WALKER, J., did not sit in these appeals.
PLAINTIFF'S APPEAL.
(116) This was a petition for sale of land for partition The plaintiffs claimed an undivided interest in the locus in quo with defendant Ingold Newsome, as heirs at law of Tobias Kesler. Defendant Ingold Newsome claimed that she was sole seized for life, remainder to her children and other defendants, under the will of said Kesler. That defendant James H. Ramsey, trustee, was empowered under the provisions of the will to sell the land and invest the proceeds for the purpose of executing the trust declared therein. The cause having been transferred to the trial docket of the Superior Court, the
parties agreed that the judge should try and determine the controversy upon an agreed state of facts in a suit for the purpose of obtaining a construction of the will-waiving all questions of form or procedure.
The decision of the controversy is dependent upon the construction put upon the fifteenth item of the will, which is in the following words: "The balance and residue of my estate of every kind I give, bequeath, and devise to my daughter, Ingold Newsome, wife of A. H. Newsome, during her lifetime; said estate to be placed in the hands of my trustee hereinafter named and appointed for the uses and purposes as follows, to wit: Said trustee is to invest and keep invested said estate, and the interest or income accruing therefrom is to be by him paid to my said daughter, Ingold Newsome, for and during her natural life, and at her death said estate to be paid over by said trustee to her issue: Provided,however, that my said trustee shall not be chargeable with interest on any money or personal estate lying idle in his hands." It appeared that said Kesler held mortgages upon certain tracts of land described in the petition; that said mortgages were foreclosed and the lands purchased by the executor. As to such tracts, the plaintiffs do not except to the judgment of the court. The other tracts were owned by Kesler at the time of his death. The plaintiffs are his children and grandchildren, and defendant Ingold is his daughter — the other defendants, except Ramsey, trustee, being her children. His Honor was of opinion that by item 15 of the will a life estate was devised to the (117) defendant Ingold. That said land, together with the personalty, was to be under the control of the defendant Ramsey, trustee. That as to the remainder in fee after the termination of the life estate, the testator died intestate and the same descended to and vested in his heirs at law. That as there was objection to the partition during the continuance of the life estate, the prayer of the petition was refused. To this ruling the plaintiffs excepted and appealed, assigning as error in the judgment of the court "that the defendant Ingold Newsome is entitled to a life estate in all the lands described in the petition. That plaintiffs are not entitled to partition during the life of said Ingold."
We concur with his Honor in holding that item 15 of the will, being the residuary clause, includes the real as well as the personal property. "The word `estate,' taken in its primary sense, as used in a will, without anything in the context to limit it, is a word of very extensive meaning. It is nearly synonymous with the word `property' when that word is not qualified by the word `personal.' Under the word `estate' used in its primary sense, real property of every description will ordinarily pass, and the presumption is that the testator, in using the word, uses it in its broad and inclusive signification, unless the context restricts its meaning to some particular species of property." 1 Underhill on Wills,
295. In Clark v. Hyman, 12 N.C. 382, Taylor, C. J., says: "That the words `property, possessions, or estates' are sufficient, if not qualified to carry real estate, is well settled by many decisions; but it is otherwise, if it appears from the context that personal estate only was in contemplation of the parties." In Harrell v. Hoskins, 19 N.C. 479,Gaston, J., says: "The words `all my property,' unless they are explained by other words in the will to have a different meaning, embrace every subject of property and every interest therein which belonged (118) to the testator. The word `estate' is confessedly sufficient for these purposes; and in holding it to be thus sufficient, it has been said to import the entire property of the testator." In Pippin v.Ellison, 34 N.C. 61, it is said that the word "estate" has a broader meaning than property. Schouler on Wills, sec. 510; Pritchard on Wills, 415; 11 A. E. (2 Ed.), 359; Page v. Foust, 89 N.C. 447. In the case before us the word "estate" is followed by the words "of every kind." The plaintiffs say that, conceding the general rule to be as stated it must be taken subject to the well-settled modification that the usual import of words may be restrained in their operation by the context; that prior words of general signification may be controlled and modified as to their meaning by subsequent expressions, and the intention of the testator reached from the whole will. Holt v. Holt, 114 N.C. 241. It is urged that the words following the general descriptive terms, "said estate to be placed in the hands of the trustee," "said trustee is to invest and keep invested said estate, and the interest or income accruing therefrom is to be paid," etc., "and at her death said estate to be paid over by said trustee," etc., are appropriate to personalty only. We have carefully examined the cases of Doe, etc., v. Buckner, 6 Dunford and East, 610 (1796), and Doe v. Harrell, 5 Barn. and Ald. (7 E. C. L.), 8. We have also noted the observations of Mr. Jarman in regard to these and other cases. Newland v. Majorbanks, 5 Taunt., 208; Jarman on Wills (5 Ed.), 335. They forcibly illustrate the wisdom of his words: "The cases . . . often present questions extremely embarrassing to a judge or practitioner, and different minds will almost unavoidably form different opinions as to the weight to be ascribed to particular expressions or circumstances of inapplicability as excluding real estate." Mr. Underhill says: "The earlier English cases show a decided tendency to restrict the meaning of the word `estate' to personal property, meaning thereby everything except freehold lands." He says that they (119) have been by implication, if not expressly, overruled by subsequent decisions of the same courts. "The modern tendency, both in England and the United States, is to give such words as `estate,' `property,' or `effects' their broadest meaning consistent with a true construction of the testator's intention."
The plaintiffs direct our attention to the whole will, and say that we will find there manifested an intention sustaining their contention. The will shows a carefully considered plan or scheme in the distribution and settlement of a large estate. The wife is the first provided for. Each child is given real and personal property with limitations and trusts attached thereto. The testator uniformly uses apt words, distinguishing gifts of real and personal property, such as "give and devise, " and "give and bequeath," respectively, whereas in the residuary clause he uses the terms "give, bequeath and devise," showing a recognization of the different kinds of property to pass. He carefully excludes one of his grandchildren by name from any participation in his estate.
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WALKER, J., did not sit in these appeals.
PLAINTIFF'S APPEAL.
(116) This was a petition for sale of land for partition The plaintiffs claimed an undivided interest in the locus in quo with defendant Ingold Newsome, as heirs at law of Tobias Kesler. Defendant Ingold Newsome claimed that she was sole seized for life, remainder to her children and other defendants, under the will of said Kesler. That defendant James H. Ramsey, trustee, was empowered under the provisions of the will to sell the land and invest the proceeds for the purpose of executing the trust declared therein. The cause having been transferred to the trial docket of the Superior Court, the
parties agreed that the judge should try and determine the controversy upon an agreed state of facts in a suit for the purpose of obtaining a construction of the will-waiving all questions of form or procedure.
The decision of the controversy is dependent upon the construction put upon the fifteenth item of the will, which is in the following words: "The balance and residue of my estate of every kind I give, bequeath, and devise to my daughter, Ingold Newsome, wife of A. H. Newsome, during her lifetime; said estate to be placed in the hands of my trustee hereinafter named and appointed for the uses and purposes as follows, to wit: Said trustee is to invest and keep invested said estate, and the interest or income accruing therefrom is to be by him paid to my said daughter, Ingold Newsome, for and during her natural life, and at her death said estate to be paid over by said trustee to her issue: Provided,however, that my said trustee shall not be chargeable with interest on any money or personal estate lying idle in his hands." It appeared that said Kesler held mortgages upon certain tracts of land described in the petition; that said mortgages were foreclosed and the lands purchased by the executor. As to such tracts, the plaintiffs do not except to the judgment of the court. The other tracts were owned by Kesler at the time of his death. The plaintiffs are his children and grandchildren, and defendant Ingold is his daughter — the other defendants, except Ramsey, trustee, being her children. His Honor was of opinion that by item 15 of the will a life estate was devised to the (117) defendant Ingold. That said land, together with the personalty, was to be under the control of the defendant Ramsey, trustee. That as to the remainder in fee after the termination of the life estate, the testator died intestate and the same descended to and vested in his heirs at law. That as there was objection to the partition during the continuance of the life estate, the prayer of the petition was refused. To this ruling the plaintiffs excepted and appealed, assigning as error in the judgment of the court "that the defendant Ingold Newsome is entitled to a life estate in all the lands described in the petition. That plaintiffs are not entitled to partition during the life of said Ingold."
We concur with his Honor in holding that item 15 of the will, being the residuary clause, includes the real as well as the personal property. "The word `estate,' taken in its primary sense, as used in a will, without anything in the context to limit it, is a word of very extensive meaning. It is nearly synonymous with the word `property' when that word is not qualified by the word `personal.' Under the word `estate' used in its primary sense, real property of every description will ordinarily pass, and the presumption is that the testator, in using the word, uses it in its broad and inclusive signification, unless the context restricts its meaning to some particular species of property." 1 Underhill on Wills,
295. In Clark v. Hyman, 12 N.C. 382, Taylor, C. J., says: "That the words `property, possessions, or estates' are sufficient, if not qualified to carry real estate, is well settled by many decisions; but it is otherwise, if it appears from the context that personal estate only was in contemplation of the parties." In Harrell v. Hoskins, 19 N.C. 479,Gaston, J., says: "The words `all my property,' unless they are explained by other words in the will to have a different meaning, embrace every subject of property and every interest therein which belonged (118) to the testator. The word `estate' is confessedly sufficient for these purposes; and in holding it to be thus sufficient, it has been said to import the entire property of the testator." In Pippin v.Ellison, 34 N.C. 61, it is said that the word "estate" has a broader meaning than property. Schouler on Wills, sec. 510; Pritchard on Wills, 415; 11 A. E. (2 Ed.), 359; Page v. Foust, 89 N.C. 447. In the case before us the word "estate" is followed by the words "of every kind." The plaintiffs say that, conceding the general rule to be as stated it must be taken subject to the well-settled modification that the usual import of words may be restrained in their operation by the context; that prior words of general signification may be controlled and modified as to their meaning by subsequent expressions, and the intention of the testator reached from the whole will. Holt v. Holt, 114 N.C. 241. It is urged that the words following the general descriptive terms, "said estate to be placed in the hands of the trustee," "said trustee is to invest and keep invested said estate, and the interest or income accruing therefrom is to be paid," etc., "and at her death said estate to be paid over by said trustee," etc., are appropriate to personalty only. We have carefully examined the cases of Doe, etc., v. Buckner, 6 Dunford and East, 610 (1796), and Doe v. Harrell, 5 Barn. and Ald. (7 E. C. L.), 8. We have also noted the observations of Mr. Jarman in regard to these and other cases. Newland v. Majorbanks, 5 Taunt., 208; Jarman on Wills (5 Ed.), 335. They forcibly illustrate the wisdom of his words: "The cases . . . often present questions extremely embarrassing to a judge or practitioner, and different minds will almost unavoidably form different opinions as to the weight to be ascribed to particular expressions or circumstances of inapplicability as excluding real estate." Mr. Underhill says: "The earlier English cases show a decided tendency to restrict the meaning of the word `estate' to personal property, meaning thereby everything except freehold lands." He says that they (119) have been by implication, if not expressly, overruled by subsequent decisions of the same courts. "The modern tendency, both in England and the United States, is to give such words as `estate,' `property,' or `effects' their broadest meaning consistent with a true construction of the testator's intention."
The plaintiffs direct our attention to the whole will, and say that we will find there manifested an intention sustaining their contention. The will shows a carefully considered plan or scheme in the distribution and settlement of a large estate. The wife is the first provided for. Each child is given real and personal property with limitations and trusts attached thereto. The testator uniformly uses apt words, distinguishing gifts of real and personal property, such as "give and devise, " and "give and bequeath," respectively, whereas in the residuary clause he uses the terms "give, bequeath and devise," showing a recognization of the different kinds of property to pass. He carefully excludes one of his grandchildren by name from any participation in his estate. It is true that the terms "keep invested," "paid over," relate to handling and disposing of personalty. They also say that the testator uses the word "income" as synonymous with "interest" in every other clause in which a disposition of personalty is made. They further say that it is a well-settled rule of construction that the heir is favored and can be excluded only by express terms or necessary implication, citing many authorities from this and other courts. 2 Jarman on Wills, 112 ; Schouler on Wills, sec. 480; Holton v.Jones, 133 N.C. 403. These well-considered arguments are entitled to and have received our most careful consideration.
On the other hand, defendants' counsel urge on our attention the equally uniform rule that every testator is presumed to intend to dispose of all his estate, and not to die intestate as to any part. Pearson, J., in Boyd v. Latham, 44 N.C. 365, says: "The rule, ut res magisvaleat quam pereat, comes in aid of the general presumption that (120) one who makes a will intends to dispose of all his estate." Foustv. Ireland 46 N.C. 184; Apple v. Allen, 56 N.C. 120. The words in the residuary clause "all my estate of every kind," following the words "give, bequeath, and devise," strongly indicate a purpose to dispose of all of his property not specifically given away. Gaston, J., in Harrellv. Hoskins, supra, says: "The devise, then, of all the property not previously disposed of, either by gift or loan, is a residuary devise and will carry with it every reversionary interest in the testator which has not been specifically devised, whether such interest were in contemplation of the testator or not and whether it were known or unknown to him, unless it expressly appear upon the will or be necessarily inferred from it that his intention was confined to pass other estates and interest only, and actually to exclude such reversion therefrom. The true inquiry then is, whether it is manifest in the will that the testator intended to exclude the reversion from the operation of the residuary devise." Discussing the question and considering the arguments urged against the construction, he admits their force, and further says: "But as the
words of the residuary devise do, in their ordinary as well as their legal import, comprehend this reversion, the argument to be successful should establish a manifest intent in the testator not to include it. . . . Courts of justice in many cases cannot hope to define with certainty the intentions of testators. It is safer, when words are found in a will which by usage and legal interpretation embrace certain devisable interests and are used without qualification or explanation, to understand the testator as meaning what he says, rather than to indulge in the hopeless pursuit of making out his meaning by refined and minute analysis. Things and interests embraced within the disposing words of a will must be taken to pass by them; unless there can be found a declaration plain to the contrary." In Saumerez v. Saumerez, 4 My. and C. (121) (18 Eng. Ch.), 330, the testator in the residuary clause of his will used words sufficient to include the reversion in certain realty given to his son for life. The Lord Chancellor said: "But the difficulty is that in directing the application of such residue of his property, he has used expressions and prescribed a course of dealing not applicable to land, but to personalty only. He directs his son's share to be placed in the names of trustees and the interest to be paid to him who was already tenant for life of the land, and he authorizes his trustees in certain cases to advance part of the capital. . . . The question then is, whether such expressions and directions are sufficient to give a restricted meaning to the gift of the residue of the property, and to confine these words (sufficient of themselves to pass freehold as, well as personal property) to passing the personal property only." He proceeds to say that it is not necessary to ascertain whether the testator had any particular property in contemplation or not; that such gifts may be introduced to guard against the testator's having overlooked some property or interest in the gifts already described. "The circumstances of his using expressions and giving directions applicable only to the personal estate may prove that he did not at any time consider, or was not aware, that this fee would be a part of his residue; but if such knowledge be not necessary, as it certainly is not, to give validity to the devise, the absence of it, though so manifested, cannot destroy the operation of the general intent of passing all the residue of his property." It will be observed that the expressions relied upon by the plaintiffs to limit and restrict the meaning of the operative words of gift relate only to the management and control of the property, and not to the estate or interest given, nor to the inclusive scope of the terms, "the balance and residue of all my estate of every kind."
We are, upon careful consideration, of the opinion that the testator did not intend to die intestate in respect to any portion of his (122) property; that there is nothing in the declaration of trust in
regard to the control of the property which plainly shows an intention to restrict the operation of the words "give, bequeath, and devise" as applied to "the balance and residue of my estate of every kind." To put any other construction upon the language used would give to the real estate, not specifically devised, a direction clearly inconsistent with his expressed wish, and destroy the general scheme or plan adopted for the disposition of his property.
Affirmed.
DEFENDANTS APPEAL.