Ingraham, J.
Upon the trial of this cause, the plaintiff, to show special damage, was permitted to give in evidence
the conténts of a letter written by Cole to his partner, advising him to discharge the plaintiff from their employ, and stating the substance of his conversation with the defendant; that, in consequence of the receipt of that letter, Cole’s partner stated its contents to the plaintiff, and went with him to his rooms and examined his trunks, but that he did not discharge him in consequence of that letter. To this evidence the defendant objected. I do not see any good cause for the objection to this evidence. It was a communication from one partner to another, in regard to a matter connected with the interests of the firm, and the natural result of the communication made by the defendant to Cole. As is said in
Terwilliger
v.
Wands
( 17 N. Y. R. 54), occasions may doubtless occur where the communication of slanderous words by a person Who heard them will be innocent; and it is certainly reasonable that when repeated ■on such an occasion and damages result, the first speaker should be held responsible for the damages as flowing directly and naturally from his wrong. The communication from Cole to his partner was necessary, and the result of the defendant’s communication. Thére can be no doubt, if the instructions of Cole had been followed and the plaintiff discharged, the a'ct would have been the immediate and natural result from the speaking of the words by the defendant, and, as such, admissible in evidence.
. The repetition of the slander to a third person without any interest existing to call for the communication, is not admissible; but when the slander is repeated to be connected with instructions injurious to the plaintiff, and necessarily connected with the business or interests of the man to whom the slander was spoken, it may be used - for the purpose of showing damage.
(Olmstead
v. Brown, 12 Barb. 657.)
The letter of Stone was received in evidence and objected to by the defendant. This letter was written by a partner of the defendant, and there was evidence to show that it
was written with his assent; and the defendant himself told Cole “ we have written to Shiletto to employ a police force to watch him.” Any other letter written .by the defendant would, under various decisions, be admissible to show malice, although the propriety of that rule has been doubted. (7 John. R. 270; 2 Saunders' Pl. and Ev. 808;
Inman
v. Foster, 8 Wend. 609;
Kennedy
v. Gifford, 19 Wend. 298.)
If the letter of Cole to Hopkins was admissible, as a necessary consequence of the words spoken by the defendant and connected with Cole’s interest, what Hopkins did in connection with or in pursuance of that letter would be admissible evidence. What Cole did affecting the plaintiff in consequence of the defendant’s communication to him would be evidence to show damage, and the same things done by his partner, under instructions from him, are subject to the same rule. The ground upon which this was received was, that it tended to show the special damage. Whether or not it made out such damage was a question for the jury or the court after the evidence was received. The failure to do so, and the subsequent direction to the jury to disregard that evidence, cannot have any effect on its admission originally.
It is objected that the words were not
per se
actionable, and, as no special damage was proved, the complaint should have been dismissed. The words were spoken of the plaintiff while in the employ of the defendant, and the charge was that he had become such a notorious liar that they could place little or no confidence in him. That they were so strongly impressed with his dishonesty, that they had written, &c., to employ a police force to watch him. It must be obvious to any one that such words, addressed to an employer in respect to his clerk, must be understood as relating to him in his capacity as clerk. The idea that a man may speak to a merchant about the dishonesty of one employed by him, and be able to separate the charge oí
dishonesty from his acts as clerk and place them upon the individual only in his private relations, is delusive. Nothing else could be understood from those words than that the defendant had reason to doubt his honesty while with him; and the preface to the communication showed the intent of the defendant to apply the words to the plaintiff in his capacity as clerk, -when he said he desired to set Colo right in regard to a young man in his employ named Fowles. Such words, spoken of a person in connection- with his business, are actionable.
Any charge of dishonesty, against an individual in connection with his business, whereby his character in such business may be injuriously affected, is actionable. If spoken of him individually, and not in connection with his. office or business, these words would not be actionable.
(Van Tassel
v.
Capron,
1 Denio, 250.)
The rule is given by Jewett, J., in
Kinney
v.
Nash
(3 Comst. 177): “The principle is well settled that to maintain an action for words spoken, the words must either have produced a temporal loss to the plaintiff, &c., or they must impute some matter in relation to his particular trade or vocation, and which, if true, would render him unworthy of employment.” If there was any question, on the evidence, whether the -words were spoken of the defendant in relation to his trade or business-, then the decision of it belonged to the, jury. The judge on the trial so left it to the jury, and to his instructions as to. the law the defendant did not object, except to the submission of any question on that point, to them; and that has not been argued here. " -
But the defendant objects that this communication was privileged, and that without evidence of express malice the court should not have submitted the cáse to the jury to say whether' there was any malice on the part of the defendant. There can be little, if any, doubt that the. communication was privileged. The defendant and his'
partners had given the plaintiff a recommendation as clerk. That recommendation was in the form of a general letter addressed to no one, and if untrue would have exposed the writers to an action by any one injured thereby. After this was given, the defendant was led, by facts coming to his knowledge, to more inquiry, and on Mr. Cole’s visit to this city, while the plaintiff was in his employ, the defendant made to him the communication ivhich forms the subject of this action. There can be no doubt of his right and duty to make such a communication if it was true, and was made to guard Cole against being misled by the letter written by the defendant’s firm; and in order to sustain a verdict thereon, the plaintiff must show the communication to have been malicious. There is no proof of express malice. On the contrary, in all the communications of the defendant a desire is expressed to avoid publicity and' not unnecessarily injure the plaintiff.
The
judge,
however,
submitted to the jury the question whether the communication was made in bad faith, without believing at the time it was made that it was true.
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Ingraham, J.
Upon the trial of this cause, the plaintiff, to show special damage, was permitted to give in evidence
the conténts of a letter written by Cole to his partner, advising him to discharge the plaintiff from their employ, and stating the substance of his conversation with the defendant; that, in consequence of the receipt of that letter, Cole’s partner stated its contents to the plaintiff, and went with him to his rooms and examined his trunks, but that he did not discharge him in consequence of that letter. To this evidence the defendant objected. I do not see any good cause for the objection to this evidence. It was a communication from one partner to another, in regard to a matter connected with the interests of the firm, and the natural result of the communication made by the defendant to Cole. As is said in
Terwilliger
v.
Wands
( 17 N. Y. R. 54), occasions may doubtless occur where the communication of slanderous words by a person Who heard them will be innocent; and it is certainly reasonable that when repeated ■on such an occasion and damages result, the first speaker should be held responsible for the damages as flowing directly and naturally from his wrong. The communication from Cole to his partner was necessary, and the result of the defendant’s communication. Thére can be no doubt, if the instructions of Cole had been followed and the plaintiff discharged, the a'ct would have been the immediate and natural result from the speaking of the words by the defendant, and, as such, admissible in evidence.
. The repetition of the slander to a third person without any interest existing to call for the communication, is not admissible; but when the slander is repeated to be connected with instructions injurious to the plaintiff, and necessarily connected with the business or interests of the man to whom the slander was spoken, it may be used - for the purpose of showing damage.
(Olmstead
v. Brown, 12 Barb. 657.)
The letter of Stone was received in evidence and objected to by the defendant. This letter was written by a partner of the defendant, and there was evidence to show that it
was written with his assent; and the defendant himself told Cole “ we have written to Shiletto to employ a police force to watch him.” Any other letter written .by the defendant would, under various decisions, be admissible to show malice, although the propriety of that rule has been doubted. (7 John. R. 270; 2 Saunders' Pl. and Ev. 808;
Inman
v. Foster, 8 Wend. 609;
Kennedy
v. Gifford, 19 Wend. 298.)
If the letter of Cole to Hopkins was admissible, as a necessary consequence of the words spoken by the defendant and connected with Cole’s interest, what Hopkins did in connection with or in pursuance of that letter would be admissible evidence. What Cole did affecting the plaintiff in consequence of the defendant’s communication to him would be evidence to show damage, and the same things done by his partner, under instructions from him, are subject to the same rule. The ground upon which this was received was, that it tended to show the special damage. Whether or not it made out such damage was a question for the jury or the court after the evidence was received. The failure to do so, and the subsequent direction to the jury to disregard that evidence, cannot have any effect on its admission originally.
It is objected that the words were not
per se
actionable, and, as no special damage was proved, the complaint should have been dismissed. The words were spoken of the plaintiff while in the employ of the defendant, and the charge was that he had become such a notorious liar that they could place little or no confidence in him. That they were so strongly impressed with his dishonesty, that they had written, &c., to employ a police force to watch him. It must be obvious to any one that such words, addressed to an employer in respect to his clerk, must be understood as relating to him in his capacity as clerk. The idea that a man may speak to a merchant about the dishonesty of one employed by him, and be able to separate the charge oí
dishonesty from his acts as clerk and place them upon the individual only in his private relations, is delusive. Nothing else could be understood from those words than that the defendant had reason to doubt his honesty while with him; and the preface to the communication showed the intent of the defendant to apply the words to the plaintiff in his capacity as clerk, -when he said he desired to set Colo right in regard to a young man in his employ named Fowles. Such words, spoken of a person in connection- with his business, are actionable.
Any charge of dishonesty, against an individual in connection with his business, whereby his character in such business may be injuriously affected, is actionable. If spoken of him individually, and not in connection with his. office or business, these words would not be actionable.
(Van Tassel
v.
Capron,
1 Denio, 250.)
The rule is given by Jewett, J., in
Kinney
v.
Nash
(3 Comst. 177): “The principle is well settled that to maintain an action for words spoken, the words must either have produced a temporal loss to the plaintiff, &c., or they must impute some matter in relation to his particular trade or vocation, and which, if true, would render him unworthy of employment.” If there was any question, on the evidence, whether the -words were spoken of the defendant in relation to his trade or business-, then the decision of it belonged to the, jury. The judge on the trial so left it to the jury, and to his instructions as to. the law the defendant did not object, except to the submission of any question on that point, to them; and that has not been argued here. " -
But the defendant objects that this communication was privileged, and that without evidence of express malice the court should not have submitted the cáse to the jury to say whether' there was any malice on the part of the defendant. There can be little, if any, doubt that the. communication was privileged. The defendant and his'
partners had given the plaintiff a recommendation as clerk. That recommendation was in the form of a general letter addressed to no one, and if untrue would have exposed the writers to an action by any one injured thereby. After this was given, the defendant was led, by facts coming to his knowledge, to more inquiry, and on Mr. Cole’s visit to this city, while the plaintiff was in his employ, the defendant made to him the communication ivhich forms the subject of this action. There can be no doubt of his right and duty to make such a communication if it was true, and was made to guard Cole against being misled by the letter written by the defendant’s firm; and in order to sustain a verdict thereon, the plaintiff must show the communication to have been malicious. There is no proof of express malice. On the contrary, in all the communications of the defendant a desire is expressed to avoid publicity and' not unnecessarily injure the plaintiff.
The
judge,
however,
submitted to the jury the question whether the communication was made in bad faith, without believing at the time it was made that it was true.
In the case of privileged communications slight evidence of malice may be left to the jury.
(Kelly
v.
Partington,
24 Eng. Com. L. Rep. 144; 4 B. & Ad. 700.) In the case of
Hastings
v.
Lusk
(22 Wend. 410), malice appears to have been inferred from the want of pertinency of the slanderous words, at the time they were spoken, while the occasion made them privileged, and the question of malice was left to the jury. In that case the chancellor says: “ The presumption that there was no malice is not rebutted by the plaintiff merely showing that the charge against him •was untrue in point of fact; it must be further shown that the defendant either knew or had reason to believe it was untrue, at the time of the speaking of the words complained of.
In the present case there is no direct proof of malice. The only testimony from which malice could be inferred is the falsity of the charge; but this is not sufficient.
(Harris
v.
Thompson,
24 Eng. L.
&
Eq. Rep. 370.) Jervis, C. J., says: “ It must be something consistent only with a desire to injure the plaintiff to justify a judge in leaving the question of malice to the jury.” And Williams, J., says: “ The mere circumstance of the statement being false, will not suffice to show malice, unless there is some evidence to show that the defendant knew it to be false.” At any rate, the want of proof on the part of the defendant, that the slander wras true, is not enough; and the plaintiff, if he seeks to maintain his action, must show that the charge was false, before he can ask the jury to find the slander to be malicious.
Sellen, J. says in
Lewis & Herrick
v.
Chapman
(16 N. Y. 369), in speaking of privileged communications: “ the law ceases to infer malice from the mere falsity of the charge, and requires from the plaintiff other proof of its existence.” And the charge of the judge that the law would infer malice from the falsity of .the words, was held to be erroneous. (See also
Child
v.
Affleck,
17 Eng. Com. Law, 186;
Somerville v. Hawkins,
70 Eng. Com. Law, 583;
Vanderzee
v.
McGregor,
12 Wend. 546.)
The only evidence in this case relied on to prove malice, as stated by the judge in his charge, was the original letter given when the plaintiff was leaving the defendant’s employ, and the conversation with Carter, about the same time. That evidence would hardly be enough to warrant the finding that the words were false, and under the cases cited I think not enough to submit the question of malice to the jury. The judgment should be reversed, and a new trial ordered.
Davies, J., did not sit in the case. All the other judges concurring, judgment reversed.