SWANSTROM, Judge.
This appeal comes to us from an order of the district court setting aside a default judgment entered against respondent Crest Corporation (Crest) in the magistrate division. There are two notable issues. Preliminarily, we must decide whether the trial court acquired personal jurisdiction over Crest so as to allow entry of the default judgment. The second issue is whether the district court erred in subsequently setting aside that default judgment. Appellant Ruby Fisher also asks us to restore the magistrate’s award of costs and attorney fees. The issue of whether the magistrate correctly awarded fees to Fisher was not addressed by the district court. For the reasons set forth below, we disagree with the decision of the district court and conclude that the default judgment entered [743]*743against Crest should not have been set aside.
On May 17, 1984, Ruby Fisher filed a complaint in the district court of Caribou County, Idaho. She alleged that the defendants, Crest Corporation d/b/a The Last Frontier, R. Craig Christensen and Jared P. Lowe, owed her $3,000 and interest on a promissory note they had executed and delivered to her. On June 5, just before leaving on a month-long vacation, counsel for Lowe filed a notice of appearance and a motion for additional time to file an answer. The motion was granted, giving Lowe until July 5 to respond to the complaint. On July 12 Lowe still had not responded. Complying with I.R.C.P. 55(b)(2), Fisher then notified Lowe that she intended to enter a default against him on July 20. Because Crest had not made any appearance in the action, Fisher caused its default to be entered on July 16. The same day she obtained a default judgment against Crest, all without advance notice to Crest. Counsel who had appeared for Lowe then filed an answer and cross-claim on behalf of both Lowe and Crest on July 18. On July 23, counsel moved to have the default judgment against Crest set aside. After hearing oral argument and making written findings, the magistrate denied the motion. An appeal was taken to the district court.1 The district judge reversed the magistrate’s order and set aside the default judgment. Fisher now appeals that ruling.
I
The threshold question we must answer is whether the trial court had acquired personal jurisdiction over Crest when the default judgment was entered. Crest contends that because service upon it in its capacity as a distinct corporate entity was not accomplished, the trial court never acquired personal jurisdiction. This argument is premised on the circumstances surrounding the service of process.
The process server’s “return of service” form indicates that he served one copy of the summons and complaint “upon Crest Corporation, d/b/a The Last Frontier, and Jared P. Lowe, by serving Jared P. Lowe at the Last Frontier Trail Motel Office____” Crest argues that this method did not accomplish service upon the corporation. Crest concedes that Lowe was a corporate officer but also notes that he was an individual defendant in the action. The return does not show Lowe’s corporate capacity nor does it expressly state that a corporate officer of Crest was served. Moreover, Crest contends that the process server should have delivered two copies of the documents — one for Lowe and one for Crest.2 This argument has some merit but the point is not decisive.
Failure to comply with the rules for service of process may cause a subsequent judgment to be void as to a particular defendant for lack of personal jurisdiction, or the resulting judgment may merely be erroneous. An erroneous judgment has an effect different from a void judgment and different remedies are available for relief in each case. See, e.g., Brown’s Tie & Lumber Company v. Kirk, 109 Idaho 589, 710 P.2d 18 (Ct.App.1985); Cockerham v. Zikratch, 619 P.2d 739 (Ariz.1980); Endischee v. Endischee, 685 P.2d 142 (Ariz.Ct.App.1984). Here, we are concerned only [744]*744with whether the judgment was void because personal jurisdiction was not acquired.
Fisher has suggested that any defects in the manner of service of process upon Crest have been waived. It is true that lack of personal jurisdiction — unlike a lack of subject matter jurisdiction — may be waived. The lack of subject matter jurisdiction can be raised at any time. Foster Apiaries, Inc. v. Hubbard Apiaries, Inc., 630 P.2d 1213, (Mont.1981). Fisher relies on the fact that the answer filed by Crest did not assert any defense based on lack of jurisdiction over the person, insufficiency of process, or insufficiency of service of process. She contends, therefore, that under I.R.C.P. 12(b) and (h), the defenses have been waived. Generally, that may be true. However, it must be remembered that the default judgment against Crest had already been entered when the joint answer of Crest and Lowe was filed. In cases where a party in default is said to have waived a lack of personal jurisdiction by failure to timely raise the defense in a motion or pleading, that “waiver” does not operate retroactively so as to validate a void judgment. See, e.g., Phillips v. Incline Manor Association, 91 Nev. 69, 530 P.2d 1207 (1975); Pease Brothers, Inc. v. American Pipe & Supply Co., 522 P.2d 996 (Wyo.1974). Accordingly, we do not base our decision on any purported waiver of personal jurisdiction.
With this in mind we will determine whether the defect in service deprived the court of personal jurisdiction, thereby resulting in a void judgment, or whether the court acquired personal jurisdiction through service of process upon Crest. Crest’s argument is technical. The fact that Crest’s agent was served is not contested. Jurisdiction to enter a default is based upon the fact of service and, ordinarily, it will not be defeated by a showing of mere ministerial defects in the service or return of service. See Mason v. Pelkes, 57 Idaho 10, 59 P.2d 1087, cert. denied 299 U.S. 615, 57 S.Ct. 319, 81 L.Ed. 453 (1936); Call v. Rocky Mountain Bell Telephone Company, 16 Idaho 551, 102 P. 146 (1909); Workman v. Brown, 103 Idaho 945, 655 P.2d 462 (Ct.App.1982).
In cases decided under statutes substantially similar to I.R.C.P. 4(d)(2) and 4(d)(4) New York Courts have concluded that service of a single copy of a summons and complaint upon a defendant corporate officer is effective service upon the defendant corporation, as well as upon the defendant corporate officer — at least where, as in this case, the officer was served personally.3 Lakeside Concrete Corp. v. Pine Hollow Building Corp., 104 A.D.2d 551, 479 N.Y. S.2d 256 (1984), aff'd 65 N.Y.2d 865, 493 N.Y.S.2d 309, 482 N.E.2d 1225 (1985); Wellington Associates v. Vandee Enterprises Corp., 75 Misc.2d 330, 347 N.Y.S.2d 788 (1973); Lac Leasing Corporation v. Dutchess Aero, Inc., 32 A.D.2d 949, 303 N.Y.S.2d 723 (1969); Port Chester Electrical Company v. Ronbed Corporation, 28 A.D.2d 1008, 284 N.Y.S.2d 9 (1967).
The present case is factually similar.
Free access — add to your briefcase to read the full text and ask questions with AI
SWANSTROM, Judge.
This appeal comes to us from an order of the district court setting aside a default judgment entered against respondent Crest Corporation (Crest) in the magistrate division. There are two notable issues. Preliminarily, we must decide whether the trial court acquired personal jurisdiction over Crest so as to allow entry of the default judgment. The second issue is whether the district court erred in subsequently setting aside that default judgment. Appellant Ruby Fisher also asks us to restore the magistrate’s award of costs and attorney fees. The issue of whether the magistrate correctly awarded fees to Fisher was not addressed by the district court. For the reasons set forth below, we disagree with the decision of the district court and conclude that the default judgment entered [743]*743against Crest should not have been set aside.
On May 17, 1984, Ruby Fisher filed a complaint in the district court of Caribou County, Idaho. She alleged that the defendants, Crest Corporation d/b/a The Last Frontier, R. Craig Christensen and Jared P. Lowe, owed her $3,000 and interest on a promissory note they had executed and delivered to her. On June 5, just before leaving on a month-long vacation, counsel for Lowe filed a notice of appearance and a motion for additional time to file an answer. The motion was granted, giving Lowe until July 5 to respond to the complaint. On July 12 Lowe still had not responded. Complying with I.R.C.P. 55(b)(2), Fisher then notified Lowe that she intended to enter a default against him on July 20. Because Crest had not made any appearance in the action, Fisher caused its default to be entered on July 16. The same day she obtained a default judgment against Crest, all without advance notice to Crest. Counsel who had appeared for Lowe then filed an answer and cross-claim on behalf of both Lowe and Crest on July 18. On July 23, counsel moved to have the default judgment against Crest set aside. After hearing oral argument and making written findings, the magistrate denied the motion. An appeal was taken to the district court.1 The district judge reversed the magistrate’s order and set aside the default judgment. Fisher now appeals that ruling.
I
The threshold question we must answer is whether the trial court had acquired personal jurisdiction over Crest when the default judgment was entered. Crest contends that because service upon it in its capacity as a distinct corporate entity was not accomplished, the trial court never acquired personal jurisdiction. This argument is premised on the circumstances surrounding the service of process.
The process server’s “return of service” form indicates that he served one copy of the summons and complaint “upon Crest Corporation, d/b/a The Last Frontier, and Jared P. Lowe, by serving Jared P. Lowe at the Last Frontier Trail Motel Office____” Crest argues that this method did not accomplish service upon the corporation. Crest concedes that Lowe was a corporate officer but also notes that he was an individual defendant in the action. The return does not show Lowe’s corporate capacity nor does it expressly state that a corporate officer of Crest was served. Moreover, Crest contends that the process server should have delivered two copies of the documents — one for Lowe and one for Crest.2 This argument has some merit but the point is not decisive.
Failure to comply with the rules for service of process may cause a subsequent judgment to be void as to a particular defendant for lack of personal jurisdiction, or the resulting judgment may merely be erroneous. An erroneous judgment has an effect different from a void judgment and different remedies are available for relief in each case. See, e.g., Brown’s Tie & Lumber Company v. Kirk, 109 Idaho 589, 710 P.2d 18 (Ct.App.1985); Cockerham v. Zikratch, 619 P.2d 739 (Ariz.1980); Endischee v. Endischee, 685 P.2d 142 (Ariz.Ct.App.1984). Here, we are concerned only [744]*744with whether the judgment was void because personal jurisdiction was not acquired.
Fisher has suggested that any defects in the manner of service of process upon Crest have been waived. It is true that lack of personal jurisdiction — unlike a lack of subject matter jurisdiction — may be waived. The lack of subject matter jurisdiction can be raised at any time. Foster Apiaries, Inc. v. Hubbard Apiaries, Inc., 630 P.2d 1213, (Mont.1981). Fisher relies on the fact that the answer filed by Crest did not assert any defense based on lack of jurisdiction over the person, insufficiency of process, or insufficiency of service of process. She contends, therefore, that under I.R.C.P. 12(b) and (h), the defenses have been waived. Generally, that may be true. However, it must be remembered that the default judgment against Crest had already been entered when the joint answer of Crest and Lowe was filed. In cases where a party in default is said to have waived a lack of personal jurisdiction by failure to timely raise the defense in a motion or pleading, that “waiver” does not operate retroactively so as to validate a void judgment. See, e.g., Phillips v. Incline Manor Association, 91 Nev. 69, 530 P.2d 1207 (1975); Pease Brothers, Inc. v. American Pipe & Supply Co., 522 P.2d 996 (Wyo.1974). Accordingly, we do not base our decision on any purported waiver of personal jurisdiction.
With this in mind we will determine whether the defect in service deprived the court of personal jurisdiction, thereby resulting in a void judgment, or whether the court acquired personal jurisdiction through service of process upon Crest. Crest’s argument is technical. The fact that Crest’s agent was served is not contested. Jurisdiction to enter a default is based upon the fact of service and, ordinarily, it will not be defeated by a showing of mere ministerial defects in the service or return of service. See Mason v. Pelkes, 57 Idaho 10, 59 P.2d 1087, cert. denied 299 U.S. 615, 57 S.Ct. 319, 81 L.Ed. 453 (1936); Call v. Rocky Mountain Bell Telephone Company, 16 Idaho 551, 102 P. 146 (1909); Workman v. Brown, 103 Idaho 945, 655 P.2d 462 (Ct.App.1982).
In cases decided under statutes substantially similar to I.R.C.P. 4(d)(2) and 4(d)(4) New York Courts have concluded that service of a single copy of a summons and complaint upon a defendant corporate officer is effective service upon the defendant corporation, as well as upon the defendant corporate officer — at least where, as in this case, the officer was served personally.3 Lakeside Concrete Corp. v. Pine Hollow Building Corp., 104 A.D.2d 551, 479 N.Y. S.2d 256 (1984), aff'd 65 N.Y.2d 865, 493 N.Y.S.2d 309, 482 N.E.2d 1225 (1985); Wellington Associates v. Vandee Enterprises Corp., 75 Misc.2d 330, 347 N.Y.S.2d 788 (1973); Lac Leasing Corporation v. Dutchess Aero, Inc., 32 A.D.2d 949, 303 N.Y.S.2d 723 (1969); Port Chester Electrical Company v. Ronbed Corporation, 28 A.D.2d 1008, 284 N.Y.S.2d 9 (1967).
The present case is factually similar. Here, Lowe was Crest’s agent for service of process. The record is clear that neither the corporation’s officer nor its counsel was misled by the manner that service was made. Based on these reasons, we hold that service of process was adequate to confer jurisdiction over the “person” of Crest. Therefore, the magistrate had authority to enter a judgment by default. Having reached this conclusion, we have no need to address Fisher’s arguments that the challenge to personal jurisdiction came too late.
II
Because we conclude that the trial court had personal jurisdiction over Crest, we must next determine whether the de[745]*745fault judgment should have been set aside. Crest’s motion alleged excusable neglect under I.R.C.P. 60(b)(1) as the ground for setting aside the judgment. Crest bases its argument on the following facts, which we have gleaned from the affidavit of Crest’s attorney.4 In a very few sentences, the affidavit states that the affiant’s law firm filed the “Notice of Appearance and Motion and Order for Additional Time to File Answer” on behalf of Lowe. Due to “an oversight,” Crest’s name “was omitted from the above-mentioned pleadings and an appearance was made only for Jared P. Lowe____ [A]n appearance was intended to be made for Crest Corporation, d/b/a The Lost Frontier.” As a result of this omission, Crest failed to “appear” and a default judgment was duly entered. Upon this record, the magistrate denied the motion.
The decision whether to grant a motion to set aside a default judgment under Rule 60(b)(1) is committed to the sound discretion of the trial court, in this case the magistrate division. Such a decision will not be disturbed on appeal absent an abuse of discretion. Avondale on Hayden, Inc. v. Hall, 104 Idaho 321, 658 P.2d 992 (Ct.App.1983).
The requirements for setting aside a default judgment are twofold. First, the moving party must satisfy at least one of the criteria of Rule 60(b)(1); second, he must plead facts which, if established, would constitute a meritorious defense to the action. Johnson v. Pioneer Title Co., 104 Idaho 727, 662 P.2d 1171 (Ct.App.1983). If a trial judge, when ruling on a Rule 60(b)(1) motion, makes findings of fact that are not clearly erroneous, applies the proper criteria under the rules to those facts, favoring relief in doubtful cases, and reaches a decision that follows logically from application of such criteria to the facts found, then the judge will be deemed to have acted within his sound discretion. Avondale on Hayden, Inc. v. Hall, supra. Only where a trial judge makes no findings and states no reasons may an appellate court exercise its own discretion in deciding whether the default judgment should have been set aside. Johnson v. Pioneer Title Co., supra. Here, the magistrate did state the facts upon which he relied. He also set out his reasons and legal conclusions. Accordingly, the district court — sitting as an appellate court — was not free to exercise its own discretion in the matter. We are in the same position. We are constrained to apply the Avondale standard as we review the record that was before the magistrate, independently of the district court decision. Seitz v. Stecklein, 111 Idaho 364, 723 P.2d 908 (Ct.App.1986).
We do not quarrel with the magistrate’s fact-finding. Nor can we say that he applied improper criteria to the facts found. Finally, though we may have rfeached a different result had we been in the position of the trial court, we cannot say that the magistrate’s decision fails to flow logically from the application of these criteria to the facts found. Based on our review of the record, we cannot hold that the trial judge abused his discretion in finding that the neglect of Crest’s attorneys was not excusable.
The magistrate had only a vague and conclusory affidavit on which to base his decision. Counsel nowhere specified what particular acts of mistake, inadvertence or excusable neglect caused the defect in the notice of appearance. Who made the “mis[746]*746take” or how it was made is not shown. The trier of fact was left to infer what might have transpired. Therefore, while we are mindful that we must apply a standard of liberality in reviewing a motion to set aside a default judgment, Gro-Mor, Inc. v. Butts, 109 Idaho 1020, 712 P.2d 721 (Ct.App.1985), we can by no means hold that the magistrate here abused his discretion in refusing to set the judgment aside. There is simply not enough information presented to determine whether the conduct alleged was that of the type expected from a reasonably prudent person under the circumstances—the standard to be applied under Rule 60(b)(1). Id. Where it is shown only that the mistake and inadvertence are the result of mere carelessness, relief from the judgment is not justified. Pullin v. City of Kimberly, 100 Idaho 34, 592 P.2d 849 (1979); Nelson v. McGoldrick Lumber Company, 30 Idaho 451, 165 P. 1125 (1917).
As we have noted, a party moving to set aside a default judgment must show that he has a meritorious defense. The defense, whether set forth in an affidavit or proposed responsive pleading, must go beyond the mere notice requirements that would be sufficient if pled before default. “Factual details must be pled with particularity.” Hearst Corporation v. Keller, 100 Idaho 10, 12, 592 P.2d 66, 68 (1979). Recently our Supreme Court reiterated the long-standing rule that “a party alleging fraud must plead the factual circumstances constituting fraud with particularity.” Galaxy Outdoor Advertising, Inc. v. Idaho Transportation Department, 109 Idaho 692, 696, 710 P.2d 602, 606 (1985); I.R.C.P. 9(b). Because we hold that Crest has failed to establish excusable neglect, we need not engage in a detailed discussion of Crest’s answer. We note only that if it were held to the standard of pleading required in Galaxy the allegations would be insufficient.
Ill
Finally, Crest argues that Fisher failed to file an affidavit verifying attorney fees as required by Rule 54(e)(5), making the magistrate’s grant of fees erroneous. Fisher’s complaint contained a prayer for a stated amount of attorney fees, prejudgment interest and costs of suit. Thus, the dollar amount of requested fees was pled as required by I.R.C.P. 54(e)(4). In an “Affidavit and Application for Entry of Default” filed July 16, 1984, Fisher’s attorney requested entry of a default judgment against Crest and swore to a list of general sums owed to Fisher. The default judgment was entered the same day. Fisher’s attestation in the affidavit is sufficient verification to meet the requirements of Rule 54(e)(5). Consequently, we uphold the magistrate’s award of costs and attorney fees to Fisher.
The district court’s order is reversed, and the case is remanded for reinstatement of the default judgment. Costs to appellant Fisher. No attorney fees on appeal.
WALTERS, C.J., concurs.