Miller, J.,
delivered the opinion of the Court.
On the '5th of February, 1874, Bernhard Eladung, for the alleged consideration of $3500, conveyed all his property to his wife Barbara Eladung. In October, 1875, he and his wife conveyed the property to one Hauser for the consideration of $4000, and a few days thereafter Hauser conveyed the same to one Rost for the alleged consideration of $4500. In May, 1876, Rost, by three deeds, the aggregate considerations of which -amounted to $8000, conveyed the same property to- Mrs. Eladung, and on the 16th of August following, she and her husband conveyed the same to the latter in trust for the wife for life, and upon her death in trust for their three children. It thus appears that the property was transferred first from the husband to the wife, and eventually back to the husband in trust for his wife and children. That these several conveyances were each and all of them contrived and executed for the purpose of hindering, delaying and defrauding the husband’s creditors admits of no reasonable doubt. He was not only largely-indebted at the time, but the several considerations expressed in the deeds are all admitted or proved to have been fictitious and false, and during the whole period he remained as he was before, in possession of all the property, receiving the rents and income therefrom to his own use.
[19]*19It is said, however, the appellee has no rigid to assail these conveyances, because bis bill does not aver that Fla-dung was indebted to him when the first of them was executed. It is true the bill charges that Eladung became and was indebted to Rose, the complainant, on the note sued on in the City Court, which appears to bear date the 2nd of April, 1874, about two months after the date of the first deed, and if this were the only averment of indebtedness contained in the bill, there would be force in this objection to it. But it further distinctly charges “that the said conveyances were fraudulently made, not bona fide, for simulated and pretended considerations, with intent to hinder, delay, and defraud your orator and the other creditors of the said Bernhard Fladung of their just and lawful claims,” and this averment is, in our opinion, sufficient to let in proof that Fladung was, in fact, indebted to the complainant on and before the 5th of February, 1874. We also regard the fact of such indebtedness to be sufficiently established by the proof. The note for 81000 referred to as dated the 2nd of April, 1874, i;pon which Fladung was responsible, purports upon its face to be in renewal of an antecedent note, and it is proved by what we consider competent and admissible testimony, that Fladung was also liable upon this antecedent note, and that Rose became the purchaser and owner of that unto before the 5th of February, 1874. In fact upon this branch of the case very little was said at bar, in the ingenious and able argument of the appellants’ counsel. His main effort was to convince the Court that even if these deeds be void, the title to the property would then be determined by the antecedent deeds of October, 1871, and that these latter conveyances created in the grantees, husband and wife, not a joint tenancy, but a tenancy by entirety, under which the husband’s interest could not be subjected to execution by bis creditors, at least during the life of the wife. The question thus presented is certainly an interesting, and, in this State, a novel one.
[20]*20■By the deeds' referred to, executed on the 26th- ¡of October, 18*71, Eladung and wife, “for the purpose-of creating a joint tenancy in said Bernhard and Barbara Eladung, in all their property,” conveyed the same to one Linberger, who immediately re-conveyed it to the said Bernhard Eladung and Barbara Eladung “ as joint tenants,. and not as tenants in common, the survivor of them and the heirs, personal representatives, arid assigns of such survivor.” Now it must be conceded, that these conveyances do in tact, if such a thing be legally possible, malee, and were intended to make, the husband and wife joint tenants of this property. Their purpose was to create that estate and no other. But it is contended that wherever property is conveyed -to husband and wife, the law intervenes and declares that they are both seized of tlie entirety, and can take no other interest -or estate, no matter what maybe the terms of the instrument or the intention of the parties ; and upon this question there is, undoubtedly a conflict of opinion and authority. .
.In Maryland there are but two cases in which deeds conveying property to husband and wife have come before this Court for construction. The first is Craft vs. Wilcox, 4 Gill, 504, where the conveyance was to husband and wife “and their heirs and assigns forever, and the survir vor of them,” and it was held the husband took the whole by survivorship. In that case it was contended that, the' deed was executed since the Act of 1822, eh. 162, which prohibited the creation of an estate in joint tenancy unless the instrument expressly provides that the property conveyed “is to be held in joint tenancy,” the grantees took as tenants in common, but the Court said the deed was not affected by this Act, because it “does not create a joint tenancy:” The opinion delivered by the Court in that case; is exceedingly brief, and it must be confessed is not very satisfactory. The other case is that of Marburg vs. Cole, 49 Md., 402, where the deed simply [21]*21conveyed the property to husband and wife, “their heirs and assigns in tee.” The wife survived, and the question in the case was whether she had and could convey a clear title to the property. The Court recognized the common law doctrine stated by Blackstone that husband and wife; being considered as one person in law, cannot, under a conveyance, to them jointly, take the estate by moieties; but both are seized of the entirety per tout et non per my, as still in force in this State, and held, 1st. that the estate conveyed to husband and wife by a deed like the one in that case, is not to them as joint tenants at common law, and hence the Act of 1822, ch. 162, does not apply; and 2nd. that the provisions of secs. 1 and 2 of Art. 45 of the Code, authorizing married women to acquire and hold property as therein provided, do not “at all affect the nature of the estate conveyed to husband and wife by deed to them jointly.” This is the extent of the decision in that case. Nothing further was in fact decided or intended to be decided, and the reference to the Pennsylvania decisions was made simply for the purpose of adopting the reasoning’’ of those cases as satisfactory and conclusive upon the question that statutes similar to our own, in reference to the power of married women over their property. do not in any manner affect the nature of the estate, which according to the common law, husband and wife take by a grant to them jointly.
In neither of these cases did the deed profess to create an estate in common or a joint tenancy, and in the latter this fact is noticed, and the (Jourt refrained from expressing any opinion as to what would be the effect of a conveyance like the one now before us, which in terms declares the grantees shall take as joint tenants, and not as tenants in common, and which was executed with the avowed intent and for the express purpose of creating a common law joint tenancy. It has not, therefore, been decided in this State that under such a conveyance husband and wife [22]*22
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Miller, J.,
delivered the opinion of the Court.
On the '5th of February, 1874, Bernhard Eladung, for the alleged consideration of $3500, conveyed all his property to his wife Barbara Eladung. In October, 1875, he and his wife conveyed the property to one Hauser for the consideration of $4000, and a few days thereafter Hauser conveyed the same to one Rost for the alleged consideration of $4500. In May, 1876, Rost, by three deeds, the aggregate considerations of which -amounted to $8000, conveyed the same property to- Mrs. Eladung, and on the 16th of August following, she and her husband conveyed the same to the latter in trust for the wife for life, and upon her death in trust for their three children. It thus appears that the property was transferred first from the husband to the wife, and eventually back to the husband in trust for his wife and children. That these several conveyances were each and all of them contrived and executed for the purpose of hindering, delaying and defrauding the husband’s creditors admits of no reasonable doubt. He was not only largely-indebted at the time, but the several considerations expressed in the deeds are all admitted or proved to have been fictitious and false, and during the whole period he remained as he was before, in possession of all the property, receiving the rents and income therefrom to his own use.
[19]*19It is said, however, the appellee has no rigid to assail these conveyances, because bis bill does not aver that Fla-dung was indebted to him when the first of them was executed. It is true the bill charges that Eladung became and was indebted to Rose, the complainant, on the note sued on in the City Court, which appears to bear date the 2nd of April, 1874, about two months after the date of the first deed, and if this were the only averment of indebtedness contained in the bill, there would be force in this objection to it. But it further distinctly charges “that the said conveyances were fraudulently made, not bona fide, for simulated and pretended considerations, with intent to hinder, delay, and defraud your orator and the other creditors of the said Bernhard Fladung of their just and lawful claims,” and this averment is, in our opinion, sufficient to let in proof that Fladung was, in fact, indebted to the complainant on and before the 5th of February, 1874. We also regard the fact of such indebtedness to be sufficiently established by the proof. The note for 81000 referred to as dated the 2nd of April, 1874, i;pon which Fladung was responsible, purports upon its face to be in renewal of an antecedent note, and it is proved by what we consider competent and admissible testimony, that Fladung was also liable upon this antecedent note, and that Rose became the purchaser and owner of that unto before the 5th of February, 1874. In fact upon this branch of the case very little was said at bar, in the ingenious and able argument of the appellants’ counsel. His main effort was to convince the Court that even if these deeds be void, the title to the property would then be determined by the antecedent deeds of October, 1871, and that these latter conveyances created in the grantees, husband and wife, not a joint tenancy, but a tenancy by entirety, under which the husband’s interest could not be subjected to execution by bis creditors, at least during the life of the wife. The question thus presented is certainly an interesting, and, in this State, a novel one.
[20]*20■By the deeds' referred to, executed on the 26th- ¡of October, 18*71, Eladung and wife, “for the purpose-of creating a joint tenancy in said Bernhard and Barbara Eladung, in all their property,” conveyed the same to one Linberger, who immediately re-conveyed it to the said Bernhard Eladung and Barbara Eladung “ as joint tenants,. and not as tenants in common, the survivor of them and the heirs, personal representatives, arid assigns of such survivor.” Now it must be conceded, that these conveyances do in tact, if such a thing be legally possible, malee, and were intended to make, the husband and wife joint tenants of this property. Their purpose was to create that estate and no other. But it is contended that wherever property is conveyed -to husband and wife, the law intervenes and declares that they are both seized of tlie entirety, and can take no other interest -or estate, no matter what maybe the terms of the instrument or the intention of the parties ; and upon this question there is, undoubtedly a conflict of opinion and authority. .
.In Maryland there are but two cases in which deeds conveying property to husband and wife have come before this Court for construction. The first is Craft vs. Wilcox, 4 Gill, 504, where the conveyance was to husband and wife “and their heirs and assigns forever, and the survir vor of them,” and it was held the husband took the whole by survivorship. In that case it was contended that, the' deed was executed since the Act of 1822, eh. 162, which prohibited the creation of an estate in joint tenancy unless the instrument expressly provides that the property conveyed “is to be held in joint tenancy,” the grantees took as tenants in common, but the Court said the deed was not affected by this Act, because it “does not create a joint tenancy:” The opinion delivered by the Court in that case; is exceedingly brief, and it must be confessed is not very satisfactory. The other case is that of Marburg vs. Cole, 49 Md., 402, where the deed simply [21]*21conveyed the property to husband and wife, “their heirs and assigns in tee.” The wife survived, and the question in the case was whether she had and could convey a clear title to the property. The Court recognized the common law doctrine stated by Blackstone that husband and wife; being considered as one person in law, cannot, under a conveyance, to them jointly, take the estate by moieties; but both are seized of the entirety per tout et non per my, as still in force in this State, and held, 1st. that the estate conveyed to husband and wife by a deed like the one in that case, is not to them as joint tenants at common law, and hence the Act of 1822, ch. 162, does not apply; and 2nd. that the provisions of secs. 1 and 2 of Art. 45 of the Code, authorizing married women to acquire and hold property as therein provided, do not “at all affect the nature of the estate conveyed to husband and wife by deed to them jointly.” This is the extent of the decision in that case. Nothing further was in fact decided or intended to be decided, and the reference to the Pennsylvania decisions was made simply for the purpose of adopting the reasoning’’ of those cases as satisfactory and conclusive upon the question that statutes similar to our own, in reference to the power of married women over their property. do not in any manner affect the nature of the estate, which according to the common law, husband and wife take by a grant to them jointly.
In neither of these cases did the deed profess to create an estate in common or a joint tenancy, and in the latter this fact is noticed, and the (Jourt refrained from expressing any opinion as to what would be the effect of a conveyance like the one now before us, which in terms declares the grantees shall take as joint tenants, and not as tenants in common, and which was executed with the avowed intent and for the express purpose of creating a common law joint tenancy. It has not, therefore, been decided in this State that under such a conveyance husband and wife [22]*22cannot take and liold as joint tenants, nor do we find such a decided preponderance and weight of authority elsewhere, as to conclude the question.
' It is true there may he found in many case expressions and dicta to the effect that in no contingency, no' matter what may he the terms of the grant, can husband and wife under a conveyance to them after marriage, take or hold as joint tenants or as tenants in common; but the cases in which the point has directly arisen, and where it has been expressly so adjudged, are very few. In Pollock vs. Kelly, 6 Irish Com. Law Rep., 367, the deed conveyed the property to husband and wife “as joint tenants,” and it was held that the effect of it was to grant an estate by entireties; “for to speak of a grant to a husband and wife as an estate of joint tenancy is, properly speaking, a solecism." On the other hand, Mr. Preston nearly a century ago, in Isis valuable Treatise on Estates, after stating the common law. doctrine of tenancy by entireties to be when husband and wife take an estate to themselves jointly by grant or deviso made to them during' coverture, and showing that it is founded upon the legal notion of the unity of two persons who are husband and wife, says, “In point of fact, and agreeable to natural reason, free from artificial deductions, the husband and wife are distinct and individual persons; and. accordingly when lands are granted to them as tenants in common, thereby treating them without respect to their social union, they Avill hold by moieties as other distinct and individual persons Avould do.” Preston on Estates, 131, 132. We have been referred to no English case, and Ave have found none in which this opinion of Mr. Preston has been reviewed. In this country it has been quoted, and Avith apparent approval by all the text-writers. 4 Kent’s Com., 363; Bishop on the Law of Married Women, sec. 616; Freeman on Co-Tenancy and Partition, sec. 12; 1 Washburn on Real Property, 614. The actual decisions upon the point have, hoAArever, been conflict[23]*23ing. In New York the question first arose in Dias & Brun vs. Glover, 1 Hoff. Ch. Rep., 71, where the deed in express terms created a tenancy in common, and Mr. Preston’s view of the law was rejected, by the assistant Vice-Chancellor, who held that the grantees took the estate by entireties. But subsequently, in the case of Hicks, Ex’r, &c. vs. Cochran, et al., 4 Edw. Ch. Rep., 107, in the same Court, where land was conveyed to husband and wife “the one equal half part to each,” the decision was based upon this citation from Preston on Estates, and the Vice-Chancellor after stating the substance of the rule as laid down by Mr. Preston, declared he had no hesitation about adopting and following it. In Pennsylvania the decisions have followed that of Dias & Brun vs. Glover, as will appear by reference to the case of Stuckey vs. Keefe’s Ex’r, 20 Penn. State Rep., 397, where the conveyance being to husband and wife “their heirs and assigns as tenants in common, and not as joint tenants,” it was held they took by entireties and not as tenants' in common. But more recently in New Jersey, Mr. Preston’s rule has been approved and followed in McDermott vs. French, 15 N. J. Eq. Rep., 78. In that case a bill for partition alleged that husband aiid wife were seized in fee of the premises as tenants in common under a certain conveyance made to them, and a demurrer was interposed upon the ground that the estate conveyed must necessarily have been an entirety, and was not therefore the subject of partition. But the demurrer was overruled upon the authority of Mr. Preston, reference being made to his Treatise on Estates, and to 4 Kent’s Com., 363, and the Chancellor said: “So it seems that a husband and wife may by express words be made tenants in common by gift to them during coverture.”
We find then nothing in point of authority absolutely decisive against the view of the law thus taken by Mr. Preston. But assuming it to have been erroneous at the time it was originally announced, has not the common law [24]*24been so far modified in recent times as to allow the adoption of such a. rale ? Modern legislation in this comitry has to a very great extent removed the common lfiw disabilities of married women, and in this respect the statute law of Maryland is quite as liberal, a2id has goire quite as far as that of most of her sister States. By our Code, all the property belo2iging to a married woman at the time of her marriage, and all she may thereafter acquire and receive, is not only protected from the debts of her husband, but she is empowered to hold it for her separate use, to devise it as if she were a feme sole, and to convey it by a joint deed with her husband; the necessity of a trustee to secure to her the sole and separate use of her property is dispensed with, and she can sue by next friend in a Court of law or equity in all cases for the recovery and protection of her property as fully as if she were unmarried. In view of these provisions, it seems mireasonable to say that the legal unity and oneness of man and wife, upon which the peculiar tenancy by entireties was founded, still conthiues just as it existed at common law. Nor is it hiconsistent with what was decided in Marburg vs. Cole, to hold that the common law in this particular has been, to some extent at least, modified by our statutes. We have- said in that case that these jnovisions of the Code do not affect the nature of the estate, which, according to the co2nmo22 laAv, husband and Avife take by a grant to them jointly, but this must be confined as it was intended to be, to cases Avhere the terms of the grant are similar to those in the deed then under consideratkm, viz., to husband a2id wife jointly, or to them and their heirs and assigns in fee. In such cases avc have said the common laAv rule prevails and a tenancy by entireties is the result, but this was 2iot placed on the ground of any existing incapacity of husband and Avife to take in any other mode. Where the terms of the instrument are such or similar to those used in that deed, the presumption is the parties intend to [25]*25create this peculiar species of tenancy, and the common law remains in force so far as to require the estate to he limited accordingly. But where the intention is manifest, and apt words are employed to create a tenancy in common or a joint tenancy, we are of opinion that in this State husband and wife are now capable of taking and holding as tenants in common or as joint tenants, according to the express terms of the grant, and if at common law they were in'eapable of so taking and holding, the effect of o'ur statute law is to remove' that incapacity. And the conclusion we have thus reached is in entire accord with our decision in Clark vs. Tennison, 33 Md., 85, where the effect of one of these' statutes upon a common law doctrine was considered. In that case, a woman at the time other marriage was possessed of a renewable term for ninety-nine years, and after marriage the husband purchased the reversion in the property. It was conceded that, according to the weight of authority at common law, the term was by this purchase merged and extinguished, but it was held that the application of this doctrine would be against the spirit and intention of the Act of 1853, eh. 245, and tend to defeat its purpose and design. That Act, though protecting the wife’s property from the husband’s debts, still left it subject to his marital rights, and yet the Court held its effect was to so far restrain and limit his ownership and dominion as to prevent, in such a case, the application of the common law doctrine of merger.
We therefore adjudge that Eladung and wife became joint tenants of the property conveyed to them by the deeds of October, 18*71; and as it is conceded the husband’s interest as joint tenant can be seized in execution and .sold by his creditors during the life of the wife, the decree appealed from, which provides for such sale unless the complainant’s judgment he paid, must he affirmed. The case being thus disposed of the question whether the husband’s interest in. case of a tenancy by the entirety [26]*26can in like manner be subjected to the claims of his credL tors during the life of the wife does not arise.
(Decided 2nd March, 1882.)
Decree affirmed, and cause remanded.