NOT FOR PUBLICATION WITHOUT THE APPROVAL OF THE APPELLATE DIVISION This opinion shall not "constitute precedent or be binding upon any court." Although it is posted on the internet, this opinion is binding only on the parties in the case and its use in other cases is limited . R. 1:36-3.
SUPERIOR COURT OF NEW JERSEY APPELLATE DIVISION DOCKET NO. A-0418-19T2
FRANCES JACKSON-BILLIE and CARELL BILLIE, w/h,
Plaintiffs-Appellants
v.
VIRTUA MEMORIAL HOSPITAL BURLINGTON COUNTY, INC., d/b/a VIRTUA MEMORIAL HOSPITAL, VIRTUA HEALTH, INC., 200 MARTER AVENUE OPERTIONS, LLC, d/b/a POWERBACK REHABILITATION MOORESTOWN and GENESIS NJ HOLDINGS, LLC,
Defendants-Respondents. ___________________________________
Submitted March 30, 2020 – Decided April 27, 2020
Before Judges Fasciale and Moynihan.
On appeal from the Superior Court of New Jersey, Law Division, Burlington County, Docket No. L- 2798-18.
Swartz Culleton PC, attorneys for appellants (Matthew E. Gallagher, on the briefs). Buchanan Ingersoll & Rooney PC, attorneys for respondents 200 Marter Avenue Operations LLC d/b/a Powerback Rehabilitation Moorestown and Genesis NJ Holdings LLC (David Lee Gordon, Philip James Anderson, and David Robert Drake, of counsel and on the brief).
Respondents Virtua Memorial Hospital of Burlington County, Inc. and Virtua Health, Inc. have not filed a brief.
PER CURIAM
Plaintiffs Frances Jackson-Billie (Frances) and Carell Billie appeal a
September 13, 2019 order granting defendant 200 Marter Avenue Operations,
LLC d/b/a Powerback Rehabilitation Moorestown and Genesis N.J. Holdings,
LLC's (Powerback) motion to compel binding arbitration. The judge
concluded Frances was competent and understood the arbitration agreement,
and that the parties delegated its enforceability to an arbitrator. We agree and
affirm.
Powerback is a nursing facility in which Frances stayed during
November 2017. On November 13, 2017, Frances signed the arbitration
agreement included in her admission paperwork. In their complaint, plaintiffs
allege Powerback rendered negligent care to Frances during her stay.
Powerback moved to compel arbitration, and plaintiffs opposed the motion ,
claiming that the agreement was unenforceable because Frances lacked mental
capacity to sign it and because it was a contract of adhesion.
A-0418-19T2 2 A judge denied Powerback's motion without prejudice and ordered
limited discovery on the competency issue. The discovery included
depositions of Frances and Powerback's representative Cherie Foley, and the
exchange of Frances's medical records, including nurses's notes and
assessments, a social specialist's report, an occupational therapist's initial
evaluation, and Dr. Akhil Sethi's report. Powerback renewed its motion to
compel binding arbitration, which led another judge to enter the order under
review.
On appeal, plaintiffs argue the limited discovery demonstrated that
Frances lacked the mental capacity to bind herself to the terms of the
arbitration agreement. Alternatively, they contend that the agreement is
unenforceable as a contract of adhesion.
This court applies a de novo standard of review when determining the
enforceability of contracts, including arbitration agreements. Goffe v. Foulke
Mgmt. Corp., 238 N.J. 191, 207 (2019). "The enforceability of arbitration
provisions is a question of law; therefore, it is one to which [this court] need
not give deference to the analysis by the trial [judge.]" Ibid. However, a trial
judge's factual findings are reviewed for an abuse of discretion. Cumberland
Farms, Inc. v. N.J. Dep't of Envtl. Prot., 447 N.J. Super. 423, 437-38 (App.
Div. 2016). "The general rule is that findings by the trial [judge] are binding
A-0418-19T2 3 on appeal when supported by adequate, substantial, credible evidence." Ibid.
(quoting Seidman v. Clifton Sav. Bank, S.L.A., 205 N.J. 150, 169 (2011)).
An agreement to arbitrate is treated like any other contract. Atalese v.
U.S. Legal Servs. Grp., L.P., 219 N.J. 430, 442 (2014) (stating "[a]n agreement
to arbitrate, like any other contract, 'must be the product of mutual assent, as
determined under customary principles of contract law'" (quoting NAACP of
Camden Cty. E. v. Foulke Mgmt. Corp., 421 N.J. Super. 404, 424 (App. Div.
2011))). "State law governs not only whether the parties formed a contract to
arbitrate their disputes, but also whether the parties entered [into] an
agreement to delegate the issue of arbitrability to an arbitrator." Morgan v.
Sanford Brown Inst., 225 N.J. 289, 303 (2016). Incapacitation is a defense in
contract law, and plaintiffs have the burden of demonstrating that Frances was
incapacitated by clear and convincing evidence. S.T. v. 1515 Broad St., LLC,
___ N.J. ___ (2020) (slip op. at 43); see also Jennings v. Reed, 381 N.J. Super.
217, 227 (App. Div. 2005).
On the competency issue, the judge found plaintiffs failed to offer any
credible evidence demonstrating Frances lacked the mental capacity to
understand the agreement. Plaintiffs produced no documentation, such as
A-0418-19T2 4 medical or expert reports, to establish Frances's incapacitation. 1 Rather,
Powerback's expert, Dr. Barry Rovner, analyzed daily neurological
assessments, a psychiatrist's evaluation, a physical therapist's notes, an
occupational therapist's notes, a social services assessment, and a report of
Frances's mental status interview, and concluded⸻to a reasonable degree of
medical certainty⸻that Frances had "intact decision-making capacity." He
therefore opined that she suffered from no mental incapacity that would have
interfered with her comprehension of the agreement.
The test for mental capacity, which plaintiffs failed to satisfy, is
whether:
[A] man [or woman] [has] the ability to understand the nature and effect of the act in which he [or she] is engaged, and the business he [or she] is transacting. . . . [I]f the mind be so clouded or perverted by age, disease, or affliction, that he [or she] cannot comprehend the business in which he [or she] is engaging, then the writing is not his [or her] deed.
[Wolkoff v. Villane, 288 N.J. Super. 282, 287 (App. Div. 1996) (sixth and seventh alterations in original) (quoting Eaton v. Eaton, 37 N.J.L. 108, 113 (1874)).]
See also Jennings, 381 N.J. Super. at 227.
1 Plaintiffs submitted a confidential appendix, and, without revealing the contents of that submission, the documentation demonstrated Frances was alert and suffered from no acute mental problems, inattention issues, or signs of disorganized thinking.
A-0418-19T2 5 The clear and convincing standard requires plaintiffs to "produce in the
mind of the trier of fact a firm belief or conviction as to the truth of the
allegations sought to be established." Liberty Mut. Ins. Co. v. Land, 186 N.J.
163, 169-70 (2006) (quoting In re Purrazzella, 134 N.J. 228, 240 (1993)). It is
evidence "so clear, direct, weighty in terms of quality, and convincing as to
cause [the court] to come to a clear conviction of the truth of the precise facts
in issue." State v. Campbell, 4f36 N.J. Super. 264, 271 (App. Div. 2014)
(quoting Model Jury Charge (Civil), 1.19, "Burden of Proof⸻Clear and
Convincing Evidence" (rev. Aug. 2011)); see also In re Civil Commitment of
R.F., 217 N.J. 152, 173 (2014).
Free access — add to your briefcase to read the full text and ask questions with AI
NOT FOR PUBLICATION WITHOUT THE APPROVAL OF THE APPELLATE DIVISION This opinion shall not "constitute precedent or be binding upon any court." Although it is posted on the internet, this opinion is binding only on the parties in the case and its use in other cases is limited . R. 1:36-3.
SUPERIOR COURT OF NEW JERSEY APPELLATE DIVISION DOCKET NO. A-0418-19T2
FRANCES JACKSON-BILLIE and CARELL BILLIE, w/h,
Plaintiffs-Appellants
v.
VIRTUA MEMORIAL HOSPITAL BURLINGTON COUNTY, INC., d/b/a VIRTUA MEMORIAL HOSPITAL, VIRTUA HEALTH, INC., 200 MARTER AVENUE OPERTIONS, LLC, d/b/a POWERBACK REHABILITATION MOORESTOWN and GENESIS NJ HOLDINGS, LLC,
Defendants-Respondents. ___________________________________
Submitted March 30, 2020 – Decided April 27, 2020
Before Judges Fasciale and Moynihan.
On appeal from the Superior Court of New Jersey, Law Division, Burlington County, Docket No. L- 2798-18.
Swartz Culleton PC, attorneys for appellants (Matthew E. Gallagher, on the briefs). Buchanan Ingersoll & Rooney PC, attorneys for respondents 200 Marter Avenue Operations LLC d/b/a Powerback Rehabilitation Moorestown and Genesis NJ Holdings LLC (David Lee Gordon, Philip James Anderson, and David Robert Drake, of counsel and on the brief).
Respondents Virtua Memorial Hospital of Burlington County, Inc. and Virtua Health, Inc. have not filed a brief.
PER CURIAM
Plaintiffs Frances Jackson-Billie (Frances) and Carell Billie appeal a
September 13, 2019 order granting defendant 200 Marter Avenue Operations,
LLC d/b/a Powerback Rehabilitation Moorestown and Genesis N.J. Holdings,
LLC's (Powerback) motion to compel binding arbitration. The judge
concluded Frances was competent and understood the arbitration agreement,
and that the parties delegated its enforceability to an arbitrator. We agree and
affirm.
Powerback is a nursing facility in which Frances stayed during
November 2017. On November 13, 2017, Frances signed the arbitration
agreement included in her admission paperwork. In their complaint, plaintiffs
allege Powerback rendered negligent care to Frances during her stay.
Powerback moved to compel arbitration, and plaintiffs opposed the motion ,
claiming that the agreement was unenforceable because Frances lacked mental
capacity to sign it and because it was a contract of adhesion.
A-0418-19T2 2 A judge denied Powerback's motion without prejudice and ordered
limited discovery on the competency issue. The discovery included
depositions of Frances and Powerback's representative Cherie Foley, and the
exchange of Frances's medical records, including nurses's notes and
assessments, a social specialist's report, an occupational therapist's initial
evaluation, and Dr. Akhil Sethi's report. Powerback renewed its motion to
compel binding arbitration, which led another judge to enter the order under
review.
On appeal, plaintiffs argue the limited discovery demonstrated that
Frances lacked the mental capacity to bind herself to the terms of the
arbitration agreement. Alternatively, they contend that the agreement is
unenforceable as a contract of adhesion.
This court applies a de novo standard of review when determining the
enforceability of contracts, including arbitration agreements. Goffe v. Foulke
Mgmt. Corp., 238 N.J. 191, 207 (2019). "The enforceability of arbitration
provisions is a question of law; therefore, it is one to which [this court] need
not give deference to the analysis by the trial [judge.]" Ibid. However, a trial
judge's factual findings are reviewed for an abuse of discretion. Cumberland
Farms, Inc. v. N.J. Dep't of Envtl. Prot., 447 N.J. Super. 423, 437-38 (App.
Div. 2016). "The general rule is that findings by the trial [judge] are binding
A-0418-19T2 3 on appeal when supported by adequate, substantial, credible evidence." Ibid.
(quoting Seidman v. Clifton Sav. Bank, S.L.A., 205 N.J. 150, 169 (2011)).
An agreement to arbitrate is treated like any other contract. Atalese v.
U.S. Legal Servs. Grp., L.P., 219 N.J. 430, 442 (2014) (stating "[a]n agreement
to arbitrate, like any other contract, 'must be the product of mutual assent, as
determined under customary principles of contract law'" (quoting NAACP of
Camden Cty. E. v. Foulke Mgmt. Corp., 421 N.J. Super. 404, 424 (App. Div.
2011))). "State law governs not only whether the parties formed a contract to
arbitrate their disputes, but also whether the parties entered [into] an
agreement to delegate the issue of arbitrability to an arbitrator." Morgan v.
Sanford Brown Inst., 225 N.J. 289, 303 (2016). Incapacitation is a defense in
contract law, and plaintiffs have the burden of demonstrating that Frances was
incapacitated by clear and convincing evidence. S.T. v. 1515 Broad St., LLC,
___ N.J. ___ (2020) (slip op. at 43); see also Jennings v. Reed, 381 N.J. Super.
217, 227 (App. Div. 2005).
On the competency issue, the judge found plaintiffs failed to offer any
credible evidence demonstrating Frances lacked the mental capacity to
understand the agreement. Plaintiffs produced no documentation, such as
A-0418-19T2 4 medical or expert reports, to establish Frances's incapacitation. 1 Rather,
Powerback's expert, Dr. Barry Rovner, analyzed daily neurological
assessments, a psychiatrist's evaluation, a physical therapist's notes, an
occupational therapist's notes, a social services assessment, and a report of
Frances's mental status interview, and concluded⸻to a reasonable degree of
medical certainty⸻that Frances had "intact decision-making capacity." He
therefore opined that she suffered from no mental incapacity that would have
interfered with her comprehension of the agreement.
The test for mental capacity, which plaintiffs failed to satisfy, is
whether:
[A] man [or woman] [has] the ability to understand the nature and effect of the act in which he [or she] is engaged, and the business he [or she] is transacting. . . . [I]f the mind be so clouded or perverted by age, disease, or affliction, that he [or she] cannot comprehend the business in which he [or she] is engaging, then the writing is not his [or her] deed.
[Wolkoff v. Villane, 288 N.J. Super. 282, 287 (App. Div. 1996) (sixth and seventh alterations in original) (quoting Eaton v. Eaton, 37 N.J.L. 108, 113 (1874)).]
See also Jennings, 381 N.J. Super. at 227.
1 Plaintiffs submitted a confidential appendix, and, without revealing the contents of that submission, the documentation demonstrated Frances was alert and suffered from no acute mental problems, inattention issues, or signs of disorganized thinking.
A-0418-19T2 5 The clear and convincing standard requires plaintiffs to "produce in the
mind of the trier of fact a firm belief or conviction as to the truth of the
allegations sought to be established." Liberty Mut. Ins. Co. v. Land, 186 N.J.
163, 169-70 (2006) (quoting In re Purrazzella, 134 N.J. 228, 240 (1993)). It is
evidence "so clear, direct, weighty in terms of quality, and convincing as to
cause [the court] to come to a clear conviction of the truth of the precise facts
in issue." State v. Campbell, 4f36 N.J. Super. 264, 271 (App. Div. 2014)
(quoting Model Jury Charge (Civil), 1.19, "Burden of Proof⸻Clear and
Convincing Evidence" (rev. Aug. 2011)); see also In re Civil Commitment of
R.F., 217 N.J. 152, 173 (2014).
As to the second argument—that the arbitration agreement is a contract
of adhesion—we agree with the judge that the parties to the agreement
delegated that question to the arbitrator. The agreement states: "Any and all
claims or controversies arising out of or in any way relating to this Agreement
or the Patient's stay at the Center . . . including disputes regarding
interpretation and/or enforceability of this Agreement . . . shall be submitted to
binding arbitration." In addition, the parties's agreement states: "The
[a]rbitrator shall resolve all gateway disputes regarding the enforceability,
validity, severability and/or interpretation of this Agreement, as well as resolve
A-0418-19T2 6 issues involving procedure, admissibility of evidence, discovery or any other
issue."
A contract of adhesion is a contract "presented on a take-it-or-leave-it
basis, commonly in a standardized printed form, without opportunity for the
'adhering' party to negotiate except perhaps on a few particulars." Rudbart v.
N. Jersey Dist. Water Supply Comm'n, 127 N.J. 344, 353 (1992). A contract
may be either procedurally or substantively unconscionable.
Procedural unconscionability arises out of defects in the process by
which the contract was formed, and "can include a variety of inadequacies,
such as age, literacy, lack of sophistication, hidden or unduly complex contract
terms, bargaining tactics, and the particular setting" at the time of the
agreement. Delta Funding Corp. v. Harris, 189 N.J. 28, 55 (2006) (Zazzali, J.,
concurring) (quoting Sitogum Holdings, Inc. v. Ropes, 352 N.J. Super. 555,
564 (Ch. Div. 2002)); see also Moore v. Woman To Woman Obstetrics &
Gynecology, L.L.C., 416 N.J. Super. 30, 39 (App. Div. 2010). Substantive
unconscionability "simply suggests the exchange of obligations so one -sided
as to shock the court's conscience." Harris, 189 N.J. at 55 (Zazzali, J.,
concurring) (quoting Sitogum, 352 N.J. Super. at 565).
The United States Supreme Court recently held "a court may not decide
an arbitrability question that the parties have delegated to an arbitrator."
A-0418-19T2 7 Henry Schein, Inc. v. Archer & White Sales, Inc., 586 U.S. ___, 139 S. Ct.
524, 530 (2019). If there is a valid arbitration agreement, threshold questions
of arbitrability must be referred to an arbitrator if the agreement so stipulates
by "'clear and unmistakable' evidence." Id. at 530 (quoting First Options of
Chi., Inc. v. Kaplan, 514 U.S. 938, 944 (1995)). The parties expressly agreed
that enforceability issues were arbitrable, and this court must enforce the
agreement by its terms. See Goffe, 238 N.J. at 208. Here, the agreement's
delegation language was clear. The judge did not err, therefore, by compelling
arbitration.
Affirmed.
A-0418-19T2 8