REVERSE, RENDER, AND REMAND and Opinion Filed July 30, 2021
S In The Court of Appeals Fifth District of Texas at Dallas No. 05-20-00558-CV
FOREVER LIVING PRODUCTS INTERNATIONAL, LLC, A NEVADA LIMITED LIABILITY COMPANY, AND ALOE VERA OF AMERICA, INC., A TEXAS CORPORATION, Appellants V. AV EUROPE GMBH, A GERMAN LIMITED LIABILITY COMPANY, Appellee
On Appeal from the 191st Judicial District Court Dallas County, Texas Trial Court Cause No. DC-19-00270
OPINION
Before Justices Myers, Partida-Kipness, and Garcia Opinion by Justice Garcia
Appellants sued appellee AV Europe GmbH and two other defendants. The
trial court sustained AV Europe’s special appearance and dismissed the claims
against it for lack of personal jurisdiction. Appellants appeal this interlocutory
ruling. We reverse, concluding that AV Europe failed to show it is not subject to
general jurisdiction in Texas. I. Background
A. Factual Allegations
Unless otherwise noted, we draw these allegations from appellants’ original
petition, which was their live pleading when the trial court granted AV Europe’s
special appearance.
Appellant Forever Living Products International, LLC is the management
company for a marketing business (referred to as a whole as “FLP”) that sells aloe
vera products in many countries around the world. Appellant Aloe Vera of America,
Inc. (AVA) is FLP’s aloe refining and production entity.
Christopher Hardy was an AVA vice president and general manager. He was
terminated in 2013. After that, Hardy and other former FLP employees created an
aloe vera business called AloeVeritas. HW&B Enterprises, LLC is the holding
company and manufacturer for other AloeVeritas entities including AV Europe.
Hardy testified in deposition that AV Europe has always been wholly owned by
HW&B and that he is the manager of HW&B.
Appellants allege that Hardy attempted to poach one of FLP’s foreign
distribution entities, FLP Japan, for AloeVeritas. He did so by disclosing FLP’s
confidential information and “by sharing false/misleading ‘insider’ information”
with FLP Japan. This caused a dispute between FLP and one of FLP Japan’s owners
that in turn caused substantial damage to FLP.
–2– FLP then sued Hardy in an arbitration proceeding pursuant to his FLP
employment agreement. FLP won a final arbitration award against Hardy for roughly
$920,000. The award was confirmed as a judgment in Arizona, and that judgment
has been domesticated in Texas.
B. Procedural History
Appellants filed this lawsuit against HW&B, Aloe Veritas Americas, LLC,
and AV Europe, alleging that they (through Hardy) tortiously interfered with
appellants’ relationship with FLP Japan. Appellants seek to hold defendants liable
for the same damages that have already been assessed against Hardy. They also seek
exemplary damages and injunctive relief.
AV Europe filed a special appearance challenging personal jurisdiction,
asserting that it is a German entity with no office or facility outside of Germany.
Appellants assert, and AV Europe does not dispute, that the abbreviation “GmbH”
signifies that AV Europe is the German equivalent of a limited liability company.
We accept that assertion for purposes of this appeal. See TEX. R. APP. P. 38.1(g) (“In
a civil case, the court will accept as true the facts stated [in appellant’s brief] unless
another party contradicts them.”); see also Moore ex rel. Moore v. Elektro-Mobil
Technik GmbH, 874 S.W.2d 324, 326 n.1 (Tex. App.—El Paso 1994, writ denied)
(“In Germany, GmbH designates a closely held, limited liability company.”).
Appellants filed a response to AV Europe’s special appearance and attached
evidence thereto. AV Europe filed an amended special appearance and additional
–3– supporting evidence. AV Europe contended both that it lacked minimum contacts
with Texas and that forcing it to litigate in Texas would offend traditional notions of
fair play and substantial justice.
After a non-evidentiary hearing, the trial judge sustained AV Europe’s special
appearance and dismissed appellants’ claims against it.
Appellants timely filed this interlocutory appeal. See TEX. CIV. PRAC. & REM.
CODE ANN. § 51.014(a)(7).
II. Issues Presented
Appellants raise two issues on appeal: (1) the trial judge erred by sustaining
AV Europe’s special appearance and (2) the trial judge erred by denying appellants’
request for leave to amend their petition to add an allegation of jurisdictional alter
ego.
III. Standard of Review and Burden of Proof
We review a ruling on a special appearance de novo. See Kelly v. Gen. Interior
Constr., Inc., 301 S.W.3d 653, 657 (Tex. 2010). If the trial judge does not issue
findings of fact and conclusions of law, the fact findings necessary to support the
ruling and supported by the evidence are implied. Id. Implied findings are not
conclusive and may be challenged on appeal for legal and factual sufficiency.
Lensing v. Card, 417 S.W.3d 152, 155 (Tex. App.—Dallas 2013, no pet.).
The plaintiff bears the initial burden of pleading sufficient facts to bring a
nonresident defendant within the reach of the Texas long-arm statute. Kelly, 301
–4– S.W.3d at 658. If the plaintiff pleads sufficient jurisdictional facts, the defendant
bears the burden to negate all alleged bases of personal jurisdiction. Id.
Alternatively, the defendant can prevail by showing that even if the plaintiff’s
allegations are true, the evidence is legally insufficient to establish that personal
jurisdiction over the defendant is proper. See id. at 659.
Although the trial judge acts as the factfinder and must resolve any factual
disputes in the special-appearance evidence, the judge must accept as true any clear,
direct, and positive evidence presented in an undisputed affidavit. N. Frac
Proppants, II, LLC v. 2011 NF Holdings, LLC, No. 05-16-00319-CV, 2017 WL
3275896, at *6 (Tex. App.—Dallas July 27, 2017, no pet.) (mem. op.); see also Smith
v. Patrick W.Y. Tam Trust, 296 S.W.3d 545, 547 (Tex. 2009) (discussing
circumstances under which evidence must be taken as true as a matter of law).
IV. Analysis
A. The Law of Personal Jurisdiction
Texas courts have personal jurisdiction over a nonresident defendant when
(1) the Texas long-arm statute authorizes it and (2) the exercise of jurisdiction is
consistent with due-process guarantees. Spir Star AG v. Kimich, 310 S.W.3d 868,
872 (Tex. 2010). Texas’s long-arm statute reaches as far as due process allows, id.,
so we focus solely on the due-process analysis.
The Fourteenth Amendment’s Due Process Clause limits a state court’s
authority to proceed against a nonresident defendant. See Goodyear Dunlop Tires
–5– Operations, S.A. v. Brown, 564 U.S. 915, 923 (2011). The exercise of personal
jurisdiction over a nonresident defendant is constitutional only if (1) the defendant
has established minimum contacts with the forum state and (2) the exercise of
jurisdiction comports with traditional notions of fair play and substantial justice. Spir
Star AG, 310 S.W.3d at 872. But see Daimler AG v. Bauman, 571 U.S. 117, 139 n.20
(2014) (second element is superfluous in some personal-jurisdiction cases).
The stringency of the minimum-contacts test varies depending on whether the
plaintiff’s claims arise out of or relate to the defendant’s forum contacts. See Ford
Motor Co. v. Mont. Eighth Judicial Dist. Court, 141 S. Ct. 1017, 1024–25 (2021).
If the plaintiff’s claims are unrelated to the defendant’s forum contacts, the
forum is said to be asserting general or all-purpose jurisdiction over the defendant.
Goodyear Dunlop, 564 U.S. at 919. A court may assert general jurisdiction over a
foreign corporation only if its affiliations with the state are so continuous and
systematic as to render the corporation essentially at home in the forum state. Id.
Limited liability companies like AV Europe are treated like corporations for general-
jurisdiction purposes. See Careington Int’l Corp. v. First Call Telemedicine, LLC,
No. 05-20-00841-CV, 2021 WL 1731753, at *5 (Tex. App.—Dallas May 3, 2021,
no pet.) (mem. op.).
In Daimler, the Supreme Court said that there are two paradigmatic bases for
general jurisdiction over a corporation: its state of incorporation and the state of its
principal place of business. Daimler AG, 571 U.S. at 137. The Daimler Court did
–6– not define the term “principal place of business,” but only a few years before
Daimler the Court held that the phrase “principal place of business” means the place
where a corporation’s officers direct, control, and coordinate the corporation’s
activities. See Hertz Corp. v. Friend, 559 U.S. 77, 92–93 (2010) (construing the
federal diversity-jurisdiction statute). Courts often refer to this as the company’s
“nerve center,” and in practice it should normally be the place of the company’s
headquarters—if that is the company’s actual center of direction, control, and
coordination. Hertz Corp., 559 U.S. at 93. Although Hertz was not a personal-
jurisdiction case, courts have applied its definition of “principal place of business”
in personal-jurisdiction cases. E.g., Ascentium Capital LLC v. Hi-Tech the Sch. of
Cosmetology Corp., 558 S.W.3d 824, 829 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2018,
no pet.); see also Flynn v. Hovensa, LLC, No. 3:14-43, 2014 WL 3375238, at *2
(W.D. Pa. July 3, 2014); Jovanovich v. Ind. Harbor Belt R.R. Co., No. 1-19-2550,
2020 WL 5843957, at *6–7 (Ill. App. Ct. Sept. 30, 2020). We agree with those courts
and conclude that the Hertz nerve-center test applies in the general-jurisdiction
context.
The minimum-contacts test is less stringent if the plaintiff’s claims arise from
or relate to the defendant’s forum contacts. See Ford Motor Co., 141 S. Ct. at 1024–
25. This kind of personal jurisdiction is called specific or case-linked jurisdiction.
Id. at 1024. Specific-jurisdiction minimum contacts are present if the defendant
–7– purposefully availed itself of the privilege of conducting activities in the forum state.
Id. at 1024–25.
B. The Pleaded Bases of Jurisdiction in This Case
Appellants’ live petition contains two jurisdictional allegations against AV
Europe. It alleges that AV Europe “is a German limited liability company operating
in Dallas County, Texas.” It also alleges that “[v]enue is proper in Dallas County . .
. because all or a substantial part of the events or omissions giving rise to the claim
occurred in Dallas County and Defendants’ principal offices in the State of Texas
and [sic] are all located in Dallas County.”
Given Texas’s liberal notice-pleading standards, we conclude that appellants’
petition sufficed to allege that AV Europe is subject to general jurisdiction in Texas.
The petition asserts that each defendant’s principal office in Texas is in Dallas
County, which suggests that general jurisdiction is proper. Additionally, the
allegation that AV Europe is “operating in Dallas County” is broad enough to
encompass the premise that AV Europe’s nerve center is in Texas. AV Europe’s
special appearance shows that AV Europe understood the petition to allege general
jurisdiction because the special appearance averred that AV Europe did not have
continuous or systematic contacts with Texas, was not a “resident business
organization,” and had never been such an organization.
Thus, AV Europe bore the burden to negate general jurisdiction in Texas. See
Kelly, 301 S.W.3d at 658.
–8– C. The Implied Findings and the Evidence in This Case
As to general jurisdiction, the trial court implicitly found both that AV Europe
was not organized in Texas and that its principal place of business was not in Texas
when suit was filed. See Daimler AG, 571 U.S. at 137. Appellants attack the second
implied finding.
The special-appearance evidence, which consists principally of Hardy’s
declaration and excerpts from Hardy’s deposition, supports the following facts:
AV Europe was formed as a German company on or about July 21, 2016. AV
Europe’s parent company is and always has been HW&B, a Texas limited liability
company with its principal place of business in Texas. Hardy is HW&B’s manager.
HW&B’s only involvement with AV Europe was to sell and ship products to AV
Europe for resale.
From July 2016 to the fall of 2017, AV Europe’s managing director was
Thomas Reichert,1 who lived in Germany and was entirely responsible for AV
Europe’s operation. AV Europe’s first headquarters was Reichert’s home in
Germany. Then it moved its headquarters to a converted airplane hangar in
Germany. All of AV Europe’s operations were conducted from those two locations.
While AV Europe was operating, it had eight or nine employees, all of whom were
located in Germany.
1 In the appellate record, this person’s name appears as both “Reichert” and “Reichart.”
–9– In fall 2017, Reichert was terminated for cause. Sean Higgins, who was a
United Kingdom resident living in England, assumed the role of managing director
for about a month.
On November 20, 2017, Hardy became AV Europe’s managing director, and
he remained managing director at the time of this litigation. Hardy moved to Texas
in 2005 and has maintained a residence in Texas since then. He lived in New York
for a time but resumed living in Texas full-time in July 2018. He testified in his
deposition that he “was a resident of New York for a period of time,” but then he
answered, “No,” when asked if he “ever bec[a]me a New York resident.”
In approximately June 2018, AV Europe stopped conducting business. It later
shipped all unsold products back to HW&B. It now has no employees. According to
Hardy’s declaration, AV Europe (1) never had a principal place of business in Texas,
(2) never engaged in business in Texas other than buying products from HW&B for
resale in Europe, (3) does not own any real estate in Texas, (4) maintains no bank
accounts or other accounts with financial institutions in Texas, and (5) “has been
winding down, but has not been formally dissolved.”
Hardy testified in his deposition that HW&B employees searched through
HW&B’s records in Texas to find documents responsive to discovery requests sent
to AV Europe. He also testified that AV Europe still has a post-office box for
receiving mail, but when asked where it was he replied, “I don’t know offhand if it’s
Munich—a Munich or—address. Again, there’s no—there’s no operations
–10– whatsoever being conducted there. Nothing.” To Hardy’s knowledge, no one checks
AV Europe’s post-office box for mail.
D. AV Europe’s evidence was legally insufficient to negate general- jurisdiction minimum contacts.
AV Europe bore the burden to prove that AV Europe’s principal place of
business—i.e., its nerve center—was not in Texas in January 2019 when suit was
filed. We conclude that its evidence was legally insufficient to prove this fact.
Accordingly, AV Europe did not carry its burden to negate general-jurisdiction
minimum contacts in Texas.
1. The Nerve-Center Evidence
Under the nerve-center test, we inquire where AV Europe’s officers directed,
controlled, and coordinated the company’s activities as of January 2019, when suit
was filed. See Ascentium Capital LLC, 558 S.W.3d at 829, 831.
There is evidence to support implied findings that AV Europe’s managing
director was Thomas Reichert, a German resident, from July 2016 until September
or October 2017, and then Sean Higgins, a United Kingdom resident, until
November 2017.
But in November 2017, Hardy became AV Europe’s managing director, and
he remained managing director when suit was filed in January 2019. The evidence
about the location of AV Europe’s nerve center during this critical time period is
scant.
–11– First, we consider the time period from November 2017 to June 2018, when
AV Europe ceased operations:
• We see no evidence showing where AV Europe’s headquarters, if any, was during this time period.
• Hardy testified that his responsibilities were to oversee operations and ensure compliance with the German government.
• Although Hardy twice went to Germany on AV Europe business, we see no evidence that Germany was the place from which he or any other officers directed, controlled, and coordinated AV Europe’s activities.
• Hardy testified that in around May or June 2018 “we made the decision” to wind down AV Europe, but we see no evidence showing who else was involved in this decision or, more importantly, where the decision was made.
• Hardy testified that he moved to Texas in 2005, maintained a residence in Texas from 2005 to 2018, was a New York resident for an unspecified “period of time,” and began living in Texas full-time in July 2018. This evidence does not support a reasonable inference that from November 2017 to June 2018 Hardy controlled AV Europe’s operations from any particular location, much less one outside of Texas.
We conclude that the evidence is legally insufficient to show that AV Europe’s nerve
center was outside of Texas from November 2017 to June 2018.
As to the remaining time period, June 2018 until the filing of suit in January
2019, the trial court could credit Hardy’s declaration testimony that “AV Europe has
conducted no business since approximately June 2018 and has no employees.”
However, Hardy’s declaration and deposition also established the following
additional facts:
• Hardy is still AV Europe’s managing director. –12– • Hardy has lived in Texas full-time since July 2018.
• “Following the cessation of its business, AV Europe shipped to HW&B and HW&B received all unsold product and credited AV Europe’s account receivable for returned product.” (Hardy declaration.)
• AV Europe “has been winding down.” (Hardy declaration.)
• AV Europe has not been formally dissolved.
Thus, AV Europe’s own evidence shows that its managing director has lived in
Texas full-time since July 2018. It also shows that since June 2018 AV Europe “has
been winding down,” which implies some level of activity, and that its activities
have included at least the return of unsold products to HW&B. We see no evidence
showing the location from which Hardy or any other AV Europe officer (if any)
controlled these activities. We therefore conclude that the evidence was legally
insufficient to show that AV Europe’s nerve center was outside of Texas from June
2018 until the filing of suit in January 2019.
2. AV Europe’s Arguments
AV Europe cites the statement in Hardy’s declaration that “AV Europe does
not [have] and has never had a principal place of business in Texas.” However, this
statement is conclusory and, thus, not probative evidence unless supported by
additional facts. See TEX. R. CIV. P. 120a(3) (affidavits “shall set forth specific facts
as would be admissible in evidence”); Ennis v. Loiseau, 164 S.W.3d 698, 703–04
(Tex. App.—Austin 2005, no pet.) (statements such as “[a]s an individual, I do not
have any continuing or systematic contacts with Texas” were conclusory); see also
–13– Rogers v. Zanetti, 517 S.W.3d 123, 130 (Tex. App.—Dallas 2015) (conclusory
testimony is no evidence), aff’d, 518 S.W.3d 394 (Tex. 2017). We conclude that
Hardy’s declaration does not contain the facts necessary to make his assertion non-
conclusory.
Hardy’s declaration focuses on the absence of general business activity in
Texas, but under the nerve-center test the relevant fact is where the company’s
officers exercise their control over the company—not where the company’s business
activity occurs. Hardy’s declaration does not show that AV Europe was not
controlled from Texas after Hardy became managing director. Indeed, his
declaration specifies only that he had no managerial role in AV Europe while his
two predecessors served as managing director: “While [AV Europe] was operating
and during the time Reichert and Higgins served as Geschäftsführer (Managing
Director), neither me personally nor HW&B Enterprises had any managerial role
with respect to AV Europe.” He acknowledged in his deposition that AV Europe
still had operations “[f]or a very brief time” after he became managing director, but
he did not specify where he carried out his role. Thus, Hardy’s statement that AV
Europe has never had a principal place of business in Texas is conclusory and not
probative.
AV Europe also points out that appellants’ brief includes a statement that
“[b]y June 2018, AV Europe did little more than maintain its records.” But this is
not a concession that AV Europe had no activities after June 2018—only that those
–14– activities were minimal. And appellants’ brief also asserts that “AV Europe’s
management and operation have been conducted from Texas” since the collapse of
its business in Germany. The place of management, not operation, is what matters
in a nerve-center analysis.
AV Europe also argues that “the nerve center test does not apply to defunct
companies like AV Europe.” But as discussed above, AV Europe has not shown
itself to be defunct; the evidence shows that it exists, has a managing director, has
been “winding down,” and has conducted activities at least to the extent of shipping
products to HW&B even after ceasing business operations. Thus, AV Europe’s
proposition regarding defunct companies does not apply to the facts of this case even
if it is a correct statement of the law.
AV Europe also points to Hardy’s deposition testimony, given after suit was
filed, that his managing-director position currently has no responsibilities because
“AV Europe no longer has operations.” But as discussed above, the relevant time
period is the time leading up to the filing of suit, and the evidence (1) shows that AV
Europe engaged in some activities after Hardy became managing director in
November 2017 and (2) does not show where Hardy or any other officer controlled
AV Europe’s activities during the critical November 2017–January 2019 time
period. Thus, Hardy’s deposition testimony does not defeat general jurisdiction.
–15– 3. Conclusion
We hold that AV Europe produced legally insufficient evidence to negate
general-jurisdiction minimum contacts with Texas.
E. AV Europe failed to establish that the exercise of personal jurisdiction over it would offend traditional notions of fair play and substantial justice.
Appellants also argue that the exercise of personal jurisdiction over AV
Europe will not offend traditional notions of fair play and substantial justice.
Although the Supreme Court recently indicated that the “fair play and substantial
justice” test need not be met if general-jurisdiction minimum contacts are present,
see Daimler AG, 571 U.S. at 139 n.20, appellants do not make this argument, so we
do not consider it, see State Bar of Tex. v. Evans, 774 S.W.2d 656, 658 n.5 (Tex.
1989) (per curiam). Nevertheless, we agree with appellants’ argument as presented.
AV Europe bore the burden of presenting a compelling case that the
circumstances make the exercise of jurisdiction over it unreasonable. See Spir Star
AG v. Kimich, 310 S.W.3d 868, 878–79 (Tex. 2010). For an international defendant
such as AV Europe, we consider factors such as (1) the burden on the defendant,
(2) the forum’s interest in adjudicating the dispute, (3) the plaintiff’s interest in
obtaining convenient and effective relief, (4) the international judicial system’s
interest in obtaining the most efficient resolution of controversies, and (5) the several
nations’ shared interest in furthering fundamental substantive social policies. See id.
at 878.
–16– We see no evidence that defending this case will place any unusual burden on
AV Europe. See id. at 879 (noting that distance alone cannot ordinarily defeat
jurisdiction). AV Europe does not dispute appellants’ allegation that one plaintiff is
a Texas corporation with its principal place of business in Texas; thus, Texas has
some interest in adjudicating this dispute. See id. Appellants have an interest in
trying their claims against all defendants in a single lawsuit rather than piecemeal,
and the international judicial system has a similar interest in avoiding unnecessarily
multiplying lawsuits. See id. (it is more efficient to adjudicate an entire case in the
same place). The last fair-play factor, regarding substantive social policies, has no
obvious application here.
We conclude that AV Europe has not presented a compelling case that the
circumstances make the exercise of jurisdiction over it unreasonable.
F. Conclusion: We sustain appellants’ first issue.
For the foregoing reasons, we sustain appellants’ first issue and conclude that
the trial court erred by sustaining AV Europe’s special appearance. We need not
decide whether AV Europe successfully negated specific-jurisdiction minimum
contacts or whether the trial court erred by not allowing appellants to amend their
pleadings.
–17– V. Disposition
We reverse the trial court’s order sustaining AV Europe’s special appearance,
render judgment denying AV Europe’s special appearance, and remand the case to
the trial court for further proceedings consistent with this opinion.
/Dennise Garcia/ DENNISE GARCIA JUSTICE
200558F.P05
–18– S Court of Appeals Fifth District of Texas at Dallas JUDGMENT
FOREVER LIVING PRODUCTS On Appeal from the 191st Judicial INTERNATIONAL, LLC, A District Court, Dallas County, Texas NEVADA LIMITED LIABILITY Trial Court Cause No. DC-19-00270. COMPANY, AND ALOE VERA OF Opinion delivered by Justice Garcia. AMERICA, INC., A TEXAS Justices Myers and Partida-Kipness CORPORATION, Appellants participating.
No. 05-20-00558-CV V.
AV EUROPE GMBH, A GERMAN LIMITED LIABILITY COMPANY, Appellee
In accordance with this Court’s opinion of this date, the trial court’s “Order Sustaining AV Europe GmbH’s Objection to Jurisdiction [sic]” is REVERSED and judgment is RENDERED denying AV Europe GmbH’s First Amended Special Appearance to Present Motion Objecting to Jurisdiction. We REMAND the case for further proceedings consistent with the opinion.
It is ORDERED that appellants Forever Living Products International, LLC, A Nevada Limited Liability Company, and Aloe Vera Of America, Inc., A Texas Corporation recover their costs of this appeal from appellee AV Europe GmbH, A German Limited Liability Company.
Judgment entered July 30, 2021
–19–