1 2 3 4 5 6 7 UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT 8 NORTHERN DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA 9
10 JULIETA FLORES, Case No. 19-cv-06079-NC 11 Plaintiff, ORDER GRANTING IN PART AND 12 v. DENYING IN PART SAFEWAY’S MOTION TO DISMISS; GRANTING 13 SAFEWAY INC., LEAVE TO AMEND 14 Defendant. Re: Dkt. No. 11 15 16 In this disability discrimination case, defendant Safeway moves to dismiss plaintiff 17 Julieta Flores’s two claims for violations of the ADA and the FMLA. Dkt. No. 11. 18 Finding that Flores did not fail to exhaust her administrative remedies because the 19 additional allegations in her complaint are reasonably related to the allegations in her 20 EEOC charge, the Court DENIES the motion to dismiss the ADA claim. Finding that 21 Flores has not alleged any violation of the FMLA during her period of eligibility, that is, 22 after she had worked at Safeway for twelve months, the Court GRANTS the motion to 23 dismiss the FMLA claim. The Court GRANTS leave to amend that claim because Ms. 24 Flores could allege violations of FMLA occurring after her twelfth month of work at 25 Safeway that are reasonably related to the allegations of her EEOC charge. 26 I. BACKGROUND 27 A. Facts Alleged in the Complaint 1 California on March 5, 2019. Dkt. No. 1, Complaint, at ¶ 6. She originally sought work as 2 a cake decorator and pastry chef, but because there were no positions available in the 3 bakery department, she was hired as a clerk in that department instead. Id. Her job 4 responsibilities as a clerk included stocking shelves, customer service, answering phones, 5 taking orders, delivering cakes, and cleaning. Id. ¶ 7. Over time, however, her 6 responsibilities increased and included pastry and baking work in addition to her clerk 7 duties. Id. ¶ 8. This substantial increase in her responsibilities led to the development of 8 injuries in her hands. Id. ¶ 9. Specifically, her right wrist became swollen, a growth 9 protruded from her wrist, and she developed trigger finger on her left hand. Id. The 10 injuries began to impact her ability to work during the busy Thanksgiving season in 2018. 11 Id. 12 Ms. Flores saw a doctor, who recommended that she take time off work to allow her 13 wrist to heal. Id. ¶ 10. She requested time off to rest. Id. Her doctor had recommended 14 that she take two weeks off, but her managers called her and told her to return to work 15 after only three days. Id. Afraid to lose her job, she returned. Id. Her injury worsened as 16 a result. Id. 17 Ms. Flores’s managers at Safeway began harassing her about her injury. Id. ¶ 11. 18 They yelled at her frequently and ignored the limitations that her injury imposed. Id. They 19 told her to come to work on a Sunday, which was her day off. Id. They threatened that 20 there would be consequences if she did not come in on Sunday. Id. Ms. Flores’s managers 21 also gave her inconsistent instructions about doctors’ notes, reprimanding her for not 22 providing the correct information from her doctors. Id. ¶ 12. She followed their 23 instructions but was still reprimanded on multiple occasions. Id. She continued working, 24 and continued exacerbating her injuries by doing so. Id. 25 B. Procedural Background 26 Ms. Flores brought claims through workman’s compensation that have partially 27 resolved. Id. ¶ 13. She also filed a Charge of Discrimination with the EEOC on February 1 Dkt. No. 1, Att. 2. Proceeding pro se, Ms. Flores filed this case on September 25, 2019, 2 alleging two causes of action: discrimination based on disability in violation of the 3 Americans with Disabilities Act, and violation of the Family Medical Leave Act. Dkt. No. 4 1. She also filed an application to proceed in forma pauperis. Dkt. No. 2. Accordingly, 5 the Court screened the complaint under 28 U.S.C. § 1915. Dkt. No. 8. In its screening 6 order, the Court granted the IFP application and held that the complaint sufficiently stated 7 a claim under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 8(a). Id. Safeway filed a motion to dismiss. 8 Dkt. No. 11. Both parties consented to the jurisdiction of a magistrate judge under 28 9 U.S.C. § 636(c). Dkt. Nos. 6, 12. 10 II. LEGAL STANDARD 11 A motion to dismiss for failure to state a claim under Rule 12(b)(6) tests the legal 12 sufficiency of a complaint. Navarro v. Block, 250 F.3d 729, 732 (9th Cir. 2001). On a 13 motion to dismiss, all allegations of material fact are taken as true and construed in the 14 light most favorable to the non-movant. Cahill v. Liberty Mut. Ins. Co., 80 F.3d 336, 337- 15 38 (9th Cir. 1996). The Court, however, need not accept as true “allegations that are 16 merely conclusory, unwarranted deductions of fact, or unreasonable inferences.” In re 17 Gilead Scis. Secs. Litig., 536 F.3d 1049, 1055 (9th Cir. 2008). Although a complaint need 18 not allege detailed factual allegations, it must contain sufficient factual matter, accepted as 19 true, to “state a claim to relief that is plausible on its face.” Bell Atl. Corp. v. Twombly, 20 550 U.S. 544, 570 (2007). A claim is facially plausible when it “allows the court to draw 21 the reasonable inference that the defendant is liable for the misconduct alleged.” Ashcroft 22 v. Iqbal, 556 U.S. 662, 678 (2009). 23 If a court grants a motion to dismiss, leave to amend should be granted unless the 24 pleading could not possibly be cured by the allegation of other facts. Lopez v. Smith, 203 25 F.3d 1122, 1127 (9th Cir. 2000). 26 III. DISCUSSION 27 Defendant Safeway moves to dismiss on two grounds: first, that the Complaint’s 1 meaning that Ms. Flores failed to exhaust her administrative remedies as to that claim; and 2 second, that Ms. Flores was not eligible for FMLA leave at the time she was allegedly 3 denied it because she had worked for Safeway for fewer than twelve months. Dkt. No. 11. 4 The Court addresses each argument in turn. 5 A. Exhaustion of Administrative Remedies 6 A plaintiff bringing a claim of disability discrimination against her employer under 7 the ADA must first file a charge of discrimination with the EEOC and receive a Right to 8 Sue notice. Rodriguez v. Airborne Express, 265 F.3d 890, 901 (9th Cir. 2001). “When an 9 employee seeks judicial relief for incidents not listed in his original charge to the EEOC, 10 the judicial complaint nevertheless may encompass any discrimination like or reasonably 11 related to the allegations of the EEOC charge, including new acts occurring during the 12 pendency of the charge before the EEOC.” Oubichon v. North American Rockwell Corp., 13 482 F.2d 569, 571 (9th Cir.1973) (emphasis added). 14 “[T]he primary function of an EEOC charge is to set in motion an EEOC 15 investigation and conciliation, rather than to give notice to the employer of the claims 16 against it.” Id. The federal court’s “subject matter jurisdiction extends over all allegations 17 of discrimination that either fell within the scope of the EEOC’s actual investigation or an 18 EEOC investigation which can reasonably be expected to grow out of the charge of 19 discrimination.” Freeman v.
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1 2 3 4 5 6 7 UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT 8 NORTHERN DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA 9
10 JULIETA FLORES, Case No. 19-cv-06079-NC 11 Plaintiff, ORDER GRANTING IN PART AND 12 v. DENYING IN PART SAFEWAY’S MOTION TO DISMISS; GRANTING 13 SAFEWAY INC., LEAVE TO AMEND 14 Defendant. Re: Dkt. No. 11 15 16 In this disability discrimination case, defendant Safeway moves to dismiss plaintiff 17 Julieta Flores’s two claims for violations of the ADA and the FMLA. Dkt. No. 11. 18 Finding that Flores did not fail to exhaust her administrative remedies because the 19 additional allegations in her complaint are reasonably related to the allegations in her 20 EEOC charge, the Court DENIES the motion to dismiss the ADA claim. Finding that 21 Flores has not alleged any violation of the FMLA during her period of eligibility, that is, 22 after she had worked at Safeway for twelve months, the Court GRANTS the motion to 23 dismiss the FMLA claim. The Court GRANTS leave to amend that claim because Ms. 24 Flores could allege violations of FMLA occurring after her twelfth month of work at 25 Safeway that are reasonably related to the allegations of her EEOC charge. 26 I. BACKGROUND 27 A. Facts Alleged in the Complaint 1 California on March 5, 2019. Dkt. No. 1, Complaint, at ¶ 6. She originally sought work as 2 a cake decorator and pastry chef, but because there were no positions available in the 3 bakery department, she was hired as a clerk in that department instead. Id. Her job 4 responsibilities as a clerk included stocking shelves, customer service, answering phones, 5 taking orders, delivering cakes, and cleaning. Id. ¶ 7. Over time, however, her 6 responsibilities increased and included pastry and baking work in addition to her clerk 7 duties. Id. ¶ 8. This substantial increase in her responsibilities led to the development of 8 injuries in her hands. Id. ¶ 9. Specifically, her right wrist became swollen, a growth 9 protruded from her wrist, and she developed trigger finger on her left hand. Id. The 10 injuries began to impact her ability to work during the busy Thanksgiving season in 2018. 11 Id. 12 Ms. Flores saw a doctor, who recommended that she take time off work to allow her 13 wrist to heal. Id. ¶ 10. She requested time off to rest. Id. Her doctor had recommended 14 that she take two weeks off, but her managers called her and told her to return to work 15 after only three days. Id. Afraid to lose her job, she returned. Id. Her injury worsened as 16 a result. Id. 17 Ms. Flores’s managers at Safeway began harassing her about her injury. Id. ¶ 11. 18 They yelled at her frequently and ignored the limitations that her injury imposed. Id. They 19 told her to come to work on a Sunday, which was her day off. Id. They threatened that 20 there would be consequences if she did not come in on Sunday. Id. Ms. Flores’s managers 21 also gave her inconsistent instructions about doctors’ notes, reprimanding her for not 22 providing the correct information from her doctors. Id. ¶ 12. She followed their 23 instructions but was still reprimanded on multiple occasions. Id. She continued working, 24 and continued exacerbating her injuries by doing so. Id. 25 B. Procedural Background 26 Ms. Flores brought claims through workman’s compensation that have partially 27 resolved. Id. ¶ 13. She also filed a Charge of Discrimination with the EEOC on February 1 Dkt. No. 1, Att. 2. Proceeding pro se, Ms. Flores filed this case on September 25, 2019, 2 alleging two causes of action: discrimination based on disability in violation of the 3 Americans with Disabilities Act, and violation of the Family Medical Leave Act. Dkt. No. 4 1. She also filed an application to proceed in forma pauperis. Dkt. No. 2. Accordingly, 5 the Court screened the complaint under 28 U.S.C. § 1915. Dkt. No. 8. In its screening 6 order, the Court granted the IFP application and held that the complaint sufficiently stated 7 a claim under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 8(a). Id. Safeway filed a motion to dismiss. 8 Dkt. No. 11. Both parties consented to the jurisdiction of a magistrate judge under 28 9 U.S.C. § 636(c). Dkt. Nos. 6, 12. 10 II. LEGAL STANDARD 11 A motion to dismiss for failure to state a claim under Rule 12(b)(6) tests the legal 12 sufficiency of a complaint. Navarro v. Block, 250 F.3d 729, 732 (9th Cir. 2001). On a 13 motion to dismiss, all allegations of material fact are taken as true and construed in the 14 light most favorable to the non-movant. Cahill v. Liberty Mut. Ins. Co., 80 F.3d 336, 337- 15 38 (9th Cir. 1996). The Court, however, need not accept as true “allegations that are 16 merely conclusory, unwarranted deductions of fact, or unreasonable inferences.” In re 17 Gilead Scis. Secs. Litig., 536 F.3d 1049, 1055 (9th Cir. 2008). Although a complaint need 18 not allege detailed factual allegations, it must contain sufficient factual matter, accepted as 19 true, to “state a claim to relief that is plausible on its face.” Bell Atl. Corp. v. Twombly, 20 550 U.S. 544, 570 (2007). A claim is facially plausible when it “allows the court to draw 21 the reasonable inference that the defendant is liable for the misconduct alleged.” Ashcroft 22 v. Iqbal, 556 U.S. 662, 678 (2009). 23 If a court grants a motion to dismiss, leave to amend should be granted unless the 24 pleading could not possibly be cured by the allegation of other facts. Lopez v. Smith, 203 25 F.3d 1122, 1127 (9th Cir. 2000). 26 III. DISCUSSION 27 Defendant Safeway moves to dismiss on two grounds: first, that the Complaint’s 1 meaning that Ms. Flores failed to exhaust her administrative remedies as to that claim; and 2 second, that Ms. Flores was not eligible for FMLA leave at the time she was allegedly 3 denied it because she had worked for Safeway for fewer than twelve months. Dkt. No. 11. 4 The Court addresses each argument in turn. 5 A. Exhaustion of Administrative Remedies 6 A plaintiff bringing a claim of disability discrimination against her employer under 7 the ADA must first file a charge of discrimination with the EEOC and receive a Right to 8 Sue notice. Rodriguez v. Airborne Express, 265 F.3d 890, 901 (9th Cir. 2001). “When an 9 employee seeks judicial relief for incidents not listed in his original charge to the EEOC, 10 the judicial complaint nevertheless may encompass any discrimination like or reasonably 11 related to the allegations of the EEOC charge, including new acts occurring during the 12 pendency of the charge before the EEOC.” Oubichon v. North American Rockwell Corp., 13 482 F.2d 569, 571 (9th Cir.1973) (emphasis added). 14 “[T]he primary function of an EEOC charge is to set in motion an EEOC 15 investigation and conciliation, rather than to give notice to the employer of the claims 16 against it.” Id. The federal court’s “subject matter jurisdiction extends over all allegations 17 of discrimination that either fell within the scope of the EEOC’s actual investigation or an 18 EEOC investigation which can reasonably be expected to grow out of the charge of 19 discrimination.” Freeman v. Oakland Unified Sch. Dist., 291 F.3d 632, 636 (9th Cir. 20 2002) (emphasis in original); see also Sosa v. Hiraoka, 920 F.2d 1451, 1456 (9th Cir.1990) 21 (noting that the court “must inquire whether the original EEOC investigation would have 22 encompassed the additional charges made in the court complaint but not included in the 23 EEOC charge itself”). 24 The Ninth Circuit construes the language of EEOC charges “with utmost liberality 25 since they are made by those unschooled in the technicalities of formal pleading.” B.K.B. 26 v. Maui Police Dep't, 276 F.3d 1091, 1100 (9th Cir. 2002); cf. Love v. Pullman Co., 404 27 U.S. 522, 527 (1972) (stating that “technicalities are particularly inappropriate in a 1 also Rodriguez, 265 F.3d at 897 (holding that EEOC “charges must be construed with 2 great liberality.”). 3 In determining whether the exhaustion requirement has been satisfied, “it is 4 appropriate to consider such factors as the alleged basis of the discrimination, dates of 5 discriminatory acts specified within the charge, perpetrators of discrimination named in the 6 charge, and any locations at which discrimination is alleged to have occurred . . . [t]he 7 crucial element of a charge of discrimination is the factual statement contained therein.” 8 Freeman, 291 F.3d at 636. “Courts generally find judicial pleadings outside the scope of 9 an administrative charge where a plaintiff alleges an entirely different theory of 10 discrimination.” Baird v. Office Depot, No. C-12-6316 EMC, 2014 WL 2527114, at *4 11 (N.D. Cal. June 4, 2014). For instance, if a charge only alleges gender discrimination, then 12 the plaintiff has not exhausted a claim for age or race discrimination. Yurick v. Superior 13 Court, 209 Cal. App. 3d 1116, 1122 (1989); see, e.g., Okoli v. Lockheed Tech. Operations 14 Co., 36 Cal. App. 4th 1607, 1615 (1995) (stating that “a complaint alleging race 15 discrimination is neither like or related to nor likely to be discovered in a reasonable 16 investigation of a charge of sex discrimination”) (internal quotations omitted). 17 Here, Safeway identifies the following primary differences between Ms. Flores’s 18 EEOC charge and her complaint: 19 1. Ms. Flores’s EEOC charge indicates that the alleged disability discrimination took 20 place from January 28, 2019, at the earliest, through February 25, 2019 (the day 21 before the charge was filed), at the latest. Dkt. No. 1, Att. 1, at 1. In the 22 complaint, Ms. Flores describes events beginning around the Thanksgiving season 23 of 2018, several months earlier than January 2019. Compl. ¶ 9. 24 2. Ms. Flores alleges in her Complaint that she requested two weeks off per her 25 doctor’s recommendation and that her managers instructed her to return to work 26 after three days. Compl. ¶ 10. In the EEOC charge, Ms. Flores only states that 27 “my primary doctor has placed me out of work until March 7, 2019,” which is 1 fewer than two weeks, and she does not mention being told to return after three 2 days.1 3 3. Ms. Flores describes harassment—including being yelled at by her managers—in 4 the Complaint, but does not mention being harassed in her EEOC charge. Compl. 5 ¶ 10. 6 Based on these discrepancies, Safeway moves to dismiss for failure to exhaust 7 administrative remedies. Safeway acknowledges that Ms. Flores could amend the 8 complaint to bring it in line with the allegations of the EEOC charge. Dkt. No. 17 at 3. 9 However, the Court finds that Ms. Flores need not amend her complaint. Though Ms. 10 Flores provides a few months’ more historical background on the cause of her injuries and 11 alleges some additional detail, she does not introduce any new discrimination which 12 Safeway’s investigation of her EEOC charge should not have already uncovered. 13 Freeman, 291 F.3d at 636. This information all “can reasonably be expected to grow out 14 of the charge of discrimination.” Id. Furthermore, most facts alleged in the charge and 15 Complaint are the same: the basis for discrimination (disability), the perpetrators named 16 (Flores’s managers, Honario Mendoza and Enisa Sehic), the location where it occurred 17 (Safeway’s Mountain View Store), and the bulk of the facts describing her injuries and the 18 discrimination itself. The additional allegations, such as that Ms. Flores was yelled at by 19 her managers for her injuries, is “like or reasonably related to the allegations of the EEOC 20 charge.” Oubichon, 482 F.2d at 571. 21 The motion to dismiss Ms. Flores’s claim for violation of the ADA is DENIED. 22 B. Eligibility for Family Medical Leave Act 23 An employee is only eligible for leave under FMLA if they have been employed by 24 the employer for at least twelve months prior to commencement of the leave. 20 CFR § 25 825.110. Safeway argues that Ms. Flores was not eligible for FMLA leave at the time that 26 it was allegedly denied because she had not worked at Safeway for a full year when she 27 1 || requested leave. Dkt. No. 11 at 6. Ms. Flores began work at Safeway in March 2018 and 2 || requested leave in February 2019. Dkt. No. 1. However, Ms. Flores’s opposition to the 3 || motion to dismiss suggests that she might have asked for, and been denied, leave after 4 || March 2019. Dkt. No. 16 at 4. The language of the opposition is unclear as to whether 5 || this actually occurred. Hypothetical argument in the opposition does not constitute 6 || additional pleaded facts. 7 As pleaded, the Complaint does not state a valid claim for violation of FMLA. 8 || However, Ms. Flores could plead additional facts—such as denial of FMLA leave after 12 9 || months of work for Safeway—to cure this deficiency. As such, the Court GRANTS the 10 || motion to dismiss the second claim and GRANTS Ms. Flores leave to amend. 11 |} IV. CONCLUSION 12 The Court DENIES the motion to dismiss Ms. Flores’s claim for violation of the 13 |} ADA. The Court GRANTS the motion to dismiss Ms. Flores’s claim for violation of the C 14 || FMLA, with leave to amend. An amended complaint must be filed in thirty days, by 3 15 || March 4, 2020. If no amended complaint is filed by that date, Safeway must answer the 16 || complaint by fourteen days later, March 18, 2020. 17 18 IT IS SO ORDERED. 19 20 || Dated: February 3, 2020 = = _ 21 United States Magistrate Judge 22 23 24 25 26 27 28