1 2 3 4 UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT 5 NORTHERN DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA 6 7 MICHAEL DEVIN FLOYD, Case No. 23-cv-00871-EMC
8 Plaintiff, ORDER DENYING PLAINTIFF’S 9 v. MOTION FOR ENTRY OF JUDGMENT UNDER RULE 54(B) 10 24 HOUR FITNESS USA, LLC, 11 Defendant. Docket No. 92
12 13 14 Previously, the Court dismissed with prejudice three of Plaintiff’s claims: false 15 imprisonment; slander/defamation; and intentional infliction of emotional distress (“IIED”). In 16 the pending motion, Plaintiff asks the Court to enter a partial final judgment on those claims so 17 that he may appeal them. See Fed. R. Civ. P. 54(b). He then asks the Court to stay the remainder 18 of this case while his appeal is pending before the Ninth Circuit. He notes that this would avoid 19 the necessity of two trials. 20 Plaintiff’s motion is, in large part, moot. This is because, in conjunction with the motion, 21 Plaintiff has submitted new information for the Court to consider and, based on this information, 22 the Court reevaluates Plaintiff’s prior motion to reconsider and/or motion for leave to amend. The 23 critical piece of information is a transcript of video taken by a police officer’s body camera during 24 the October 2022 incident. The transcript reflects that the manager of 24 Hour Fitness (“24HF”), 25 Mr. Kane, did tell the police that Plaintiff had touched a gym member on that date. However, 26 when the other 24HF employee, Mr. Pratt, was deposed, he did not claim that any touching had 27 occurred, but rather stated that there were sexual comments. Thus, a reasonable inference can be 1 made that Mr. Kane lied to the police.1 2 Because such an inference can reasonably be made, the Court shall allow Plaintiff to 3 amend his complaint (1) solely on the basis that Mr. Kane lied to the police and (2) to assert 4 claims for defamation/slander and IIED based on the alleged lie to the police. The Court shall 5 not allow Plaintiff to plead in the amended complaint a claim for false arrest/imprisonment 6 because, even if Mr. Kane lied to the police, that was not material because Plaintiff was arrested 7 for trespass under California Penal Code § 602(m) – i.e., for not leaving when asked. See Cal. 8 Pen. Code § 602(m) (providing that a trespass occurs where one “[e]nter[s] and occup[ies] real 9 property or structures of any kind without the consent of the owner”). He was not arrested for a 10 violation of § 602.1(a). See id. § 602.1(a) (providing that “[a]ny person who intentionally 11 interferes with any lawful business or occupation carried on by the owner or agent of a business 12 establishment open to the public, by obstructing or intimidating those attempting to carry on 13 business, or their customers, and who refuses to leave the premises of the business establishment 14 after being requested to leave by the owner or the owner’s agent, or by a peace officer acting at the 15 request of the owner or owner’s agent, is guilty of a misdemeanor”). 16 Plaintiff shall file his amended complaint within a week of the date of this order. No 17 amendments other than those specifically permitted here are allowed. If no amendment is 18 timely filed, then the Court shall deem Plaintiff to have waived the right to proceed with the 19 defamation and IIED claims. 24HF shall file its answer to the amended complaint one week 20 after the amendment is filed. 21 As noted above, given the Court’s ruling here, Plaintiff’s Rule 54(b) motion is largely 22 moot – i.e., because the Court is allowing him to proceed with the defamation/slander and IIED 23 claims based on the factual predicate above. To the extent Plaintiff still asks for entry of a partial 24 final judgment on his false arrest/imprisonment claim and a stay of proceedings so that he can take 25 an appeal of that claim, that request for relief is denied. Rule 54(b) provides as follows: 26 1 To be clear, the Court is not making any ruling as to whether or not Mr. Kane did lie. During his 27 deposition, Mr. Pratt did not recall anything else about the October 2022 incident; that in and of 1 When an action presents more than one claim for relief . . . or when multiple parties are involved, the court may direct entry of a final 2 judgment as to one or more, but fewer than all, claims or parties only if the court expressly determines that there is no just reason for 3 delay. Otherwise, any order or other decision, however designated, that adjudicates fewer than all the claims or the rights and liabilities 4 of fewer than all the parties does not end the action as to any of the claims or parties and may be revised at any time before the entry of 5 a judgment adjudicating all the claims and all the parties’ rights and liabilities. 6 7 Fed. R. Civ. P. 54(b) (emphasis added). 8 The Supreme Court has instructed that,
9 in deciding whether there are no just reasons to delay . . . , a district court must take into account judicial administrative interests as well 10 as the equities involved. Consideration of the former is necessary to ensure that application of the Rule effectively "preserves the history 11 federal policy against piecemeal appeals." 12 Curtiss-Wright Corp. v. Gen. Elec. Co., 446 U.S. 1, 8 (1980) (emphasis added). In other words, 13 the purpose and policy behind Rule 54(b) is to “‘avoid redundant review of multiple appeals based 14 on the same underlying facts and similar issues of law.’” Acumen Re Mgmt. Corp. v. General Sec. 15 Nat'l Ins. Co., 769 F.3d 135, 143 (2d Cir. 2014); see also Curtiss-Wright, 466 U.S. at 10 16 (indicating that a court should consider the "interrelationship of the claims so as to prevent 17 piecemeal appeals in cases which should be reviewed only as single units"); Moore's Fed. Prac. – 18 Civ. § 54.23[1][b] (stating that, "if the unadjudicated claims are closely related to those decided, 19 the district court should generally refuse to enter a judgment under Rule 54(b)" but, if "the claims 20 are sufficiently distinct so that duplicative appellate review will be avoided, the court of appeals 21 will generally find that entry of a Rule 54(b) judgment was not an abuse of discretion"). 22 In the instant case, the claim for false arrest/imprisonment has a close relationship with the 23 claims that have not been dismissed – i.e., NIED/negligence; breach of contract, the implied 24 covenant of good faith and fair dealing, and/or the implied duty to perform with reasonable care; 25 violation of § 17200; and now defamation and IIED. Though the legal elements of the claims 26 differ, all of the claims are based on essentially the same underlying series of occurrences – i.e., 27 that Plaintiff was accused of inappropriate conduct on two different occasions, that he was asked 1 membership was subsequently terminated. Given the overlap in facts, this would raise the 2 || prospect of piecemeal appeals. See, e.g., Wood v. GCC Bend, LLC, 422 F.3d 873, 883 (9th Cir. 3 2005) ("As this is a routine case, the facts on all claims and issues entirely overlap, and successive 4 appeals are essentially inevitable, we conclude that Wood's Rule 54(b) request was improvidently 5 granted."); Regueiro vy. Am. Airlines, Inc., No. 22-12538-DD, 2022 U.S. App. LEXIS 33355, *4 6 || (11th Cir. Dec. 2, 2022) (“District courts should . . . be hesitant to employ Rule 54(b) when the 7 || underlying facts of the adjudicated and unadjudicated claims are intertwined.”).
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1 2 3 4 UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT 5 NORTHERN DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA 6 7 MICHAEL DEVIN FLOYD, Case No. 23-cv-00871-EMC
8 Plaintiff, ORDER DENYING PLAINTIFF’S 9 v. MOTION FOR ENTRY OF JUDGMENT UNDER RULE 54(B) 10 24 HOUR FITNESS USA, LLC, 11 Defendant. Docket No. 92
12 13 14 Previously, the Court dismissed with prejudice three of Plaintiff’s claims: false 15 imprisonment; slander/defamation; and intentional infliction of emotional distress (“IIED”). In 16 the pending motion, Plaintiff asks the Court to enter a partial final judgment on those claims so 17 that he may appeal them. See Fed. R. Civ. P. 54(b). He then asks the Court to stay the remainder 18 of this case while his appeal is pending before the Ninth Circuit. He notes that this would avoid 19 the necessity of two trials. 20 Plaintiff’s motion is, in large part, moot. This is because, in conjunction with the motion, 21 Plaintiff has submitted new information for the Court to consider and, based on this information, 22 the Court reevaluates Plaintiff’s prior motion to reconsider and/or motion for leave to amend. The 23 critical piece of information is a transcript of video taken by a police officer’s body camera during 24 the October 2022 incident. The transcript reflects that the manager of 24 Hour Fitness (“24HF”), 25 Mr. Kane, did tell the police that Plaintiff had touched a gym member on that date. However, 26 when the other 24HF employee, Mr. Pratt, was deposed, he did not claim that any touching had 27 occurred, but rather stated that there were sexual comments. Thus, a reasonable inference can be 1 made that Mr. Kane lied to the police.1 2 Because such an inference can reasonably be made, the Court shall allow Plaintiff to 3 amend his complaint (1) solely on the basis that Mr. Kane lied to the police and (2) to assert 4 claims for defamation/slander and IIED based on the alleged lie to the police. The Court shall 5 not allow Plaintiff to plead in the amended complaint a claim for false arrest/imprisonment 6 because, even if Mr. Kane lied to the police, that was not material because Plaintiff was arrested 7 for trespass under California Penal Code § 602(m) – i.e., for not leaving when asked. See Cal. 8 Pen. Code § 602(m) (providing that a trespass occurs where one “[e]nter[s] and occup[ies] real 9 property or structures of any kind without the consent of the owner”). He was not arrested for a 10 violation of § 602.1(a). See id. § 602.1(a) (providing that “[a]ny person who intentionally 11 interferes with any lawful business or occupation carried on by the owner or agent of a business 12 establishment open to the public, by obstructing or intimidating those attempting to carry on 13 business, or their customers, and who refuses to leave the premises of the business establishment 14 after being requested to leave by the owner or the owner’s agent, or by a peace officer acting at the 15 request of the owner or owner’s agent, is guilty of a misdemeanor”). 16 Plaintiff shall file his amended complaint within a week of the date of this order. No 17 amendments other than those specifically permitted here are allowed. If no amendment is 18 timely filed, then the Court shall deem Plaintiff to have waived the right to proceed with the 19 defamation and IIED claims. 24HF shall file its answer to the amended complaint one week 20 after the amendment is filed. 21 As noted above, given the Court’s ruling here, Plaintiff’s Rule 54(b) motion is largely 22 moot – i.e., because the Court is allowing him to proceed with the defamation/slander and IIED 23 claims based on the factual predicate above. To the extent Plaintiff still asks for entry of a partial 24 final judgment on his false arrest/imprisonment claim and a stay of proceedings so that he can take 25 an appeal of that claim, that request for relief is denied. Rule 54(b) provides as follows: 26 1 To be clear, the Court is not making any ruling as to whether or not Mr. Kane did lie. During his 27 deposition, Mr. Pratt did not recall anything else about the October 2022 incident; that in and of 1 When an action presents more than one claim for relief . . . or when multiple parties are involved, the court may direct entry of a final 2 judgment as to one or more, but fewer than all, claims or parties only if the court expressly determines that there is no just reason for 3 delay. Otherwise, any order or other decision, however designated, that adjudicates fewer than all the claims or the rights and liabilities 4 of fewer than all the parties does not end the action as to any of the claims or parties and may be revised at any time before the entry of 5 a judgment adjudicating all the claims and all the parties’ rights and liabilities. 6 7 Fed. R. Civ. P. 54(b) (emphasis added). 8 The Supreme Court has instructed that,
9 in deciding whether there are no just reasons to delay . . . , a district court must take into account judicial administrative interests as well 10 as the equities involved. Consideration of the former is necessary to ensure that application of the Rule effectively "preserves the history 11 federal policy against piecemeal appeals." 12 Curtiss-Wright Corp. v. Gen. Elec. Co., 446 U.S. 1, 8 (1980) (emphasis added). In other words, 13 the purpose and policy behind Rule 54(b) is to “‘avoid redundant review of multiple appeals based 14 on the same underlying facts and similar issues of law.’” Acumen Re Mgmt. Corp. v. General Sec. 15 Nat'l Ins. Co., 769 F.3d 135, 143 (2d Cir. 2014); see also Curtiss-Wright, 466 U.S. at 10 16 (indicating that a court should consider the "interrelationship of the claims so as to prevent 17 piecemeal appeals in cases which should be reviewed only as single units"); Moore's Fed. Prac. – 18 Civ. § 54.23[1][b] (stating that, "if the unadjudicated claims are closely related to those decided, 19 the district court should generally refuse to enter a judgment under Rule 54(b)" but, if "the claims 20 are sufficiently distinct so that duplicative appellate review will be avoided, the court of appeals 21 will generally find that entry of a Rule 54(b) judgment was not an abuse of discretion"). 22 In the instant case, the claim for false arrest/imprisonment has a close relationship with the 23 claims that have not been dismissed – i.e., NIED/negligence; breach of contract, the implied 24 covenant of good faith and fair dealing, and/or the implied duty to perform with reasonable care; 25 violation of § 17200; and now defamation and IIED. Though the legal elements of the claims 26 differ, all of the claims are based on essentially the same underlying series of occurrences – i.e., 27 that Plaintiff was accused of inappropriate conduct on two different occasions, that he was asked 1 membership was subsequently terminated. Given the overlap in facts, this would raise the 2 || prospect of piecemeal appeals. See, e.g., Wood v. GCC Bend, LLC, 422 F.3d 873, 883 (9th Cir. 3 2005) ("As this is a routine case, the facts on all claims and issues entirely overlap, and successive 4 appeals are essentially inevitable, we conclude that Wood's Rule 54(b) request was improvidently 5 granted."); Regueiro vy. Am. Airlines, Inc., No. 22-12538-DD, 2022 U.S. App. LEXIS 33355, *4 6 || (11th Cir. Dec. 2, 2022) (“District courts should . . . be hesitant to employ Rule 54(b) when the 7 || underlying facts of the adjudicated and unadjudicated claims are intertwined.”). 8 As a final point, the Court acknowledges that its ruling here, which permits Plaintiff to 9 || proceed (on a limited basis) with his defamation and ITED claims, is being issued after both parties 10 || have already moved for summary judgment (i.e., on the NIED, contract-related, and § 17200 11 claims). At this juncture, the Court shall not allow either party to file a second motion for 12 summary judgment to address the defamation and ITED claims. It seems likely that how the Court 5 13 rules on the already pending summary judgment motions will inform how the defamation and 14 || WED claims should proceed. The Court will proceed to hear the current summary judgment 3 15 motions as scheduled. a 16 This order disposes of Docket No. 92.
IT IS SO ORDERED. 19 20 Dated: March 3, 2025 21 22 EDWA . CHEN 23 United States District Judge 24 25 26 27 28