UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT MIDDLE DISTRICT OF FLORIDA JACKSONVILLE DIVISION
BRIAN O’NEIL FORD,
Plaintiff,
v. Case No. 3:20-cv-1220-BJD-JRK
JACKSONVILLE SHERIFF’S OFFICE,
Defendant. _____________________________________
ORDER
I. Status
Plaintiff is one of multiple inmates who initiated this action in the Fourth Judicial Circuit in and for Duval County, Florida, by filing a “notice of intent to file a civil law suit claim against the Jacksonville Sheriff Department” (Doc. 3; Notice of Intent). The Office of General Counsel, on behalf of the City, removed the action to this Court because Plaintiff alleges constitutional violations. See Notice of Removal (Doc. 1).1 In the notice of intent to sue,2 which is identical in style and verbiage to those filed by over twenty other inmates, Plaintiff asserts the Jacksonville
1 Over twenty cases were removed to this Court based on the identical notice of intent to sue. 2 Despite that Plaintiff titles the document a “notice of intent” to file a suit, the parties refer to it as a “complaint.” For consistency, the Court will use the same Sheriff’s Office (JSO) is failing to protect inmates from contracting COVID-19 by transferring inmates to and from the jail despite a quarantine mandate in
effect at the time, housing “exposed inmates” with “unexposed inmates,” and refusing to reduce the inmate population despite the fact that social distancing protocols cannot be achieved. See Notice of Intent at 1-2. Plaintiff does not allege having contracted the virus or sustaining any injuries. Id. As relief,
Plaintiff seeks “[t]o be compensated financially and for the [JSO] to show accountability.” Id. at 3. II. Motion & Response Before the Court is Defendant’s motion to dismiss (Doc. 4; Motion), to
which Plaintiff has responded (Doc. 9; Pl. Resp.). Defendant argues Plaintiff fails to state a plausible claim under the Eighth and Fourteenth Amendments,3 does not allege having exhausted his administrative remedies, and, to the extent he states a claim, is barred from recovering compensatory damages
nomenclature, though the Court notes that if Plaintiff had initiated the action in this Court, his filing would have been summarily dismissed. 3 “Pretrial detainees, who are not protected by the Eighth Amendment, can bring the same claims under the Fourteenth Amendment.” Danley v. Allen, 540 F.3d 1298, 1306 (11th Cir. 2008), overruled in part on other grounds as recognized by Randall v. Scott, 610 F.3d 701 (11th Cir. 2010). As such, Eighth Amendment decisional law applies to cases involving pretrial detainees. Id. (quoting Bozeman v. Orum, 422 F.3d 1265, 1271 (11th Cir. 2005)). See also Goodman v. Kimbrough, 718 F.3d 1325, 1331 n.1 (11th Cir. 2013) (“[T]he standards under the Fourteenth Amendment are identical to those under the Eighth.”). 2 because he does not allege having suffered a physical injury.4 See generally Motion.
In response, Plaintiff essentially reiterates the allegations in his complaint: while incarcerated at the Duval County Jail, he was “in danger of exposure to the deadly disease,” COVID-19, because jail officials negligently failed to adhere to mandated safety protocols related to social distancing and
housing conditions. See Pl. Resp. at 1-2. III. Motion Standard Under the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure (Rule(s)), a party may move to dismiss a complaint for a plaintiff’s “failure to state a claim upon which relief
may be granted.” See Fed. R. Civ. P. 12(b)(6). In ruling on such a motion, the court must accept the plaintiff’s allegations as true, liberally construing those by a plaintiff proceeding pro se, but the Court need not accept as true legal conclusions. See Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556 U.S. 662, 678 (2009). Though detailed
factual allegations are not required, Rule 8(a) demands “more than an unadorned, the-defendant-unlawfully-harmed-me accusation.” Id. A plaintiff
4 Defendant also suggests the Court can exercise its authority to dismiss this action under 28 U.S.C. § 1915(e)(2). See Motion at 3. The Court is unable to exercise its authority under § 1915(e)(2) because that provision applies to “[p]roceedings in forma pauperis.” Plaintiff is not proceeding in this Court as a pauper; Defendant paid the filing fee. See Imperato v. Navigators Ins. Co., 681 F. App’x 743, 745 (11th Cir. 2017) (reversing the district court’s dismissal of the complaint under § 1915(e) because the plaintiff was not proceeding as a pauper). 3 should allege enough facts “to raise a reasonable expectation that discovery will reveal evidence” supporting the plaintiff’s claims. Bell Atl. Corp. v.
Twombly, 550 U.S. 544, 556 (2007). IV. Analysis To state a claim under 42 U.S.C. § 1983, a plaintiff must allege “a person” acting under the color of state law deprived him of a right secured under the
United States Constitution or federal law. See 42 U.S.C. § 1983. When a plaintiff attempts to sue an entity, as opposed to an individual person, the law of the state in which the district court sits determines whether the entity has the capacity to be sued under § 1983. See Dean v. Barber, 951 F.2d 1210, 1214-
15 (11th Cir. 1992) (stating that certain subdivisions of local or county governments, such as sheriff’s departments and police departments, generally are not legal entities subject to suit). In Florida, a sheriff’s office or jail facility is not a legal entity subject to
suit under § 1983. See Faulkner v. Monroe Cnty. Sheriff’s Dep’t, 523 F. App’x 696, 701 (11th Cir. 2013) (affirming dismissal of a civil rights action against the Monroe County Sheriff’s Office). See also Herrera v. Rambosk, No. 2:17-cv- 472-FtM-29MRM, 2019 WL 1254772, at *4 (M.D. Fla. Mar. 19, 2019)
(dismissing the Collier County Jail under § 1915(e)(2)(B)(ii)); Monroe v. Charlotte Cnty. Jail, No. 2:15-cv-729-FtM-99MRM, 2015 WL 7777521, at *2
4 (M.D. Fla. Dec. 3, 2015) (“A correctional facility or [a] jail is not a proper defendant in a case brought under 42 U.S.C. § 1983.” (citing Chapter 30,
Florida Statutes)). Because Plaintiff has named as the sole Defendant an entity not amenable to suit under § 1983, he fails to state a plausible claim for relief. Moreover, had Plaintiff named a plausible defendant, his claim for
compensatory relief would fail under the Prison Litigation Reform Act (PLRA) because he does not allege having suffered a physical injury. See 42 U.S.C. § 1997e
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UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT MIDDLE DISTRICT OF FLORIDA JACKSONVILLE DIVISION
BRIAN O’NEIL FORD,
Plaintiff,
v. Case No. 3:20-cv-1220-BJD-JRK
JACKSONVILLE SHERIFF’S OFFICE,
Defendant. _____________________________________
ORDER
I. Status
Plaintiff is one of multiple inmates who initiated this action in the Fourth Judicial Circuit in and for Duval County, Florida, by filing a “notice of intent to file a civil law suit claim against the Jacksonville Sheriff Department” (Doc. 3; Notice of Intent). The Office of General Counsel, on behalf of the City, removed the action to this Court because Plaintiff alleges constitutional violations. See Notice of Removal (Doc. 1).1 In the notice of intent to sue,2 which is identical in style and verbiage to those filed by over twenty other inmates, Plaintiff asserts the Jacksonville
1 Over twenty cases were removed to this Court based on the identical notice of intent to sue. 2 Despite that Plaintiff titles the document a “notice of intent” to file a suit, the parties refer to it as a “complaint.” For consistency, the Court will use the same Sheriff’s Office (JSO) is failing to protect inmates from contracting COVID-19 by transferring inmates to and from the jail despite a quarantine mandate in
effect at the time, housing “exposed inmates” with “unexposed inmates,” and refusing to reduce the inmate population despite the fact that social distancing protocols cannot be achieved. See Notice of Intent at 1-2. Plaintiff does not allege having contracted the virus or sustaining any injuries. Id. As relief,
Plaintiff seeks “[t]o be compensated financially and for the [JSO] to show accountability.” Id. at 3. II. Motion & Response Before the Court is Defendant’s motion to dismiss (Doc. 4; Motion), to
which Plaintiff has responded (Doc. 9; Pl. Resp.). Defendant argues Plaintiff fails to state a plausible claim under the Eighth and Fourteenth Amendments,3 does not allege having exhausted his administrative remedies, and, to the extent he states a claim, is barred from recovering compensatory damages
nomenclature, though the Court notes that if Plaintiff had initiated the action in this Court, his filing would have been summarily dismissed. 3 “Pretrial detainees, who are not protected by the Eighth Amendment, can bring the same claims under the Fourteenth Amendment.” Danley v. Allen, 540 F.3d 1298, 1306 (11th Cir. 2008), overruled in part on other grounds as recognized by Randall v. Scott, 610 F.3d 701 (11th Cir. 2010). As such, Eighth Amendment decisional law applies to cases involving pretrial detainees. Id. (quoting Bozeman v. Orum, 422 F.3d 1265, 1271 (11th Cir. 2005)). See also Goodman v. Kimbrough, 718 F.3d 1325, 1331 n.1 (11th Cir. 2013) (“[T]he standards under the Fourteenth Amendment are identical to those under the Eighth.”). 2 because he does not allege having suffered a physical injury.4 See generally Motion.
In response, Plaintiff essentially reiterates the allegations in his complaint: while incarcerated at the Duval County Jail, he was “in danger of exposure to the deadly disease,” COVID-19, because jail officials negligently failed to adhere to mandated safety protocols related to social distancing and
housing conditions. See Pl. Resp. at 1-2. III. Motion Standard Under the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure (Rule(s)), a party may move to dismiss a complaint for a plaintiff’s “failure to state a claim upon which relief
may be granted.” See Fed. R. Civ. P. 12(b)(6). In ruling on such a motion, the court must accept the plaintiff’s allegations as true, liberally construing those by a plaintiff proceeding pro se, but the Court need not accept as true legal conclusions. See Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556 U.S. 662, 678 (2009). Though detailed
factual allegations are not required, Rule 8(a) demands “more than an unadorned, the-defendant-unlawfully-harmed-me accusation.” Id. A plaintiff
4 Defendant also suggests the Court can exercise its authority to dismiss this action under 28 U.S.C. § 1915(e)(2). See Motion at 3. The Court is unable to exercise its authority under § 1915(e)(2) because that provision applies to “[p]roceedings in forma pauperis.” Plaintiff is not proceeding in this Court as a pauper; Defendant paid the filing fee. See Imperato v. Navigators Ins. Co., 681 F. App’x 743, 745 (11th Cir. 2017) (reversing the district court’s dismissal of the complaint under § 1915(e) because the plaintiff was not proceeding as a pauper). 3 should allege enough facts “to raise a reasonable expectation that discovery will reveal evidence” supporting the plaintiff’s claims. Bell Atl. Corp. v.
Twombly, 550 U.S. 544, 556 (2007). IV. Analysis To state a claim under 42 U.S.C. § 1983, a plaintiff must allege “a person” acting under the color of state law deprived him of a right secured under the
United States Constitution or federal law. See 42 U.S.C. § 1983. When a plaintiff attempts to sue an entity, as opposed to an individual person, the law of the state in which the district court sits determines whether the entity has the capacity to be sued under § 1983. See Dean v. Barber, 951 F.2d 1210, 1214-
15 (11th Cir. 1992) (stating that certain subdivisions of local or county governments, such as sheriff’s departments and police departments, generally are not legal entities subject to suit). In Florida, a sheriff’s office or jail facility is not a legal entity subject to
suit under § 1983. See Faulkner v. Monroe Cnty. Sheriff’s Dep’t, 523 F. App’x 696, 701 (11th Cir. 2013) (affirming dismissal of a civil rights action against the Monroe County Sheriff’s Office). See also Herrera v. Rambosk, No. 2:17-cv- 472-FtM-29MRM, 2019 WL 1254772, at *4 (M.D. Fla. Mar. 19, 2019)
(dismissing the Collier County Jail under § 1915(e)(2)(B)(ii)); Monroe v. Charlotte Cnty. Jail, No. 2:15-cv-729-FtM-99MRM, 2015 WL 7777521, at *2
4 (M.D. Fla. Dec. 3, 2015) (“A correctional facility or [a] jail is not a proper defendant in a case brought under 42 U.S.C. § 1983.” (citing Chapter 30,
Florida Statutes)). Because Plaintiff has named as the sole Defendant an entity not amenable to suit under § 1983, he fails to state a plausible claim for relief. Moreover, had Plaintiff named a plausible defendant, his claim for
compensatory relief would fail under the Prison Litigation Reform Act (PLRA) because he does not allege having suffered a physical injury. See 42 U.S.C. § 1997e(e) (“No Federal civil action may be brought by a prisoner confined in a jail, prison, or other correctional facility, for mental or emotional injury
suffered while in custody without a prior showing of physical injury.”). At most, Plaintiff expresses having feared contracting COVID-19. See Notice of Intent at 2; Pl. Resp. at 2. These emotional injuries alone cannot sustain an action for compensatory damages under § 1983. See 42 U.S.C. § 1997e(e).
Defendant moves the Court to dismiss the action with prejudice. See Motion at 1, 7. Generally, a pro se plaintiff should be provided at least one opportunity to amend his complaint “[w]here it appears a more carefully drafted complaint might state a claim upon which relief can be granted.” Bank
v. Pitt, 928 F.2d 1108, 1112 (11th Cir. 1991) (emphasis added), overruled in part by Wagner v. Daewoo Heavy Indus. Am. Corp., 314 F.3d 541, 542 (11th
5 Cir. 2002) (en banc). However, if amendment would be futile, such as where a plaintiff can “prove no set of facts” that would entitle him to relief, id., the
Court may dismiss the case with prejudice, Cockrell v. Sparks, 510 F.3d 1307, 1310 (11th Cir. 2007) (“Leave to amend a complaint is futile when the complaint as amended would still be properly dismissed or be immediately subject to summary judgment for the defendant.”).
While not addressing it directly, Defendant implicitly suggests an amendment would be futile because Plaintiff does not allege having exhausted his administrative remedies and does not assert “a valid claim against the City.” See Motion at 3, 5-6. If Plaintiff failed to exhaust his administrative
remedies as required under the PLRA, granting him an opportunity to amend indeed would be futile. See 42 U.S.C. § 1997e(a) (“No action shall be brought with respect to prison conditions . . . until such administrative remedies as are available are exhausted.”). However, Plaintiff has no obligation to “specially
plead or demonstrate exhaustion in [his] complaint[].” Jones v. Bock, 549 U.S. 199, 211 (2007). Rather, “failure to exhaust is an affirmative defense.” Id. Defendant provides no proof to demonstrate Plaintiff failed to exhaust his administrative remedies. As such, that argument fails.
It is true that Plaintiff does not currently state a valid claim because he names an entity not amenable to suit, does not allege having suffered a
6 physical injury, and alleges no facts permitting the reasonable inference his constitutional rights were infringed. Plaintiff only generally complains the
conditions at the jail were unsafe when he initiated this action, suggesting prison officials were negligent. The Eleventh Circuit has emphasized that “deliberate indifference is not a constitutionalized version of common-law negligence.” Swain v. Junior, 961 F.3d 1276, 1287 (11th Cir. 2020). Thus, the
inability to control the spread of a contagious, deadly virus inside a jail does not necessarily establish jail officials were deliberately indifferent to a risk of harm if they took reasonable actions to address the risk, “even if the harm ultimately [was] not averted.” Id. at 1298-88. Additionally, Plaintiff suggests
it is impossible for inmates to achieve social distancing because of the high jail population. See Pl. Resp. at 2. “Failing to do the ‘impossible’ doesn’t evince indifference, let alone deliberate indifference.” Swain, 961 F.3d at 1287. This is true even if Plaintiff had contracted the virus. Id.
Though Plaintiff fails to state a plausible claim for relief, the Court cannot conclude that it would be futile for him to submit a new complaint. Cf. id. at 1288-89 (suggesting a jail’s failure to implement reasonable, practical safety precautions to protect its inmate population from COVID-19 could,
under some circumstances, amount to deliberate indifference, even if such allegations may not justify entry of injunctive relief or guarantee ultimate
7 success). That said, the Court finds this case should be dismissed without prejudice subject to Plaintiff’s right to initiate a new case, either in this Court
(for the violation of his constitutional rights) or in state court (for simple negligence), if he believes he has a cognizable claim for relief against a plausible defendant, based on an actual injury that he suffered. Even if Plaintiff were to name a plausible defendant in an amended
complaint, that his allegations are virtually identical to those of nearly twenty other inmates undercuts an argument that jail officials were deliberately indifferent to his health or safety.5 See, e.g., Goodman v. Kimbrough, 718 F.3d 1325, 1332-33 (11th Cir. 2013) (holding two jail guards’ failure to conduct
required cell checks and head counts did not demonstrate they had subjective knowledge of a substantial risk of serious harm to the plaintiff, who was severely beaten by his cellmate during their shift). See also Farmer, 511 U.S. at 837 (“The Eighth Amendment does not outlaw cruel and unusual
‘conditions’; it outlaws cruel and unusual ‘punishments.’”); Wilson v. Seiter, 501 U.S. 294, 298-99 (1991) (“To be cruel and unusual punishment, conduct …
5 Additionally, to the extent jail officials transported inmates between the jail and Montgomery Correctional Center (MCC) when they should not have been doing so, Plaintiff concedes jail officials took reasonable precautions by first “testing all of the inmates of [MCC].” See Notice of Intent at 1-2. Allegations that officials took reasonable precautions is at odds with Plaintiff’s conclusory assertion that officials were deliberately indifferent to a substantial risk of serious harm. And Plaintiff does not allege jail officials transported him in the face of a positive COVID-19 test. 8 must involve more than ordinary lack of due care for the prisoner’s interests or safety.” (quoting Whitley v. Albers, 475 U.S. 312, 319 (1986))).
The Court also is mindful that, in his complaint, Plaintiff primarily takes issue with not having been released pending trial, allegations that do not give rise to a plausible civil rights claim. See Preiser v. Rodriguez, 411 U.S. 475, 499 (1973) (“[A] [§] 1983 action is a proper remedy for a state prisoner who is
making a constitutional challenge to the conditions of his prison life, but not to the fact or length of his custody.”). At the time Plaintiff initiated this action, the JSO was holding him on an order from the circuit court, which found probable cause to detain him and set a bond amount. See Duval County Clerk
of Courts website, available at https://core.duvalclerk.com (last visited Apr. 26, 2021).6 It is well established that “the Government may permissibly detain a person suspected of committing a crime prior to a formal adjudication of guilt.” Bell v. Wolfish, 441 U.S. 520, 534 (1979). The JSO has no authority to release
an inmate in contravention of a court order to detain him. For the foregoing reasons, Defendant’s motion is due to be granted in part to the extent the action will be dismissed without prejudice subject to
6 Plaintiff has since been adjudicated guilty and is now in the custody of the Florida Department of Corrections (FDOC). See FDOC website, offender information search, available at http://www.dc.state.fl.us/OffenderSearch/Search.aspx (last visited Apr. 26, 2021).
9 Plaintiffs right to initiate a new action if he so chooses. Accordingly, it is ORDERED: 1. Defendant’s motion to dismiss (Doc. 4) is GRANTED in part to the extent Plaintiff fails to state a plausible claim for relief under § 19838. 2. This case is DISMISSED without prejudice. 3. The Clerk shall enter judgment dismissing this action without prejudice, terminate any pending motions as moot, and close the file. 4, The Clerk shall send Plaintiff a civil rights complaint form. If Plaintiff chooses to initiate a new action in this Court, he should not put this
case number on the form because the Clerk will assign a new case number
upon receipt. If Plaintiff files a civil rights complaint form, he should pursue claims personal to him, naming as defendants only those individuals allegedly responsible for violating his federal constitutional rights, with an explanation of how each individual is so responsible and the resulting physical injury each individual caused him to suffer. DONE AND ORDERED at Jacksonville, Florida, this 26th day of April 2021.
Zi NO - KM) Armas
United States District Judge 10
Jax-6 c: Brian O’Neil Ford Counsel of Record