LYNCH, Circuit Judge.
A disability insurer, Hartford Life and Accident Insurance Company ("Hartford"), gave notice to Theresa Fortier that the long-term disability ("LTD") benefits it had provided her under the Dartmouth Hitchcock Clinic Company Long Term Disability Plan (the "Plan") would expire because she had not shown she was eligible for a continuation of those benefits. The notice informed her she must file any appeal within 180 days of receipt of the notice. She did not do so, filing her appeal about two months after this deadline.
In this Employee Retirement Income Security Act of 1974 ("ERISA") suit, Fortier first argues that her appeal was timely under the Plan. She then argues that even if untimely, that untimeliness should be excused under either of two doctrines: the ERISA substantial compliance doctrine or a state law notice-prejudice rule. The district court rejected these arguments and granted a motion for judgment on the administrative record for Hartford and the Plan.
Fortier
v.
Hartford Life & Accident Ins. Co.
, No. 16-CV-322-LM,
2018 WL 3542863
, at *12 (D.N.H. July 23, 2018). We also reject all these arguments and affirm. In rejecting the equitable arguments, our result is similar to that reached by the Seventh Circuit in
Edwards
v.
Briggs & Stratton Ret. Plan
,
639 F.3d 355
(7th Cir. 2011).
I.
We describe the material undisputed facts. Because this court is not reviewing the merits of Hartford's 2013 "adverse benefit determination"
on Fortier's claim, facts concerning Fortier's medical condition(s) and medical treatment are described only where relevant.
A.
Illness and Initial LTD Claim
In January 2008, Fortier was employed as a doctor by the Dartmouth-Hitchcock Clinic, and so became a beneficiary and participant in an LTD benefits plan (the Plan), offered through Hartford. The Plan provided for LTD benefits if a participant became disabled. There is no dispute that Fortier
*77
became disabled in May 2009.
The Plan had limitations on the duration of LTD benefits, as relevant here, depending on the cause of the disability. One such duration limit was a twenty-four month limitation for disability caused by "Mental Illness and Substance Abuse Benefits" (the "Mental Illness Limitation"). The Mental Illness Limitation stated, in part:
If You are Disabled because of:
1) Mental Illness that results from any cause;
2) any condition that may result from Mental Illness ...
[b]enefits will be payable:
1) for as long as you are confined in a hospital or other place licensed to provide medical care for the disabling condition; or
2) if not confined, or after you are discharged and still Disabled, for a total of 24 month(s) for all such disabilities during your lifetime.
The Plan defined "Mental Illness" as "a mental disorder as listed in the current version of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, published by the American Psychiatric Association. A Mental Illness may be caused by biological factors or result in physical symptoms or manifestations."
Under the Plan, "Mental Illness does not include the following mental disorders outlined in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders: ... Delirium, Dementia, and Amnesic and
Other Cognitive Disorders
" (emphasis added). It has been Fortier's position that she suffers from a "Cognitive Disorder" such that the limitation period does not apply. To be clear, Fortier was eligible for and received benefits for at least twenty-four months regardless of whether the cause of her disability was a "Mental Illness" or a "Cognitive Disorder."
In November 2009, Fortier filed a disability claim with Hartford under the Plan, stating that she could not work because of a disability as of May 6, 2009.
In a "Claimant Interview" with Hartford, Fortier, according to Hartford's contemporaneous notes, explained that she had "got[ten] sick with some form of infection" and subsequently had "significant problems with memory." Fortier maintained this was corroborated by "neurophysch[ological] eval[uation]."
As part of Hartford's review of Fortier's claim, Hartford obtained medical records from several doctors who had treated Fortier. Her psychiatrist, Dr. Paul Belliveau, stated in June 2009 that Fortier's primary diagnoses were "Major Depressive Disorder" and "Cognitive Disorder NOS [ (Not Otherwise Specified) ]," from "resolving encephalopathy."
Her neurologist at the time, Dr. Evan Murray, found that the results of electroencephalogram (EEG) and brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) tests were normal and stated that "[i]t is probable that the majority of Dr. Fortier's current cognitive difficulties are due to a mood disorder." In Dr. Murray's
*78
view, then, "both the EEG and brain MRI did not reveal evidence to support such an etiology [of encephalopathy ]."
After reviewing medical records and having the "Claimant Interview" with Fortier, Hartford notified Fortier in a letter dated December 18, 2009, that it had approved her disability claim and would start paying the appropriate benefits effective November 2, 2009. This letter stated that "[o]n a periodic basis we will be providing you with supplemental claim forms for the purpose of furnishing us with continued proof of disability." When Fortier's claim was granted, a Manager at Hartford stated in Hartford's internal notes that "further clarification should be requested to determine whether Dr. Fortier's primary disabling diagnosis is due to a physical or [a] mental/nervous condition." Hartford had previously "coded" Fortier's disability claim as a physical diagnosis.
B.
2011 Adverse Benefit Determination and 2012 Appeal
In 2010 and 2011, Hartford periodically requested updated medical information from Fortier. In response, Dr. Belliveau stated in January 2011, on an "Attending Physician's Statement" form, that Fortier's "[c]ognitive dysfunction appears to be grad[ually] improving" and the "[p]rimary concern now is increasing depression." In February 2010, an Examiner at Hartford spoke with Fortier on the phone and, according to Hartford's notes, Fortier declined to undergo further testing, saying that further neuropsychological tests would not make sense. Later, Hartford requested updated medical records from Dr. Belliveau on April 8, 2011, which he provided promptly. Dr. Belliveau's notes indicated that Fortier was "reluctant to retake the neuropsychology testing" in July 2010. After further requests for information and communication with Fortier, an Examiner at Hartford referred the case for a medical review "for clarification of [Fortier's] disabling condition" in June 2011. In July 2011, a nurse employed by Hartford determined that Fortier's disabling condition was a mental illness rather than a cognitive disorder or other physical ailment. In August 2011, Hartford continued to write to Fortier's treating physicians for further information. On September 13, 2011, Hartford determined, in its view, that an "in-depth ... review" had "found no support for a physical [disabling condition]."
In a letter dated September 13, 2011, Hartford notified Fortier that her benefits would terminate on November 1, 2011, because the Plan's Mental Illness Limitation applied to her disability. Hartford's letter stated that "[i]f you do not agree with our denial, in whole or in part, and you wish to appeal our decision, you or your authorized representative must write to us within one hundred eighty (180) days from your receipt of this letter." About 174 days after receipt of this letter, Fortier's attorney requested a sixty-day extension to appeal the adverse benefit determination. Hartford granted this request, and the time to file an appeal was extended to May 11, 2012. Fortier, through her attorney, appealed. That appeal resulted in an extension of LTD benefits.
In a letter to Fortier's attorney dated May 22, 2012, Hartford stated that "we have determined that Dr. Fortier is entitled to continued LTD benefits beyond November 1, 2011, subject to all policy provisions and guidelines," but did not specify the reason. This deficiency was cured within two weeks. In a June 4, 2012, follow-up letter to Fortier's attorney, Hartford provided a reason for not cutting off and for continuing her LTD benefits: "As Dr. Fortier was not notified until the letter dated 09/13/2011 of the limitation for
*79
Mental Illness Benefits she is subject to the limitation beginning 09/13/2011." That is, Hartford restarted the twenty-four month period (for benefits paid due to a disability falling under the Mental Illness Limitation) anew from September 13, 2011, because of the lack of prior notice to Fortier regarding the Mental Illness Limitation. The letter explicitly stated that "no benefits will be payable beyond 09/12/2013," except that benefits would be payable if, and for as long as, "[Fortier is] confined in a hospital or other place licensed to provided medical care for the disabling condition." This letter also sought further information from Fortier and Fortier's treating physicians.
After the June 4, 2012, letter, Hartford repeatedly requested more information about Fortier's disabling condition from Fortier, Fortier's attorney, and Fortier's healthcare providers
throughout the rest of 2012 and the first seven months of 2013. A June 6, 2012, letter to Fortier's attorney requested "more information to evaluate [Fortier's] claim," including an "Attending Physician's Statement of Continued Disability" from each of Fortier's treating physicians. This letter requested this information by July 9, 2012, but the record does not show that Hartford received any such information by this date. A July 13, 2012, letter referred to the June 6 letter and made the same request for "more information to evaluate [Fortier's] claim," this time by August 5, 2012. Hartford received an updated Attending Physician's Statement from Dr. Belliveau, dated August 16, 2012, but the record does not show the receipt of an Attending Physician's Statement from any other treating physician. An August 7, 2012, letter from Hartford requested assistance from Fortier's attorney in obtaining records from two particular hospitals where Fortier had received medical care. Nothing in the record suggests that Hartford received the requested information from the two hospitals from Fortier's attorney.
A February 15, 2013, Hartford letter to Fortier's attorney similarly requested assistance in obtaining information from a medical provider, including updated Attending Physician's Statements. Dr. Belliveau returned an Attending Physician's Statement form that stated "See attached" and was otherwise nearly blank. The attached documents were Dr. Belliveau's office notes regarding Fortier for May 2011 through November 2012. There were no records pertaining to January and February 2013. A February 18, 2013, letter to Dr. Belliveau requested a completed Attending Physician's Statement as well as "any other information you feel is pertinent to the processing of [Fortier's] claim." A March 29, 2013, letter to Fortier's attorney sought assistance in obtaining a completed form from Dr. Belliveau, rather than office notes and the "incomplete" form. There is no evidence that this information was then provided.
Hartford sent a May 10, 2013, letter to Fortier's attorney, which stated that the letter was a "
final request
for the information [an Attending Physician's Statement] we need to fully evaluate Dr. Fortier's claim for LTD benefits" (emphasis added). It referred to several prior letters requesting information. According to Hartford's internal records, on July 8, 2013, Dr. Belliveau sent a copy of the same incomplete form that he had previously sent in February 2013.
Even after this "final request," Hartford sent several letters in July 2013 -- one directly to Fortier, two to Fortier's healthcare
*80
providers -- seeking additional records or other pertinent information.
C.
2013 Adverse Benefit Determination
In a letter to Fortier's attorney dated July 17, 2013, and apparently sent on July 23, 2013, (the "July 17/23 letter") Hartford stated that it had "completed [its] review of [Fortier's] claim for benefits" and it would stop paying LTD benefits to Fortier on September 13, 2013, because it had determined on the record that the Mental Illness Limitation applied to Fortier. The letter stated: "If you do not agree with our denial, in whole or in part, and you wish to appeal our decision, you or your authorized representative must write to us within one hundred eighty (180) days from the receipt of this letter" and briefly explained the appeals procedure (such as the address to which documentation should be sent).
A few weeks after this letter, on August 10, 2013, Fortier's attorney wrote to Hartford. He acknowledged notice of an adverse benefit determination and stated he had reviewed the "adverse-benefit-decision-letter"; he requested Fortier's claim file, among other things. Hartford complied with this request on August 19, 2013. Between August 2013 and March 2014, nothing in the record indicates that Fortier's attorney retracted his statement that Hartford had made an adverse benefit determination.
D.
March 2014 Appeal Letter
Fortier did not appeal within 180 days of receipt of the notice (the July 17/23 letter). Fortier, through her attorney, sent a letter dated March 7, 2014, purporting to appeal. This was about two months later than 180 days from the receipt of the July 17/23 letter. Hartford responded in a letter dated March 26, 2014, stating that it would not consider Fortier's appeal because it was untimely.
E.
Federal Lawsuit
About two years after Fortier's attempted administrative appeal in March 2014, she filed a two-count complaint in federal district court under ERISA Section 502(a),
29 U.S.C. § 1132
(a) on July 15, 2016. Count One sought reinstatement of LTD benefits, which had been terminated in accordance with the July 17/23 letter. Count Two sought attorneys' fees and costs under
29 U.S.C. § 1132
(g)(1). On December 14, 2016, Fortier filed an amended complaint, adding a count challenging the legality of the Mental Illness Limitation under the Americans with Disabilities Act ("ADA").
On January 27, 2017, Hartford moved to dismiss (styled as a partial motion to dismiss), arguing that Fortier had not exhausted her administrative remedies and had not set forth a claim under the ADA; Fortier opposed this motion. On September 11, 2017, the District Court dismissed the ADA claim but not Count One regarding the denial of LTD benefits. The parties each then filed motions for judgment on the administrative record.
The district court issued a Memorandum and Opinion and entered judgment in Hartford's favor.
Fortier
,
2018 WL 3542863
. The district court held that Fortier had not timely appealed, and so had not exhausted her administrative remedies.
Id.
at *11. The district court rejected Fortier's equitable arguments that her appeal was
*81
timely under either the substantial compliance doctrine or New Hampshire's notice-prejudice rule.
Id.
at *8-*11. Fortier appealed from the judgment. Her appeal does not contest the dismissal of the ADA claim.
II.
We review the district court's grant of judgment on the administrative record de novo.
Glista
v.
Unum Life Ins. Co. of Am.
,
378 F.3d 113
, 125 (1st Cir. 2004). We need not consider the appropriate standard of review for "reviewing determinations made regarding benefits claims,"
Rodríguez-López
v.
Triple-S Vida, Inc.
,
850 F.3d 14
, 20 (1st Cir. 2017), because our review examines whether Fortier exhausted her administrative remedies and not the merits of Hartford's adverse benefit determination.
In order to bring suit under a benefits plan subject to ERISA, a beneficiary must exhaust the plan's administrative remedies.
Tetreault
v.
Reliance Standard Life Ins. Co.
,
769 F.3d 49
, 51-52 (1st Cir. 2014) ;
see
Heimeshoff
v.
Hartford Life & Accident Ins. Co.
,
571 U.S. 99
, 105,
134 S.Ct. 604
,
187 L.Ed.2d 529
(2013) (noting that "courts of appeals have uniformly required that participants exhaust internal review before bringing a claim [under ERISA] for judicial review").
We first address Fortier's arguments about the proper starting date for the 180-day time limit for appeals and about Hartford's compliance with the Plan, before considering Fortier's equitable arguments concerning the substantial compliance doctrine and New Hampshire's common law notice-prejudice rule.
A.
ERISA's Requirements and the 180-Day Time Limit
Fortier argues that an ERISA regulation defining an "adverse benefit determination" requires that the 180-day time limit start at the date of termination of benefits and not from the date of notice. This argument fails.
Fortier's reading of ERISA regulations is plainly wrong. The relevant ERISA regulation does not define an "adverse benefit determination" as a "contemporary cessation of benefits," as Fortier contends.
The ERISA regulation concerning notice of an adverse benefit determination states in part that a complying group health plan
must "[p]rovide claimants at least 180 days
following receipt of a notification
of an adverse benefit determination within which to appeal the determination."
29 C.F.R. § 2560.503-1
(h)(3)(i) (emphasis added). Notice is the key event. The ERISA regulations do not require that the time limit for an administrative appeal run from the date of termination of benefits.
B.
Hartford's Conduct
Fortier also argues that: Hartford's letters from June 4, 2012, and July 17/23, 2013, were inconsistent; and a portion of
*82
Hartford's "Product Manual" (in essence, internal guidelines) shows that Hartford breached its own internal guidelines.
We assume for the sake of argument that Hartford's conduct is relevant here.
These arguments fail, as Hartford's conduct was consistent with ERISA and relevant regulations. The Plan (which is the governing document) plainly laid out the 180-day notice rule. Specifically, the Plan's Certificate of Insurance, which was expressly incorporated as part of the Plan terms, included -- under the heading "Claim Denial: What recourse do I have if my claim is denied?" -- a clear statement that a claimant "must request a review upon written application within ... 180 days of receipt of claim denial." The Certificate of Insurance also stated, under the heading "Appealing Denials of Claims for Benefits," that:
On any wholly or partially denied claim, you or your representative must appeal once to [Hartford] for a full and fair review. You must complete this claim appeal process before you file an action in court. Your appeal request must be in writing and be received by [Hartford] no later than the expiration of 180 days from the date you received your claim denial.
This document refutes Fortier's argument. Further, the 180-day time limit complies with the relevant ERISA regulation.
See
29 C.F.R. § 2560.503-1
(h)(3)(i).
The July 17/23 letter from Hartford to Fortier's attorney clearly stated, "If you do not agree with our denial, in whole or in part, and you wish to appeal our decision, you or your authorized representative must write to us within one hundred eighty (180) days from the receipt of this letter." Fortier acknowledges that this letter gave notice of her appeal rights.
Fortier contrasts the June 4, 2012, and the July 17/23, 2013, letters from Hartford, arguing that "[o]ne cannot be an 'adverse benefit determination' and not the other." This argument is simply wrong and mischaracterizes the letters. The June 4, 2012, letter gave reasons for the extension of benefits discussed in the May 22, 2012, letter, but also warned of the new termination date of those benefits. The July 17/23 letter, sent more than a year later, announced the final adverse benefit determination and gave notice of the right to appeal within 180 days of receipt of the letter.
Fortier also argues that a page from Hartford's Product Manual demonstrates that "Hartford believes a letter should be sent advising of presuit appeals rights when the claim is paid and closed, not two months before." The language Fortier focuses on is a portion of an instruction to Hartford employees that "appeal language should again be utilized once the limited benefit duration has been paid and the claim terminated." This page is not relevant here, and likely not admissible.
*83
In summary, Hartford properly followed the terms of the Plan, which met the ERISA requirements. Hartford's July 17/23 letter was an adverse benefit determination and provided notice of the right to appeal. The 180-day time limit began at the receipt of this letter, and so Fortier's attempted appeal in March 2014 was untimely. In the ERISA context, "[h]aphazard waiver of time limits would increase the probability of inconsistent results."
Terry
v.
Bayer Corp.
,
145 F.3d 28
, 40 (1st Cir. 1998).
C.
Inapplicability of the Doctrine of Substantial Compliance
The judicially-created doctrine of "substantial compliance," an ERISA doctrine, has been applied to excuse an
insurer's
failure to comply precisely with ERISA's notice requirements, so long as the insured person was "supplied with a statement of reasons that, under the circumstances of the case, permitted a sufficiently clear understanding of the administrator's position to permit effective review."
Niebauer
v.
Crane & Co.
,
783 F.3d 914
, 927 (1st Cir. 2015) (quoting
Terry
,
145 F.3d at
39 );
see
Santana-Díaz
v.
Metro. Life Ins. Co.
,
816 F.3d 172
, 178 (1st Cir. 2016).
In fact, the doctrine assists with the prompt review of denial of benefits, and Fortier is arguing for delay, not prompt review.
Fortier makes a fairness argument: since Hartford has at least once had the doctrine applied in its favor, Fortier should receive the benefit of the doctrine.
See, e.g.
,
Topalian
v.
Hartford Life Ins. Co.
,
945 F.Supp.2d 294
, 339 (E.D.N.Y. 2013) (finding that "Hartford was in substantial compliance with the [Department of Labor]'s regulatory deadlines" despite Hartford making a late benefit determination). Neither the caselaw nor
29 C.F.R. § 2560.503-1
(b)(5)
supports Fortier's argument.
*84
We agree generally with
Edwards
, where the Seventh Circuit held that the substantial compliance doctrine did not apply to a claimant's late appeal from a denial of benefits. The Seventh Circuit reasoned that:
[I]t seems consistent neither with the policies underlying the requirement of exhaustion of administrative remedies in ERISA cases nor with judicial economy to import into the exhaustion requirement the substantial compliance doctrine. To so hold would render it effectively impossible for plan administrators to fix and enforce administrative deadlines while involving courts incessantly in detailed, case-by-case determinations as to whether a given claimant's failure to bring a timely appeal from a denial of benefits should be excused or not.
Edwards
,
639 F.3d at 362
.
As in
Edwards
,
see
ibr.US_Case_Law.Schema.Case_Body:v1">id
. at 359
, the Plan here contained a clear deadline for appeals of adverse benefit determinations. In coming to its conclusion, the Seventh Circuit determined that, though the plan administrator had discretion to consider an untimely appeal, the claimant "ha[d] never offered an explanation for the untimeliness of her appeal that would warrant such an exercise of discretion in her favor [by the plan administrator]."
Id.
at 362
. The same is true here. We find convincing the concerns about the harms that would result from applying the substantial compliance doctrine to excuse a claimant's failure to meet the exhaustion requirement.
Further, the Supreme Court has discussed ERISA's " 'careful balancing' between ensuring fair and prompt enforcement of rights under a plan and the encouragement of the creation of such plans."
Aetna Health Inc.
v.
Davila
,
542 U.S. 200
, 215,
124 S.Ct. 2488
,
159 L.Ed.2d 312
(2004) (quoting
Pilot Life Ins. Co.
v.
Dedeaux
,
481 U.S. 41
, 54,
107 S.Ct. 1549
,
95 L.Ed.2d 39
(1987) );
see also
Heimeshoff
,
571 U.S. at 108
,
134 S.Ct. 604
(noting that a "focus on the written terms of the plan is the linchpin of" the ERISA system). Adoption of Fortier's argument would risk upsetting this balance and reducing the incentive for employers to set up benefit plans.
Next, Fortier's reliance on
29 C.F.R. § 2560.503-1
(b)(5) is fundamentally misconceived. Nothing in the regulation would be "undermined by Hartford when it applies deadlines strictly against plan participants." In fact, "ERISA's exhaustion requirement serves different purposes than the denial of claims process,"
Fortier
,
2018 WL 3542863
, at *10, and so all aspects of such processes need not be the same.
The substantial compliance doctrine does not excuse Fortier's untimely ERISA administrative appeal.
*85
D.
Inapplicability of New Hampshire's Notice-Prejudice Rule
Fortier argues next that New Hampshire's common law notice-prejudice rule (where an insurer must show prejudice in order to deny certain limited types of untimely insurance claims) should apply to her situation. Our own case law leads us to reject the argument, as do decisions of our sister circuits.
See
Edwards
,
639 F.3d at
363 ;
Chang
v.
Liberty Life Assurance Co.
,
247 F. App'x 875
, 878 (9th Cir. 2007).
This court, discussing ERISA appeals procedures and the exhaustion requirement, has stated that:
Congress' apparent intent in mandating these internal claims procedures was to minimize the number of frivolous ERISA lawsuits; promote the consistent treatment of benefit claims; provide a nonadversarial dispute resolution process; and decrease the cost and time of claims settlement. It would be anomalous if the same reasons which led Congress to require plans to provide remedies for ERISA claimants did not lead courts to see that those remedies are regularly utilized.
Terry
,
145 F.3d at 40
(quoting
Makar
v.
Health Care Corp. of the Mid-Atlantic (CareFirst)
,
872 F.2d 80
, 83 (4th Cir. 1989) );
accord
Schorsch
v.
Reliance Standard Life Ins. Co.
,
693 F.3d 734
, 739 (7th Cir. 2012) ;
Kennedy
v.
Empire Blue Cross & Blue Shield
,
989 F.2d 588
, 594 (2d Cir. 1993). This court stated further in
Terry
that "[i]t would hardly make sense to permit the filing of [a late] appeal ... in light of the internal claims procedures' aims of consistency and economy."
Terry
,
145 F.3d at 40
. Adopting Fortier's argument would reduce consistency in determinations and national consistency. Further, "permitting appeals well after the time for them has passed can only increase the cost and time of the settlement process."
Id.
The exhaustion requirement -- and several of its underlying policy goals -- would be undercut by an extension of a state law notice-prejudice rule to ERISA appeals.
See
Stacy
v.
Appalachian Regional Healthcare, Inc.
,
259 F.Supp.3d 644
, 654 (E.D. Ky. 2017).
The Seventh and Ninth Circuits have agreed that state common law notice-prejudice rules do not apply to ERISA appeals.
See
Edwards
,
639 F.3d at
363 ;
Chang
,
247 F. App'x at 878
. Indeed, no federal court has applied
any
state's common law notice-prejudice rule to excuse a late administrative ERISA
appeal
.
See, e.g.
,
Chang
,
247 F. App'x at 878
("[T]o extend the notice-prejudice rule to ERISA appeals would extend the rule substantially beyond its previous uses.").
*86
We add that New Hampshire has never suggested that its notice-prejudice rule applies to ERISA appeals, and note that the state has only applied the doctrine where the facts involve an initial claim made in an occurrence-based insurance policy.
See, e.g.
,
Bianco Prof'l Ass'n
v.
Home Ins. Co.
,
144 N.H. 288
,
740 A.2d 1051
, 1057 (1999). There is no reason to think that the New Hampshire courts would countenance Fortier's attempted use of the notice-prejudice rule.
III.
For the stated reasons, the decision of the district court is
affirmed
. Costs are awarded to Hartford.