wife

hid at a relative’s house until his son was born while he lived at home. Further, Fu

testified as to a number of encounters with family planning officials who forced his

wives to submit to recurring pregnancy checks, which he omitted from his prior

written statement. Such inconsistencies and omissions amount to substantial

evidence in support of the agency’s partial adverse credibility finding. See Shrestha,

590 F.3d at 1043–44, 1043 n.4 (“inconsistencies . . . may undermine credibility.”);

Lai v. Holder, 773 F.3d 966, 971 (9th Cir. 2014) (omissions may undermine

2 24-5469 credibility).

2. Persecution 1 is “the infliction of suffering or harm upon those who

differ (in race, religion[,] or political opinion) in a way regarded as offensive.” Fon

v. Garland, 34 F.4th 810, 813 (9th Cir. 2022) (quoting Korablina v. I.N.S., 158 F.3d

1038, 1043 (9th Cir. 1998)). While forced abortions and sterilization constitute

persecution, see Wang v. Ashcroft, 341 F.3d 1015, 1020 (9th Cir. 2003), the spouses

of those forced to undergo such treatment may demonstrate persecution only upon a

further showing that they resisted the population control policy, see Jiang v. Holder,

611 F.3d 1086, 1093–95, 1097 (9th Cir. 2010). Neither Fu nor his ex-wives were

forced to undergo sterilization or abortion, in light of Fu’s paying the state-imposed

fine. Paying such a fine amounts to “grudging compliance” with the policy rather

than “resistance.” He v. Holder, 749 F.3d 792, 796 (9th Cir. 2014) (citation

modified). Fu did not offer evidence that the fine amounted to a “substantial

economic disadvantage” interfering with his livelihood. Id. (quoting Gormley v.

Ashcroft, 364 F.3d 1172, 1177 (9th Cir. 2004)). The further conduct and threats by

state officials did not amount to “infliction of suffering or harm” sufficient to

establish persecution. Kaur v. Wilkinson, 986 F.3d 1216, 1222 (9th Cir. 2021)

1 Because we conclude the petition should be denied under either a de novo or substantial evidence standard of review, we need not address which standard applies to the BIA’s determination that the harm Fu suffered did not amount to past persecution. See, e.g., Singh v. Garland, 97 F.4th 597, 603 (9th Cir. 2024).

3 24-5469 (“Persecution is an extreme concept[.]” (citation omitted)).

3. Beyond past persecution, asylum may be granted upon the showing that

the applicant’s “fear of persecution [is] both subjectively genuine and objectively

reasonable.” Sael v. Ashcroft, 386 F.3d 922, 924 (9th Cir. 2004). Substantial

evidence supports the BIA’s determination that Fu did not demonstrate that his fear

of persecution upon returning to China is objectively reasonable because its factual

basis was “too speculative.” Nagoulko v. INS, 333 F.3d 1012, 1018 (9th Cir. 2003).

For the same reason, he did not meet his burden for eligibility for withholding of

removal. See Singh v. Garland, 97 F.4th 597, 609 (9th Cir. 2024) (“The clear

probability standard for withholding of removal is more stringent than the well-

founded fear standard for asylum[.]”).

4. A petitioner is “deemed to have exhausted only those issues he raised

and argued in his brief before the BIA.” Abebe v. Mukasey, 554 F.3d 1203, 1208

(9th Cir. 2009) (en banc) (per curiam). Fu’s brief before the BIA did not genuinely

challenge the IJ’s denial of CAT relief; therefore he did not exhaust the claim and it

is not properly before us. See 8 U.S.C. § 1252(d)(1); Umana-Escobar v. Garland,

69 F.4th 544, 550 (9th Cir. 2023).

PETITION DENIED.2

2 The temporary stay of removal shall remain in place until the mandate issues. The motion to stay removal (Dkt. 2) is otherwise DENIED.

4 24-5469