Opinion of the Court by
Judge Miller
Affirming.
This is a proceeding by Fitzpatrick to condemn a private passway over the land of Warden. It was 'brought under section 4348 of the Kentucky Statutes, the first and sixth sections thereof reading as follows:
“(1) Whenever it shall appear to a county court, that it is necessary for a person to have a private pass-way over the land of one or more persons to enable him to attend courts, elections, a meeting house, a mill, warehouse, ferry, a railroad depot, most convenient to his residence or whenever it shall appear to a county court, that it is necessary fo,r a person to have a private tram-road or haul-road over the land of one or more persons to enable him to reach a warehouse, steam-boat landing, ferry, railroad switch or navigable stream, for the purpose of operating and marketing the products from a iead mine, iron works, salt-works, coal mine, fire clay and other minerals, oil well, stone quarry, sand bank or merchantable forest timber, the court shall appoint commissioners, as in case of a road, who, being first sworn to discharge their duties faithfully and impartially, shall go upon the land of the person through which the passway, private tram-road or haul-road is proposed, whether arable or not, and shall report in writing to the court, whether or not a private passway, tram-road or haul-road is necessary for any of the purposes aforesaid ;and, if favorable to the passway, private tram-road or haul-road, they shall, in their report, designate the exact route for the same by metes and bounds, course and distances, and the width thereof, which, in no case, shall exceed twenty feet, and they shall determine and assess what will be a just compensation to each owner and tenant, if any, for the land proposed to be taken for a passway, private tram-road or haul-road, [97]*97in the same manner as upon application to open and establish a new road. * * *
“ (6) Provided, That nothing in this act shall operate to give any person, firm or corporation exclusive use of said passage, but any other person, firm or corporation shall have the right to use the same upon paying proper compensation therefor. If no agreement can be made for such compensation, then the right to such use may be condemned as herein provided.”
Fitzpatrick owns two tracts of land in Warren county, which are separated from each other by an intervening tract of the appellee Warden. The larger tract, upon which Fitzpatrick resides, has an outlet to the Green Hill Public Boad. The smaller tract, containing 30 acres, lies southwest of Fitzpatrick’s home tract and of the Warden tract, and is bounded upon the west and north by Drake’s Creek, and on the east and south by a range of abrupt cliffs, having an elevation of from 100 to 150 feet, and rising from the earth at an angle of about 45 degrees. At the south end, however, of this smaller tract, the cliffs do not quite reach the creek, thus leaving a sufficient space for a roadway along the creek, and constituting the only practicable outlet from the 30-acre tract. But in order to use this outlet it is necessary to pass over the intervening land of Warden, the home place of Fitzpatrick, and thence over Fitzpatrick’s home tract to the public road.
There is no residence or building of any kind upon the 30-acre tract; and on account of its being subject to overflow from Drake’s Creek, at most any time, it is unfit for residence purposes.
Under these facts Fitzpatrick instituted this proceeding in the Warren County Court to condemn a private passway over the land of Warden, alleging that his 30-acre tract bordered on no public road; that it was necessary for him to have a private passway over the land of Warden to enable plaintiff and those upon his said tract of land to attend courts and elections, a meeting house, a mill a warehouse, a ferry, and railroad depot more convenient to same; and to’ operate and cultivate his said tract of land, and to market the products of same at mill, warehouse and railroad depot.
The county court granted the application, and designated a passway from Fitzpatrick’s 30-acre tract across the land of Warden to and across the Fitzpatrick home [98]*98tract, by metes and bounds, as required by tbe statute; and from tbat judgment Warden appealed to the circuit court.
Upon a trial there tbe circuit court found, as a fact, tbat Fitzpatrick bad no other practicable outlet from bis 30:acre tract except by a passway across tbe land of Warden as laid out by tbe county court; but being of tbe opinion tbat tbe use for which Fitzpatrick was seeking tbe passway was a private use to enable him to pass to and from tbe 30-acre tract to haul its products to bis home place or to tbe market, and tbat to grant tbe passway would be tbe taking of Warden’s property for a private use and not a public use, it dismissed tbe petition, and'Fitzpatrick appeals.
Tbe organic law of tbe State forbids tbe taking of private property for tbe use and benefit of private persons under any state of case; it can only be taken for a public use, and then only upon just compensation being’ previously made to tbe owner. Const., section 13.
Tbe legislation upon tbe subject of tbe condemnation of passways in this State is collected in Chesapeake Stone Co. v. Moreland, 126 Ky., 661, where tbe court, in pointing out tbe limitations upon the taking of tbe property of one person for tbe benefit of another, said:
“An individual, for bis own use and. benefit, unless it be necessary to enable him to perform some public service, cannot take tbe private property of another, however needful o,r convenient to him tbe use may be. It seems entirely probable tbat only a few persons aside from tbe individual at whose instance it was established, will have occasion to use this tramway; but this fact does not destroy its public use in tbe meaning of the Constitution. It is not the number of people who úse tbe property taken under tbe law of eminent domain tbat constitutes tbe use ©f it a public one; nor does tbe fact tbat tbe benefits will be in a large measure local enter into tbe question. In short, according to tbe generally recognized rule, tbe length of tbe public way, tbe places between which it runs, ór tbe number of people who use it, is not tbe essential inquiry. Tbe controlling and decisive question is: Have .the public tbe right to its use upon the same terms as tbe person at whose instance tbe way was established If they have, it is a public use; if they have not, it is a private one.”
And, in pointing out tbe application of tbe rule, tbe court in tbat opinion further said:
[99]*99“Although our court has sustained the right to take private property when necessary to enable the citizen to perform a public duty or service, and to permit the establishment of mills, it has never sanctioned the taking for any other purpose, unless the public had a right to use the property taken. In fact, with the single exception of mills, the right of the individual to take property for an enterprise or improvement, in which the public had no rights other than those that flowed from the. advantage they might enjoy from the conduct or operation of the property, has never been approved; and mills so erected have always been subject to legislative control and supervision (Ky. Stats. 1903, section 2721), the same as railroads and turnpikes, ana upon this theory the taking of property for- their establishment may be justified.”
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Opinion of the Court by
Judge Miller
Affirming.
This is a proceeding by Fitzpatrick to condemn a private passway over the land of Warden. It was 'brought under section 4348 of the Kentucky Statutes, the first and sixth sections thereof reading as follows:
“(1) Whenever it shall appear to a county court, that it is necessary for a person to have a private pass-way over the land of one or more persons to enable him to attend courts, elections, a meeting house, a mill, warehouse, ferry, a railroad depot, most convenient to his residence or whenever it shall appear to a county court, that it is necessary fo,r a person to have a private tram-road or haul-road over the land of one or more persons to enable him to reach a warehouse, steam-boat landing, ferry, railroad switch or navigable stream, for the purpose of operating and marketing the products from a iead mine, iron works, salt-works, coal mine, fire clay and other minerals, oil well, stone quarry, sand bank or merchantable forest timber, the court shall appoint commissioners, as in case of a road, who, being first sworn to discharge their duties faithfully and impartially, shall go upon the land of the person through which the passway, private tram-road or haul-road is proposed, whether arable or not, and shall report in writing to the court, whether or not a private passway, tram-road or haul-road is necessary for any of the purposes aforesaid ;and, if favorable to the passway, private tram-road or haul-road, they shall, in their report, designate the exact route for the same by metes and bounds, course and distances, and the width thereof, which, in no case, shall exceed twenty feet, and they shall determine and assess what will be a just compensation to each owner and tenant, if any, for the land proposed to be taken for a passway, private tram-road or haul-road, [97]*97in the same manner as upon application to open and establish a new road. * * *
“ (6) Provided, That nothing in this act shall operate to give any person, firm or corporation exclusive use of said passage, but any other person, firm or corporation shall have the right to use the same upon paying proper compensation therefor. If no agreement can be made for such compensation, then the right to such use may be condemned as herein provided.”
Fitzpatrick owns two tracts of land in Warren county, which are separated from each other by an intervening tract of the appellee Warden. The larger tract, upon which Fitzpatrick resides, has an outlet to the Green Hill Public Boad. The smaller tract, containing 30 acres, lies southwest of Fitzpatrick’s home tract and of the Warden tract, and is bounded upon the west and north by Drake’s Creek, and on the east and south by a range of abrupt cliffs, having an elevation of from 100 to 150 feet, and rising from the earth at an angle of about 45 degrees. At the south end, however, of this smaller tract, the cliffs do not quite reach the creek, thus leaving a sufficient space for a roadway along the creek, and constituting the only practicable outlet from the 30-acre tract. But in order to use this outlet it is necessary to pass over the intervening land of Warden, the home place of Fitzpatrick, and thence over Fitzpatrick’s home tract to the public road.
There is no residence or building of any kind upon the 30-acre tract; and on account of its being subject to overflow from Drake’s Creek, at most any time, it is unfit for residence purposes.
Under these facts Fitzpatrick instituted this proceeding in the Warren County Court to condemn a private passway over the land of Warden, alleging that his 30-acre tract bordered on no public road; that it was necessary for him to have a private passway over the land of Warden to enable plaintiff and those upon his said tract of land to attend courts and elections, a meeting house, a mill a warehouse, a ferry, and railroad depot more convenient to same; and to’ operate and cultivate his said tract of land, and to market the products of same at mill, warehouse and railroad depot.
The county court granted the application, and designated a passway from Fitzpatrick’s 30-acre tract across the land of Warden to and across the Fitzpatrick home [98]*98tract, by metes and bounds, as required by tbe statute; and from tbat judgment Warden appealed to the circuit court.
Upon a trial there tbe circuit court found, as a fact, tbat Fitzpatrick bad no other practicable outlet from bis 30:acre tract except by a passway across tbe land of Warden as laid out by tbe county court; but being of tbe opinion tbat tbe use for which Fitzpatrick was seeking tbe passway was a private use to enable him to pass to and from tbe 30-acre tract to haul its products to bis home place or to tbe market, and tbat to grant tbe passway would be tbe taking of Warden’s property for a private use and not a public use, it dismissed tbe petition, and'Fitzpatrick appeals.
Tbe organic law of tbe State forbids tbe taking of private property for tbe use and benefit of private persons under any state of case; it can only be taken for a public use, and then only upon just compensation being’ previously made to tbe owner. Const., section 13.
Tbe legislation upon tbe subject of tbe condemnation of passways in this State is collected in Chesapeake Stone Co. v. Moreland, 126 Ky., 661, where tbe court, in pointing out tbe limitations upon the taking of tbe property of one person for tbe benefit of another, said:
“An individual, for bis own use and. benefit, unless it be necessary to enable him to perform some public service, cannot take tbe private property of another, however needful o,r convenient to him tbe use may be. It seems entirely probable tbat only a few persons aside from tbe individual at whose instance it was established, will have occasion to use this tramway; but this fact does not destroy its public use in tbe meaning of the Constitution. It is not the number of people who úse tbe property taken under tbe law of eminent domain tbat constitutes tbe use ©f it a public one; nor does tbe fact tbat tbe benefits will be in a large measure local enter into tbe question. In short, according to tbe generally recognized rule, tbe length of tbe public way, tbe places between which it runs, ór tbe number of people who use it, is not tbe essential inquiry. Tbe controlling and decisive question is: Have .the public tbe right to its use upon the same terms as tbe person at whose instance tbe way was established If they have, it is a public use; if they have not, it is a private one.”
And, in pointing out tbe application of tbe rule, tbe court in tbat opinion further said:
[99]*99“Although our court has sustained the right to take private property when necessary to enable the citizen to perform a public duty or service, and to permit the establishment of mills, it has never sanctioned the taking for any other purpose, unless the public had a right to use the property taken. In fact, with the single exception of mills, the right of the individual to take property for an enterprise or improvement, in which the public had no rights other than those that flowed from the. advantage they might enjoy from the conduct or operation of the property, has never been approved; and mills so erected have always been subject to legislative control and supervision (Ky. Stats. 1903, section 2721), the same as railroads and turnpikes, ana upon this theory the taking of property for- their establishment may be justified.”
In Robinson v. Swope, 12 Bush, 21, and in Shake v. Frazier, 94 Ky., 143, the statute then in force allowed a passway to be condemned so as to allow a person “to pass from one tract of land to another owned by him,” thereby accomplishing the same result as is contemplated in the case at bar. In those cases, however, the court held that portion of the statute to be invalid, upon the ground that it authorized a taking of property for a purely private purpose. The court, however, upheld the validity of the statute in so far as it allowed the establishment of a passway to a steam-boat landing, warehouse, ferry, or railroad depot; and the validity of the statute authorizing the condemnation of a passway fo,r those purposes has never since been called in question in this State.
Furthermore, the determination of the question whether a particular use is public or not, within the meaning of the Constitution, is a question for the judiciary and not for the Legislature. That the courts have the undisputed right to determine when legislation has passed the limits provided by the Constitution, without reference to the character of the legislation enacted, is well settled. Tracey v. E., L. & B. S. R. Co., 80 Ky., 259; Chesapeake Stone Co. v. Moreland, 126 Ky., 667; Henderson v. City of Lexington, 132 Ky., 390 22 L. R. A. (N. S.), 20; Riley v. L., H. & St. L. R. R. Co., 142 Ky., 67.
The proof shows that this 30-acre tract is used by Fitzpatrick in connection with his home place, and that the only purpose of the passway is to haul his farm [100]*100products from the 30-acre tract to his home place, or to market, in either case necessarily going across the intervening land of "Warden. Clearly, however, this is not a public use. In speaking upon this subject in Chesapeake Stone Co. v. Moreland, supra, we said:
“If public use was construed to mean that the public would be benefited in the sense that' the enterprise or improvement for the use of which the property was taken might contribute to the comfort or convenience of the public, or a portion thereof, or be esteemed necessary for their enjoyment, there would be absolutely no limit on the right to take private property. It would not be difficult for any person to show that a factory or hotel or other like improvement he .contemplated erecting or establishing would result in benefit to the public, and under this rule the property of the citizen would never be safe from invasion.”
The facts of this case bring it squarely within the obnoxious statute that was relied upon in Robinson v. Swope and in Shake v. Frazier, supra, and where 'the court expressly held it was incompetent for the Legislature to allow a passway to be condemned so as to permit a person to pass over the land of another merely for the purpose of passing from one tract of land to another tract owned by him, since such a use would permit, the taking of private property for a private purpose.
It will be noticed the statute provides for the condemnation of a private passway over the land of another person to enable one to attend court, elections, a meeting house, go to a mill, a warehouse, a ferry, or a railroad depot, most convenient to his residence; or for the construction of a tram-road or haul-road to enable one to reach a warehouse, steam-boat landing, ferry, railroad switch or navagable stream for the purpose of operating and marketing the products of a lead mine, iron works, salt works, coal mine, fire clay and other minerals, oil well, stone quarry, sand bank or merchantable forest timber.
The constitutionality of this Act in so far as it applies to the getting out of timber was sustained in Kirk-Christy Co. v. The American Association, 128 Ky., 666, and in so far as it applied to oil products, in Calor Oil & Gas Co. v. Franzell, 128 Ky., 730.
See, also Paine’s Gdn. v. Calor Oil & Gas Co., 31 Ky. L. R., 754, 103 S. W., 309, 11 L. R. A. (N. S.), 727.
[101]*101Appellant rests bis case upon the first section of the statute, by expressly alleging that it is necessary for Mm to have a private passway over the land of Warden for the purpose of attending court, elections, a meeting house, and reaching a mill, warehouse, ferry or railroad depot, most convenient to his residence.
The proof shows, however, beyond controversy, that appellant has no residence upon his 30-acre tract, but that he actually resides upon the home tract, which has an outlet to the public road, and that the only purpose of the contemplated passway is to enable appellant to market his farm products raised on the 30-acre tract. The statute does not cover a ease of that character; the marketing of one’s farm products is not such a public purpose as is contemplated by the statute.
Judgment affirmed.