Fletcher v. Atex, Inc.

156 F.R.D. 45, 30 Fed. R. Serv. 3d 739, 1994 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 6781, 1994 WL 325372
CourtDistrict Court, S.D. New York
DecidedMay 24, 1994
DocketNos. 92 Civ. 8758 (MEL), 92 Civ. 8759 (MEL)
StatusPublished
Cited by11 cases

This text of 156 F.R.D. 45 (Fletcher v. Atex, Inc.) is published on Counsel Stack Legal Research, covering District Court, S.D. New York primary law. Counsel Stack provides free access to over 12 million legal documents including statutes, case law, regulations, and constitutions.

Bluebook
Fletcher v. Atex, Inc., 156 F.R.D. 45, 30 Fed. R. Serv. 3d 739, 1994 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 6781, 1994 WL 325372 (S.D.N.Y. 1994).

Opinion

MEMORANDUM AND ORDER

DOLINGER, United States Magistrate Judge:

Plaintiffs in this product liability action allege that Atex, Inc. and its then-parent Eastman Kodak Company failed to warn them and their employers of the dangers of certain uses of computer keyboards manufactured by Atex. As a result, plaintiffs say that they now suffer from some form of repetitive stress injury, for which they seek compensation from both companies.

In the course of early pre-trial discovery, plaintiffs served document demands on Kodak that requested, inter alia:

12. All documents relating to defendant’s first knowledge, notice or awareness about the alleged adverse effects of use of keyboards or related products.
13. All records relating to comments, complaints, suggestions, or proposals made by your employees by your customers, users, dealer[s], distributors or contractors or by yourself regarding the health effect of keyboards or related products.

(,See March 31, 1994 letter to the Court from Daniel J. Hurteau, Esq., at p. 2.) After formal objection by defendant, the court ruled that these requests were proper and that Eastman Kodak should make a reasonable and good-faith search for responsive documents. (Id. at p. 3.) That search led to the production of some documents, but Eastman Kodak declined to produce 368 responsive documents on the basis of the New York physician-patient privilege. (See Oct. 18, 1993 letter to the Court from Steven J. Phillips, Esq., annexing “Schedule of Privileged Documents”).

At the direction of the court (see Endorsed Order dated Oct. 22, 1993), defendant Eastman Kodak prepared two affidavits in support of its claim of privilege. (See Affidavits of Dr. James W. Mitchell, sworn to Nov. 4, 1993, and of Dr. Joseph L. Rea, sworn to Nov. 5, 1993.) These affidavits stated, in fairly broad and conclusory terms, that the withheld documents came from “employee medical files” (Mitchell Aff. at ¶ 4) and contained information compiled by doctors and nurses “while attending the employee in a professional capacity” (Rea Aff. at ¶ 9), and that the information was obtained “solely to enable the health care professional to treat the employee.” (Id. at 10.) They further averred in equally general terms that it was “established medical department policy” to keep these records “confidential” (id. at ¶ 11), and that the employees “are assured that the information that they provide to the health care professionals will be used in confidence.” (Id. at ¶ 12. See also Mitchell Aff. at ¶ 6.)

Following defendants’ submission of these affidavits, the court authorized plaintiffs to take discovery directed to the representations in the affidavits. Plaintiffs conducted a number of depositions, and in their wake they seek an order directing production of the 368 withheld documents and a further search by Kodak for a variety of other, related corporate documents. Defendant resists these requests, and maintains that the documents are either irrelevant or privileged.

ANALYSIS

I address relevance first, and then the issues raised by defendant’s privilege claims and by plaintiffs’ assertion that Kodak failed to conduct an adequate search.

A. Relevance

The documents in question apparently reflect communications concerning complaints of repetitive stress injuries .suffered by Kodak employees who used keyboards, as well as Workers Compensation claims by Kodak employees who sought benefits on the basis of asserted keyboard-related stress injuries. Plaintiffs seek these documents, which date from as early as 1977, because they may well shed light on whether Kodak had notice that certain types of keyboard designs and uses might result in repetitive stress injuries. Such notice of potential dan[48]*48ger is, of course, significant to plaintiffs’ claim that Kodak had a duty to investigate and to warn purchasers of Atex keyboards. See, e.g., George v. Celotex Corp., 914 F.2d 26, 29 (2d Cir.1990).1

In arguing against their relevance, defendants’ attorney asserts, without further explanation, that these documented complaints involved different keyboards from the ones utilized by plaintiffs, and that the Kodak employees presumably had different jobs from plaintiffs — plaintiffs worked for news publications — as well as different medical histories and other unspecified differing personal characteristics. (See Hurteau letter at pp. 2-3.) This argument is meritless.

The breadth of relevance, as defined for discovery purposes by Fed.R.Civ.P. 26(b)(1), has been frequently noted. See, e.g., Daval Steel Prods. v. M/V Fakredine, 951 F.2d 1357, 1367 (2d Cir.1991); In re Bairnco Corp. Sec. Litig., 148 F.R.D. 91, 96 (S.D.N.Y.1993); Martin v. Valley Nat’l Bank, 140 F.R.D. 291, 300 (S.D.N.Y.1991). It is a liberal standard which encompasses any information that “appears reasonably calculated to lead to the discovery of admissible evidence.” See, e.g., United States v. Kross, 14 F.3d 751, 754 (2d Cir.), cert. denied, — U.S. -, 115 S.Ct. 99, — L.Ed.2d - (1994); Daval Steel Prods. v. M/V Fakredine, 951 F.2d at 1367; Torres v. City University of New York, 1992 WL 380561, at *3 (S.D.N.Y. Dec. 3, 1992). To assess relevance in a given case, the court must view the matter in light of the specific claims and defenses asserted by the parties. See, e.g., In re Bairnco Corp. Sec. Litig., 148 F.R.D. at 96; Martin v. Valley Nat’l Bank, 140 F.R.D. at 300. See also Planned Parenthood Fed’n v. Heckler, 101 F.R.D. 342, 344 (D.D.C.1984) (citing Oppenheimer Fund, Inc. v. Sanders, 437 U.S. 340, 351, 98 S.Ct. 2380, 2389-90, 57 L.Ed.2d 253 (1978)); United States v. IBM Corp., 66 F.R.D. 180, 182 (S.D.N.Y.1974).

In this case, as noted, a central issue presented by plaintiffs’ claim of failure to warn is the extent of the prior notice to defendants of the potential dangers of the Atex keyboards. For “notice” purposes, relevance is broadly defined. Indeed, even for purposes of admissibility at trial, evidence of prior incidents need not fit precisely the pattern of events alleged in the complaint. As observed by Judge Weinstein, “if the accident is offered to prove notice, a lack of exact similarity of conditions will not cause exclusion provided the accident was of a kind which should have served to warn the defendant.” 1 J. Weinstein et ano., Weinstein’s Evidence ¶ 401[10] at 401-67 (1992). Accord, Joy v. Bell Helicopter Textron, Inc., 999 F.2d 549, 555 (D.C.Cir.1993); Ponder v. Warren Tool Corp., 834 F.2d 1553, 1560 (10th Cir.1987). See also In re Carey, 929 F.2d 1229, 1235 n. 2 (7th Cir.1991) (citing cases); Mendelowitz v. Xerox Corp., 169 A.D.2d 300, 307, 573 N.Y.S.2d 548, 552 (1st Dep’t 1991).

Since we are addressing discovery and not admissibility at trial, the required similarity between incidents may be still more attenuated.

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156 F.R.D. 45, 30 Fed. R. Serv. 3d 739, 1994 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 6781, 1994 WL 325372, Counsel Stack Legal Research, https://law.counselstack.com/opinion/fletcher-v-atex-inc-nysd-1994.