Pemberton, C. J.
The appellant says: “The only questions presented by this appeal are, first, whether the court is correct in its conception of the law that in placer mining the operator becomes responsible at all events where any damage results from his mining operations, and that .the question of care in conducting his business becomes absolutely immaterial; and this question is raised in the record by the exclusion of evidence offered to show the care exercised by the defendant in his mining operations to prevent damage to plaintiff’s land, and in the instructions given to the jury. ”
The other question is as to whether the court erred in instructing the jury upon the assumption that the plaintiff had the prior right to the waters of Buffalo creek.
There is no contention that the evidence is insufficient to support the verdict.
Appellant says there was no evidence introduced to show priority of right to the waters of the stream in the plaintiff. We think there is evidence that plaintiff had located on the land in question, and had taken out a part of the waters of said stream by means of an irrigating ditch, prior to the time defendant commenced his mining operations on the creek. But, be this as it may, we think this question unimportant, even if it be conceded that there was technical error in the giving of the instruction complained of. The material question in the case is not as to who had the prior right to the use of the waters of the stream.
On the trial the defendant contended, that, if he did damage the plaintiff’s land by his mining operations, he could not prevent it by any effort he could make; that he used all reasonable means to prevent such damage; that he was, engaged in mining; that he was guilty of no negligence in mining his ground; and that, if the plaintiff was damaged, he is without remedy. The defendant, in support of this defense, offered to prove what he did, and the means he used to prevent damage to plaintiff’s land. The court excluded this offered proof, and charged the jury that it was immaterial whether defendant could have prevented the damage to plaintiff’s land [185]*185resulting from defendant’s mining operations or not, and, that if defendant damaged plaintiff’s land, he was liable, whether he could have prevented it or not. In this action of the court is found the only important or serious question presented by the appeal.
In all the states of the union where mining has been at all extensively engaged in, especially in the northwestern states and territories, the question here presented for determination has been a fruitful source of litigation. Under the common law the owner of land through or along which a stream flowed had a right to have it flow in its natural channel, undiminished substantially in quantity, and unpolluted in quality, whether he derived any practical benefit from such stream or not. This doctrine has been departed from, if, indeed, it ever was recognized as the rule of law in the gold-mining states and territories of the northwestern part of the union, and especially so in the Pacific states and territories. There the right to appropriate water for.mining and other useful purposes is as old as the settlement and civilization of such states and territories. The right to appropriate water on the public lands by miners and for other useful purposes was long ago recognized by congress. We think it may be safely said that the right to appropriate water for mining and other useful purposes is settled as the law in all the mining states of the West. It is certainly the settled rule in this state. (Atchison v. Peterson, 1 Mont. 561; Gallagher v. Basey, 1 Mont 457.) California, it is true, by a divided court has confined the right to make such appropriation to waters on public lands, holding that the purchaser of lands from the government takes the same with all the common-law riparian rights attached. (Lux v. Haggin, 69 Cal. 255, 10 Pac. 674.)
The Oregon Supreme Court, in Curtis v. Water Co., 20 Or. 34, 23 Pac. 808, and 25 Pac. 378, followed the rule announced by the California court. But this restriction is not recognized in Nevada or Colorado, nor in any other of the mining states or territories, that we are aware of. (Jones v. Adams, 19 Nev. 78, 6 Pac. 442; Reno Smelting, M. & R. Works v. [186]*186Stevenson, 20 Nev. 269, 21 Pac. 317; Coffin v. Ditch Co., 6 Col. 443; Golden Canal Co. v. Bright, 8 Col. 144, 6 Pac. 142.)
But the right to appropriate the water of the streams in the states and territories above mentioned has, we believe, been universally held to be a right with certain restrictions and limitations.
Atchison v. Peterson and Gallagher v. Basey, supra, were both appealed from the Supreme Court of Montana to the Supreme Court of the United States, and are reported, respectively in 20 Wall., at pages 507 and 670. In both these cases the rule is clearly announced that the right to appropriate water in the states and territories where the doctrine of appropriation prevails is a limited or restricted right. The right to appropriate water for mining purposes, to propel machinery in mills, to irrigate agricultural land, and for like purposes, is recognized as well for one purpose as for another. The appropriation must be for a useful purpose, ■ and ‘ ‘is limited, in every case, in quantity and quality, by the use for which the appropriation is made.” (Atchison v. Peterson, supra.)
In Basey v. Gallagher, 20 Wall. 670, Mr. Justice Field, delivering the opinion of the court said : “Water is diverted to propel machinery in flour mills and saw mills, and to irrigate land for cultivation, as well as to enable miners to work their mining claims; and in all such cases, the right of the first appropriator, exercised within reasonable limits, is respected and enforced. We say within reasonable limits, for this right to water, like the right by prior occupancy to mining or agricultural land, is not unrestricted. It must be exercised with reference to the general condition of the country and the necessities of the people, and not so as to deprive a whole neighborhood or community of its use, and vest an absolute monopoly in a single individual. ”
The appropriator of water does not become the owner of the water by the act of appropriation. He acquires the right to the use of the water for some useful purpose. The miner, the mill man, and agriculturist all have an equal right to ap[187]*187propriate water. The appropriator for one useful purpose has no preference or superior right in law to an appropriatin' for any other purpose. While any person is permitted to appropriate water for a useful purpose, it must be used with some regard for the rights of the public. The use of water in this state is declared by the constitution to be a public use. (Constitution, Article 3, § 15.) It is easy to see that, if persons by appropriating the waters of the streams of the state became the obsolute owners of the water without restriction in the use and disposition thereof, such appropriation and unconditional ownership would result in such a monopoly as to work disastrous consequences to the people of the state. The tendency and spirit of legislation and adjudication of the northwestern states and territories have been to prevent such a monopoly of the waters of this large section of the country, dependent so largely for prosperity upon an equitable, and, as far as practical, free, use of water by appropriation.
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Pemberton, C. J.
The appellant says: “The only questions presented by this appeal are, first, whether the court is correct in its conception of the law that in placer mining the operator becomes responsible at all events where any damage results from his mining operations, and that .the question of care in conducting his business becomes absolutely immaterial; and this question is raised in the record by the exclusion of evidence offered to show the care exercised by the defendant in his mining operations to prevent damage to plaintiff’s land, and in the instructions given to the jury. ”
The other question is as to whether the court erred in instructing the jury upon the assumption that the plaintiff had the prior right to the waters of Buffalo creek.
There is no contention that the evidence is insufficient to support the verdict.
Appellant says there was no evidence introduced to show priority of right to the waters of the stream in the plaintiff. We think there is evidence that plaintiff had located on the land in question, and had taken out a part of the waters of said stream by means of an irrigating ditch, prior to the time defendant commenced his mining operations on the creek. But, be this as it may, we think this question unimportant, even if it be conceded that there was technical error in the giving of the instruction complained of. The material question in the case is not as to who had the prior right to the use of the waters of the stream.
On the trial the defendant contended, that, if he did damage the plaintiff’s land by his mining operations, he could not prevent it by any effort he could make; that he used all reasonable means to prevent such damage; that he was, engaged in mining; that he was guilty of no negligence in mining his ground; and that, if the plaintiff was damaged, he is without remedy. The defendant, in support of this defense, offered to prove what he did, and the means he used to prevent damage to plaintiff’s land. The court excluded this offered proof, and charged the jury that it was immaterial whether defendant could have prevented the damage to plaintiff’s land [185]*185resulting from defendant’s mining operations or not, and, that if defendant damaged plaintiff’s land, he was liable, whether he could have prevented it or not. In this action of the court is found the only important or serious question presented by the appeal.
In all the states of the union where mining has been at all extensively engaged in, especially in the northwestern states and territories, the question here presented for determination has been a fruitful source of litigation. Under the common law the owner of land through or along which a stream flowed had a right to have it flow in its natural channel, undiminished substantially in quantity, and unpolluted in quality, whether he derived any practical benefit from such stream or not. This doctrine has been departed from, if, indeed, it ever was recognized as the rule of law in the gold-mining states and territories of the northwestern part of the union, and especially so in the Pacific states and territories. There the right to appropriate water for.mining and other useful purposes is as old as the settlement and civilization of such states and territories. The right to appropriate water on the public lands by miners and for other useful purposes was long ago recognized by congress. We think it may be safely said that the right to appropriate water for mining and other useful purposes is settled as the law in all the mining states of the West. It is certainly the settled rule in this state. (Atchison v. Peterson, 1 Mont. 561; Gallagher v. Basey, 1 Mont 457.) California, it is true, by a divided court has confined the right to make such appropriation to waters on public lands, holding that the purchaser of lands from the government takes the same with all the common-law riparian rights attached. (Lux v. Haggin, 69 Cal. 255, 10 Pac. 674.)
The Oregon Supreme Court, in Curtis v. Water Co., 20 Or. 34, 23 Pac. 808, and 25 Pac. 378, followed the rule announced by the California court. But this restriction is not recognized in Nevada or Colorado, nor in any other of the mining states or territories, that we are aware of. (Jones v. Adams, 19 Nev. 78, 6 Pac. 442; Reno Smelting, M. & R. Works v. [186]*186Stevenson, 20 Nev. 269, 21 Pac. 317; Coffin v. Ditch Co., 6 Col. 443; Golden Canal Co. v. Bright, 8 Col. 144, 6 Pac. 142.)
But the right to appropriate the water of the streams in the states and territories above mentioned has, we believe, been universally held to be a right with certain restrictions and limitations.
Atchison v. Peterson and Gallagher v. Basey, supra, were both appealed from the Supreme Court of Montana to the Supreme Court of the United States, and are reported, respectively in 20 Wall., at pages 507 and 670. In both these cases the rule is clearly announced that the right to appropriate water in the states and territories where the doctrine of appropriation prevails is a limited or restricted right. The right to appropriate water for mining purposes, to propel machinery in mills, to irrigate agricultural land, and for like purposes, is recognized as well for one purpose as for another. The appropriation must be for a useful purpose, ■ and ‘ ‘is limited, in every case, in quantity and quality, by the use for which the appropriation is made.” (Atchison v. Peterson, supra.)
In Basey v. Gallagher, 20 Wall. 670, Mr. Justice Field, delivering the opinion of the court said : “Water is diverted to propel machinery in flour mills and saw mills, and to irrigate land for cultivation, as well as to enable miners to work their mining claims; and in all such cases, the right of the first appropriator, exercised within reasonable limits, is respected and enforced. We say within reasonable limits, for this right to water, like the right by prior occupancy to mining or agricultural land, is not unrestricted. It must be exercised with reference to the general condition of the country and the necessities of the people, and not so as to deprive a whole neighborhood or community of its use, and vest an absolute monopoly in a single individual. ”
The appropriator of water does not become the owner of the water by the act of appropriation. He acquires the right to the use of the water for some useful purpose. The miner, the mill man, and agriculturist all have an equal right to ap[187]*187propriate water. The appropriator for one useful purpose has no preference or superior right in law to an appropriatin' for any other purpose. While any person is permitted to appropriate water for a useful purpose, it must be used with some regard for the rights of the public. The use of water in this state is declared by the constitution to be a public use. (Constitution, Article 3, § 15.) It is easy to see that, if persons by appropriating the waters of the streams of the state became the obsolute owners of the water without restriction in the use and disposition thereof, such appropriation and unconditional ownership would result in such a monopoly as to work disastrous consequences to the people of the state. The tendency and spirit of legislation and adjudication of the northwestern states and territories have been to prevent such a monopoly of the waters of this large section of the country, dependent so largely for prosperity upon an equitable, and, as far as practical, free, use of water by appropriation. But we will not further discuss this feature of the question presented by this appeal.
The contention of the appellant is that he is engaged in mining; that he has a right to use the water of the stream mentioned in the complaint in his business; that if he made proper effort to prevent injury and damage to the plaintiff, and was unable to prevent such damage, he is not responsible, and the plaintiff is without remedy.
We believe that the right to deposit tailings in a running stream to a reasonable extent is permissible in the mining states and territories, but this rule has never been carried to the extent of permitting the miner to flood his neighbor’s land, and, by depositing tailings and debris thereon, to substantially injure or ruin his neighbor’s property.
In Hobbs v. Canal Co., 66 Cal. 161, 4 Pac. 1147, it is said: “No person, natural or artificial, has a right, directly or indirectly, to cover his neighbor’s land with mining debris, sand or gravel, or other material, so as to render it valueless. ’ ’
Our own court, in Lincoln v. Rodgers, 1 Mont. 217, held [188]*188that the first locators of mining ground have no right, by custom or otherwise, to allow tailings to run free in the gulch, and render valueless the mining claims of subsequent locators below them. And in Nelson v. O'Neal, 1 Mont. 284, the Supreme Court held that, while miners had the right to the free use of the channel of the creek, so that the water will flow from the ground, they have no right to fill the channel with tailings that will flow down upon the claims of other miners. And it makes no practical difference how careful a miner may be in working his mine, if he actually injures his neighbor’s property, he is responsible, notwithstanding the effort he makes or means he uses to prevent such injury. (Hill v. Smith, 27 Cal. 476; Levaroni v. Miller, 34 Cal. 231.)
Nor is the contention that it was necessary to damage plaintiff’s land in ordei\that the defendant might carry on his mining operations successfully available as a defense. (Esmond v. Chew, 15 Cal. 137.)
Upon this question it is said in Columbus, Etc., Iron Co. v. Tucker, 48 Ohio St. 41, 26 N. E. 630: “The further claim of the company that it had the right to make the deposits in the places complained of because it was necessary to the successful conduct of its own business to so place them, seems no less wanting in substance. The effect is to measure the rights of the plaintiff in his lands, and in the waters of the Monday creek, by the convenience or necessity of the company’s business. ’ ’
In Robinson v. Coal Co., 57 Cal. 412, — a similar case 1o the one under- consideration, — the court said : “But the plaintiff’s evidence, as we view it, tends to prove another and very material fact, viz., that said refuse matter was the product of the defendant’s mining operations, and was deposited in said creek through agencies controlled by the defendant, and that, although it was not responsible for the inundation of the plaintiff’s land by the water of said creek, it was responsible for the deposit of the deleterious substances with which said water was charged, through its agency, upon said land. This does not in any manner involve the question of the de[189]*189fendant’s right to mine or prosecute any other legitimate business upon its premises. It would not be claimed that the defendant could convey and deposit refuse matter from its mine upon the plaintiff’s land by means of carts or cars without incurring liability for any damages which the plaintiff might suffer by reason thereof. And we know of no principle upon which it could be held that a person may escape liability by doing that indirectly which would render him liable if done directly. ’ ’
In Pumpelly v. Green Bay Co., 13 Wall. 166, it is said by the court ‘ ‘that, where real estate is actually invaded by superinduced additions of water, sand, earth or other material, so as to effectually destroy or impair its usefulness, it is a taking within the meaning of the constitution.”
In discussing the doctrine here involved, the Supreme Court of California, in People v. Gold Run Ditch & Mining Co., 66 Cal. 138, & Pac. 1152, said : “Undoubtedly, the fact must be recognized that in the mining regions of the state the custom of making use of the waters of streams as outlets for mining debris has prevailed for many years; and as a custom it may be conceded to have been founded in necessity, for without it hydraulic mining could not have been economically operated. In that custom the people of the state have silently acquiesced, and upon the strength of it mining operations, involving the investment and expenditure of large capital, have grown into a legitimate business, entitled equally with all other business pursuits in the state to the protection of che law. But a legitimate private business, founded upon a local custom, may grow into a force to threaten the safety of the people and destruction of public and private rights, and when it develops into that condition the custom upon which it is founded becomes unreasonable, because dangerous to public and private rights, and cannot be invoked to justify the continuance of the business in an unlawful manner. Every business has its laws, and these require of those who are engaged in it to so conduct it as that it shall not violate the rights that belong to others. Accompanying the ownership of evt ry species of property is a corresponding duty to so use it as that it shall not abuse the rights of other recognized owners. ’ ’
[190]*190We think, however, as is held by the authorities, that each case of this character should be determined by its own facts and circumstances. Persons appropriating water cannot avoid fouling and obstructing, and, to some extent, diminishing, the quantity of water in a stream. These things are unavoidable, and are permitted to a reasonable extent in the right use of the water. Verdicts and judgments for fanciful or insignificant damages in such cases, ought not to be rendered. Courts are very cautious, and ought to be so, in issuing injunctions in such cases, as more damage may be done by the injunction than could be prevented by its issuance. It is a field of litigation filled with great annoyance and difficulty to both legislatures and courts. It will continue to be such as long as the interests of men conflict.
As far as the case under discussion is concerned, we think, under the view we take of the authorities we have consulted in a very full consideration of the case, that the plaintiff has a meritorious cause of action against the defendant for actual damage done to his lands. The plaintiff is evidently the prior appropriator of the waters of the stream mentioned in the complaint, although no particular stress was placed upon the question of priority on the trial of the case.
We see no error in the action of the court in excluding the testimony offered by defendant to prove the effort he made, and his inability to prevent damage to plaintiff; nor in the giving of the instructions by the court upon that theory of the law, which action is assigned as the principal error in the case.
The doctrine involved in this case is thoroughly and ably discussed by Mr. Curtis H. Lindley, of the San Francisco bar, in his Treatise on the American Law Relating to Mines and Mineral Lands, in Sections 838 to 853, inclusive, and the authorities are collated and cited. Especial reference is made to this able work, and the authorities cited by the author.
The judgment and order appealed from are affirmed.
Affirmed.
Hunt, and Buck, JJ., concur.