Case: 11-15378 Date Filed: 10/17/2012 Page: 1 of 8
[DO NOT PUBLISH]
IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT _____________________________
No. 11-15378 Non-Argument Calendar _____________________________
D. C. Docket No. 1:11-cv-00768-WSD
FRED MILANI,
Plaintiff-Appellant, versus
ONE WEST BANK FSB, U. S. BANK NATIONAL ASSOCIATION, et al.,
Defendants-Appellees. _____________________________
Appeal from the United States District Court for the Northern District of Georgia _____________________________
(October 17, 2012)
Before MARCUS, WILSON and EDMONDSON, Circuit Judges.
PER CURIAM:
Plaintiff Fred Milani appeals the district court’s grant of Defendants’
several motions to dismiss. No reversible error has been shown; we affirm. Case: 11-15378 Date Filed: 10/17/2012 Page: 2 of 8
BACKGROUND
Plaintiff’s complaint included facts and allegations related to foreclosure
proceedings taken on Plaintiff’s home, real property located at 3687 Briarcliff
Road, Atlanta, Georgia (“the property”). Plaintiffs complaint named several
defendants, chiefly several large financial institutions: OneWest Bank, FSB; U.S.
Bank National Assoc.; Deutsche Bank National Trust Co.; Mortgage Electronic
Registration Systems, Inc.; ABN Amro Bank, N.V.; Aurora Loan Services LLC;
and certain fictitious parties (together, “the Defendants”).1 Based on the facts in
the complaint, Plaintiff raised claims for a declaratory judgment; an emergency
temporary restraining order and injunction; wrongful foreclosure; fraud; and quiet
title.
In 2005, Plaintiff refinanced some existing debt that was secured by his
home by entering into a transaction with IndyMac Bank, FSB. As part of this
transaction, Plaintiff signed an adjustable-rate note promising to pay certain
monies and a “Security Deed” that granted Defendant Mortgage Electronic
Registration Systems, Inc. (“MERS”) a “power of sale” on the property. Plaintiff
1 Plaintiff initially filed this action in the Superior Court of DeKalb County, Georgia. A short time later, the action was removed to the United States District Court for the Northern District of Georgia.
2 Case: 11-15378 Date Filed: 10/17/2012 Page: 3 of 8
has since failed to make one or more of the payments called for under the 2005
note, and Defendant OneWest Bank, FSB (“OneWest”) has begun foreclosure
proceedings on the property.2
Briefly stated, Plaintiff’s complaint alleged that Defendant OneWest is
incapable of properly foreclosing on the property because the Defendants
“separated the pertinent note and security deed in the process of engaging in the
“illegal scheme of securitization of residential mortgages” -- leaving the note
unsecured and the security deed unenforceable -- and because certain of the
assignments of the pertinent security deed were fraudulent or “doctored.”3
The district court granted Defendants’ several motions to dismiss, with
prejudice.4 The district court noted in particular that Plaintiff had failed to allege
facts sufficient to support his argument that Defendant OneWest holds no valid
security deed and power of sale; that the facts Plaintiff alleged contradicted his
2 According to the complaint (which quotes assignment documents held by Defendant OneWest), Defendant MERS assigned the pertinent security deed to IndyMac Federal Bank, FSB, which -- with the FDIC acting as receiver -- then assigned the security deed to Defendant OneWest. Later, a “corrective assignment” was also made from IndyMac Federal Bank, FSB -- with the FDIC acting as receiver -- to Defendant OneWest. 3 The complaint also contends that Defendant OneWest failed to comply with the required contractual provisions contained in the security deed when OneWest initiated foreclosure proceedings against the property. 4 Before granting Defendant U.S. Bank National Assoc.’s motion to dismiss, the district court granted the bank’s Motion to Set Aside Default.
3 Case: 11-15378 Date Filed: 10/17/2012 Page: 4 of 8
claims; that Plaintiff had failed to provide a factual or legal basis for his
“separation” argument; and that allowing Plaintiff to amend his complaint would
be futile.
STANDARD OF REVIEW
We review a district court's decision to grant a motion to set aside the entry
of a default judgment for an abuse of discretion. See Robinson v. United States,
734 F.2d 735, 739 (11th Cir. 1984).
We review a district court’s dismissal of a case pursuant to Federal Rule of
Civil Procedure 12(b)(6) de novo. Catron v. City of St. Petersburg, 658 F.3d 1260,
1264 (11th Cir. 2011). We review a district court’s refusal to grant leave to amend
a complaint for abuse of discretion, but we review the legal conclusion that
amendment would be futile de novo. Harris v. Ivax Corp., 182 F.3d 799, 802
(11th Cir. 1999).
A “complaint must contain sufficient factual matter, accepted as true, to
‘state a claim to relief that is plausible on its face.’” Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 129 S. Ct.
1937, 1949 (2009) (quoting Bell Atl. Corp. v. Twombly, 127 S. Ct. 1955, 1974
(2007)). To state a plausible claim for relief, Plaintiffs must go beyond merely
4 Case: 11-15378 Date Filed: 10/17/2012 Page: 5 of 8
pleading the “sheer possibility” of unlawful activity by a defendant and so must
offer “factual content that allows the court to draw the reasonable inference that
the defendant is liable for the misconduct alleged.” Id.
DISCUSSION
As the district court correctly noted, to pursue properly a declaratory
judgment under Georgia law “a party must establish that [a declaratory judgment]
is necessary to relieve himself of the risk of taking some future action that, without
direction, would jeopardize his interests.” Porter v. Houghton, 542 S.E.2d 491,
492 (Ga. 2001). No uncertainty exists about any future action by Plaintiff in this
case; Plaintiff has already defaulted on the pertinent note. On the facts of this
case, a declaratory judgment is unavailable because all material rights have
accrued based on past events and what Plaintiff seeks is an advisory opinion on
the validity of the future act of another party. See Logan Paving Co. v. Peoples
Bank & Trust, 395 S.E.2d 287, 288 (Ga. Ct. App. 1990).
“In Georgia, a plaintiff asserting a claim of wrongful foreclosure must
establish a legal duty owed to it by the foreclosing party, a breach of that duty, a
causal connection between the breach of that duty and the injury it sustained, and
5 Case: 11-15378 Date Filed: 10/17/2012 Page: 6 of 8
damages.” Gregorakos v. Wells Fargo Nat’l Ass'n, 647 S.E.2d 289, 292 (Ga. Ct.
App. 2007) (quotation omitted).
No Georgia law operates to defeat the use of the pertinent security deed in a
foreclosure proceeding. Under Georgia law, a security deed which includes a
power of sale is a contract that controls “the rights of the parties thereto and their
privies.” Gordon v. S. Cent.
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Case: 11-15378 Date Filed: 10/17/2012 Page: 1 of 8
[DO NOT PUBLISH]
IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT _____________________________
No. 11-15378 Non-Argument Calendar _____________________________
D. C. Docket No. 1:11-cv-00768-WSD
FRED MILANI,
Plaintiff-Appellant, versus
ONE WEST BANK FSB, U. S. BANK NATIONAL ASSOCIATION, et al.,
Defendants-Appellees. _____________________________
Appeal from the United States District Court for the Northern District of Georgia _____________________________
(October 17, 2012)
Before MARCUS, WILSON and EDMONDSON, Circuit Judges.
PER CURIAM:
Plaintiff Fred Milani appeals the district court’s grant of Defendants’
several motions to dismiss. No reversible error has been shown; we affirm. Case: 11-15378 Date Filed: 10/17/2012 Page: 2 of 8
BACKGROUND
Plaintiff’s complaint included facts and allegations related to foreclosure
proceedings taken on Plaintiff’s home, real property located at 3687 Briarcliff
Road, Atlanta, Georgia (“the property”). Plaintiffs complaint named several
defendants, chiefly several large financial institutions: OneWest Bank, FSB; U.S.
Bank National Assoc.; Deutsche Bank National Trust Co.; Mortgage Electronic
Registration Systems, Inc.; ABN Amro Bank, N.V.; Aurora Loan Services LLC;
and certain fictitious parties (together, “the Defendants”).1 Based on the facts in
the complaint, Plaintiff raised claims for a declaratory judgment; an emergency
temporary restraining order and injunction; wrongful foreclosure; fraud; and quiet
title.
In 2005, Plaintiff refinanced some existing debt that was secured by his
home by entering into a transaction with IndyMac Bank, FSB. As part of this
transaction, Plaintiff signed an adjustable-rate note promising to pay certain
monies and a “Security Deed” that granted Defendant Mortgage Electronic
Registration Systems, Inc. (“MERS”) a “power of sale” on the property. Plaintiff
1 Plaintiff initially filed this action in the Superior Court of DeKalb County, Georgia. A short time later, the action was removed to the United States District Court for the Northern District of Georgia.
2 Case: 11-15378 Date Filed: 10/17/2012 Page: 3 of 8
has since failed to make one or more of the payments called for under the 2005
note, and Defendant OneWest Bank, FSB (“OneWest”) has begun foreclosure
proceedings on the property.2
Briefly stated, Plaintiff’s complaint alleged that Defendant OneWest is
incapable of properly foreclosing on the property because the Defendants
“separated the pertinent note and security deed in the process of engaging in the
“illegal scheme of securitization of residential mortgages” -- leaving the note
unsecured and the security deed unenforceable -- and because certain of the
assignments of the pertinent security deed were fraudulent or “doctored.”3
The district court granted Defendants’ several motions to dismiss, with
prejudice.4 The district court noted in particular that Plaintiff had failed to allege
facts sufficient to support his argument that Defendant OneWest holds no valid
security deed and power of sale; that the facts Plaintiff alleged contradicted his
2 According to the complaint (which quotes assignment documents held by Defendant OneWest), Defendant MERS assigned the pertinent security deed to IndyMac Federal Bank, FSB, which -- with the FDIC acting as receiver -- then assigned the security deed to Defendant OneWest. Later, a “corrective assignment” was also made from IndyMac Federal Bank, FSB -- with the FDIC acting as receiver -- to Defendant OneWest. 3 The complaint also contends that Defendant OneWest failed to comply with the required contractual provisions contained in the security deed when OneWest initiated foreclosure proceedings against the property. 4 Before granting Defendant U.S. Bank National Assoc.’s motion to dismiss, the district court granted the bank’s Motion to Set Aside Default.
3 Case: 11-15378 Date Filed: 10/17/2012 Page: 4 of 8
claims; that Plaintiff had failed to provide a factual or legal basis for his
“separation” argument; and that allowing Plaintiff to amend his complaint would
be futile.
STANDARD OF REVIEW
We review a district court's decision to grant a motion to set aside the entry
of a default judgment for an abuse of discretion. See Robinson v. United States,
734 F.2d 735, 739 (11th Cir. 1984).
We review a district court’s dismissal of a case pursuant to Federal Rule of
Civil Procedure 12(b)(6) de novo. Catron v. City of St. Petersburg, 658 F.3d 1260,
1264 (11th Cir. 2011). We review a district court’s refusal to grant leave to amend
a complaint for abuse of discretion, but we review the legal conclusion that
amendment would be futile de novo. Harris v. Ivax Corp., 182 F.3d 799, 802
(11th Cir. 1999).
A “complaint must contain sufficient factual matter, accepted as true, to
‘state a claim to relief that is plausible on its face.’” Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 129 S. Ct.
1937, 1949 (2009) (quoting Bell Atl. Corp. v. Twombly, 127 S. Ct. 1955, 1974
(2007)). To state a plausible claim for relief, Plaintiffs must go beyond merely
4 Case: 11-15378 Date Filed: 10/17/2012 Page: 5 of 8
pleading the “sheer possibility” of unlawful activity by a defendant and so must
offer “factual content that allows the court to draw the reasonable inference that
the defendant is liable for the misconduct alleged.” Id.
DISCUSSION
As the district court correctly noted, to pursue properly a declaratory
judgment under Georgia law “a party must establish that [a declaratory judgment]
is necessary to relieve himself of the risk of taking some future action that, without
direction, would jeopardize his interests.” Porter v. Houghton, 542 S.E.2d 491,
492 (Ga. 2001). No uncertainty exists about any future action by Plaintiff in this
case; Plaintiff has already defaulted on the pertinent note. On the facts of this
case, a declaratory judgment is unavailable because all material rights have
accrued based on past events and what Plaintiff seeks is an advisory opinion on
the validity of the future act of another party. See Logan Paving Co. v. Peoples
Bank & Trust, 395 S.E.2d 287, 288 (Ga. Ct. App. 1990).
“In Georgia, a plaintiff asserting a claim of wrongful foreclosure must
establish a legal duty owed to it by the foreclosing party, a breach of that duty, a
causal connection between the breach of that duty and the injury it sustained, and
5 Case: 11-15378 Date Filed: 10/17/2012 Page: 6 of 8
damages.” Gregorakos v. Wells Fargo Nat’l Ass'n, 647 S.E.2d 289, 292 (Ga. Ct.
App. 2007) (quotation omitted).
No Georgia law operates to defeat the use of the pertinent security deed in a
foreclosure proceeding. Under Georgia law, a security deed which includes a
power of sale is a contract that controls “the rights of the parties thereto and their
privies.” Gordon v. S. Cent. Farm Credit, ACA, 446 S.E.2d 514, 515 (Ga. Ct. App.
1994) (quotation omitted). The assignment of the pertinent security deed
diminished none of the instrument’s powers. See Ga. Code Ann. 44-14-64(b); Ga.
Code Ann. 23-2-114.
The factual allegations in Plaintiff’s complaint establish that Plaintiff has
defaulted on the pertinent loan obligation; that the pertinent security deed --
signed by Plaintiff -- was assigned from Defendant MERS to IndyMac Federal
Bank, FSB to Defendant OneWest; and that OneWest is now initiating foreclosure
proceedings on the property. On the facts presented, Plaintiff’s complaint does not
contain sufficient factual matter -- accepted as true -- to state a wrongful
foreclosure claim that is plausible on its face.
The failure of Plaintiff’s complaint to state sufficiently a claim for wrongful
foreclosure impacts on Plaintiff’s quiet title claim. A plaintiff pursuing a quiet
title action in Georgia “must assert that he holds some current record title or
6 Case: 11-15378 Date Filed: 10/17/2012 Page: 7 of 8
current prescriptive title, in order to maintain his suit.” Smith v. Georgia Kaolin
Co., Inc., 498 S.E.2d 266, 267-68 (Ga. 1998) (emphasis omitted) (quotation
omitted). Plaintiff’s complaint states that he signed over legal title to the property
when he signed the pertinent security deed; his claim of title is premised on
OneWest’s title having a fatal defect. Absent a properly-supported claim that
OneWest’s title has some fatal defect preventing proper foreclosure, Plaintiff’s
complaint does not contain sufficient factual matter -- even when accepted as true
-- to state a quiet title claim that is plausible on its face.
In Georgia, “[t]he tort of fraud has five elements: a false representation by a
defendant, scienter, intention to induce the plaintiff to act or refrain from acting,
justifiable reliance by the plaintiff, and damage to the plaintiff.” Baxter v.
Fairfield Fin. Servs., Inc., 704 S.E.2d 423, 429 (Ga. Ct. App. 2010) (quoting
Serchion v. Capstone Partners, Inc., 679 S.E.2d 40, 43 (Ga. Ct. App. 2009).
Concealment of material information can support a fraud claim, but a party can
only be held liable under such a theory if the party has a duty to disclose or
communicate the material information. See Id.
Plaintiff has failed to identify with particularity a materially false
representation made by Defendants, or any valid ground upon which the
Defendants could be held liable for concealing material information. Absent the
7 Case: 11-15378 Date Filed: 10/17/2012 Page: 8 of 8
proper identification of a false representation made by Defendants, Plaintiff’s
complaint does not contain sufficient factual matter -- accepted as true -- to state a
fraud claim that is plausible on its face.5
On the facts, it was no error for the district court to deny Plaintiff leave to
amend his complaint; any amendment would be futile. Also, the district court
acted within its proper discretion in setting aside U.S. Bank’s default.
AFFIRMED.
5 Plaintiff’s failure to state properly a wrongful foreclosure claim, a fraud claim, or a quiet title claim prevents Plaintiff from properly supporting any request for injunctive relief in this case.