JAMES FIORENTINE, Case No. 24-cv-01136-MMC
Plaintiff, ORDER GRANTING DEFENDANT'S v. MOTION TO COMPEL ARBITRATION; STAYING ACTION
Defendant.
Before the Court is defendant Marvell Semiconductor Inc.'s ("MSI") Motion, filed March 31, 2024, "to Compel Arbitration and to Dismiss, or in the Alternative, Stay Proceedings." Plaintiff James Fiorentine ("Fiorentine") has filed opposition, to which MSI has replied. Having read and considered the papers filed in support of and in opposition to the motion, the Court rules as follows.1 In his Complaint, Fiorentine alleges he began working for Cavium, Inc. in 2009, and that he "became a Marvell [MSI] employee" when, in 2018, it "acquired" his former employer. (See Compl. ¶ 12.) According to Fiorentine, his supervisor at MSI told him in January 2023 that his position, "Senior Sales Manager," had been "eliminated" (see Compl. ¶¶ 1, 13, 31) which termination, he states, was unlawful under the California Fair Employment and Housing Act ("FEHA"), because it was on account of his age, which was 67 at the time of the termination (see Compl. ¶¶ 36-37) and also on account of a disability, described by Fiorentine as a "serious heart condition that required hospitalization multiple times" (see Compl. ¶¶ 61, 64). Additionally, Fiorentine alleges, the termination was unlawful under the federal Family and Medical Leave Act and the California Family Rights Act, because it was on account of his "need to take medical leave to deal with his health condition." (See Compl. ¶¶ 85, 97.) Fiorentine further alleges that, during his employment, MSI violated FEHA by subjecting him to "near-daily harassment based on his age" (see Compl. ¶ 51), and by failing to provide a "reasonable accommodation," namely, a "leave of absence" to allow him to address his "medical issues" (see Compl. ¶ 73). By the instant motion, MSI contends Fiorentine's claims are, under the Federal Arbitration Act (“FAA”), subject to arbitration. The FAA provides as follows:
If any suit or proceeding be brought in any of the courts of the United States upon any issue referable to arbitration under an agreement in writing for such arbitration, the court in which such suit is pending, upon being satisfied that the issue involved in such suit or proceeding is referable to arbitration under such an agreement, shall on application of one of the parties stay the trial of the action until such arbitration has been had in accordance with the terms of the agreement, providing the applicant for the stay is not in default in proceeding with such arbitration. See 9 U.S.C. § 3. Under the FAA, a district court's role is to determine "if a valid arbitration agreement exists," and, "if so, whether the agreement encompasses the dispute at issue." See Davis v. Nordstrom, Inc., 755 F.3d 1089, 1092 (9th Cir. 2014). Here, MSI relies on the following language, contained in a document titled "Arbitration Agreement": Cavium, Inc. ("Cavium") and I agree that all disputes arising out of or in any way related to my employment with Cavium or the termination of my employment, including claims for breach of contract, defamation and other torts, discrimination, harassment, wrongful termination, wages or other compensation (including misclassification and overtime claims) or violation of federal, state or local statute and all related penalties, shall be resolved through final, binding arbitration, as provided below. Both Cavium and I expressly waive our right to a jury trial and to file such claims in court. Cavium and I waive the right to initiate, join, or participate claims for workers compensation, state or federal unemployment insurance, charges filed with administrative agencies such as the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission and U.S. Department of Labor, and claims that by law cannot be subject to mandatory arbitration.2 (See Peesapati Decl. Ex. A at 50.)3 The Arbitration Agreement, which provides it is "governed by the [FAA]," is denominated "Exhibit D" (see id.) to an "Employee Agreement" between Cavium, Inc. and Fiorentine (see id. Ex. A at 7). Fiorentine signed the Employee Agreement, as well as the attached Arbitration Agreement, on July 28, 2018. (See id. Ex. A at 13, 51). As each of Fiorentine's claims arises out of his employment or his termination, the Arbitration Agreement encompasses the dispute at issue. Fiorentine argues, however, (1) the Arbitration Agreement is not enforceable for the reason it was not signed by Cavium, Inc., his initial employer, (2) MSI, his subsequent employer, is not a party to the Arbitration Agreement or otherwise able to assert any rights thereunder, and (3) the Arbitration Agreement is unconscionable, and, consequently, invalid. The Court considers Fiorentine's arguments in turn. A. Lack of Employer's Signature The Arbitration Agreement, which, as noted, is an exhibit to the Employee Agreement, only has a space for the "Employee" to sign and print his/her name (see Peesapati Decl. Ex. A at 51), and, although the Employee Agreement includes a place for both the "Employee" and a "Cavium Representative" to sign, the Employee Agreement was not signed by a "Cavium Representative" (see Peesapati Decl. Ex. A at 13). According to Fiorentine, the lack of a signature by Cavium, Inc. "creates [a] lack of mutuality." (See Pl.'s Opp. at 17:17-18.)
2 The entirety of the above-quoted language is set forth in the Arbitration Agreement in capital letters. (See Peesapati Decl. Ex. A at 50.) 3 In citing to the Arbitration Agreement, as well as to all other exhibits offered by either party, the Court has used herein the page number affixed to the top of each page Under California law,4 however, "a writing memorializing an arbitration agreement need not by signed by both parties in order to be upheld as a binding arbitration agreement." Serafin v. Balco Properties Ltd., LLC, 235 Cal. App. 4th 165, 176 (2015). "[It is not the presence or absence of a signature on an agreement which is dispositive; it is the presence or absence of evidence of an agreement to arbitration which matters." Id. (emphases in original; internal quotation, alteration, and citation omitted). "Evidence confirming the existence of an agreement to arbitrate, despite an unsigned agreement, can be based, for example, on conduct from which one could imply either ratification or implied acceptance of such a provision." Id. (internal quotation and citation omitted). Here, MSI submits evidence, undisputed by Fiorentine, that, in July 2018, Marvell Technology Group Ltd. acquired Cavium, Inc. (see Walters Decl. ¶ 2), and that, as part of such acquisition, "Cavium Inc. employees were required to review and sign an employment agreement" (see Peesapati Decl. ¶ 4). The introductory paragraph of the Employee Agreement states that, "in exchange for your employment, and all compensation you receive and will receive from Cavium, Cavium asks you to accept the terms of this Employee Agreement" (see id. Ex. A at 7), one of which, as quoted earlier herein, is that both Cavium, Inc. and the employee, here, Fiorentine, will be required to arbitrate any dispute arising out of or related to the employment relationship or termination thereof (see id. Ex. A at 50). Courts have found similar evidence suffices to show an employer is a party to an Arbitration Agreement it did not sign. In Sweeney v. Tractor Supply Co., 390 F. Supp. 3d 1152 (N.D. Cal. 2019), for example, the district court held that an arbitration agreement signed only by the employee was not rendered invalid by the employer's lack of signature, where the evidence presented sufficiently "indicate[d] [the employer's] intent to be bound," in that the arbitration agreement was part of the "onboarding process" for new 4 For purposes of the FAA, "courts must apply ordinary state-law principles that govern the formation of contracts." See Wolsey, Ltd. v. Foodmaker, Inc., 144 F.3d 1205, employees, and the agreement "explicitly state[d] it applied to both [the employer] and its employees." See id. at 1158. Similarly, in Fuentes v. Empire Nissan, Inc., 90 Cal. App. 5th 919 (2023), review granted, August 9, 2023, S280256, the California Court of Appeal rejected the employee's argument that, where only the employee signed an arbitration agreement, there was "a lack of mutuality," concluding the employer "certainly assented to its own arbitration agreement," which it had "drafted and required [the employee] to sign" and was "trying to enforce." See id. at 933. Accordingly, in light of the above-cited authority, the Court finds the lack of Cavium, Inc.'s signature on the Employee Agreement and the attached Arbitration Agreement does not render the Arbitration Agreement invalid for lack of mutuality. B. Ability of MSI to Enforce Arbitration Agreement It is undisputed that, in September 2018, "Cavium, Inc. was converted into a limited liability corporation and renamed Cavium, LLC" (see Walters Decl. ¶ 2), and that, on January 1, 2019, MSI and Cavium, LLC entered into an "Asset Purchase Agreement," under which Cavium, LLC transferred to MSI its "right, title and interest in and to [its] Assets," which assets included Cavium, LLC's "rights arising under [its] Contracts"5 (see id. Ex. A at 5-6). Fiorentine first argues that Cavium, LLC, as opposed to Cavuim, Inc., was never a party to the Arbitration Agreement, and, consequently, the "Contracts" obtained by MSI by reason of the Asset Purchase Agreement do not include the Employee Agreement or the agreements attached thereto, such as the Arbitration Agreement. Under Delaware law,6 however, "[w]hen another entity" has been "converted to a limited liability company," the LLC "shall be deemed to be the same entity as the
5 The Asset Purchase Agreement defines "Contracts" as "all existing agreements, undertakings and contracts relating directly to or indirectly to the [b]usiness to which Seller [Cavium, LLC] is a party or becomes a party to and which have not been fully performed on the [date of the sale]." (See id. Ex. A at 6.) converting other entity and the conversion shall constitute a continuance of the existence of the converting other entity in the form of a domestic limited liability company." See Del. C. § 18-214(g). In particular, "all of the rights, privileges and powers of the other entity that has converted, and all property, real, personal and mixed . . . shall remain vested in the domestic limited liability company to which such other entity has converted." See Del. C. § 18-214(f). Consequently, the Employee Agreement and the attached Arbitration Agreement became, as a matter of law, the property of Cavium, LLC upon the conversion of Cavium, Inc. to Cavium, LLC. Fiorentine next cites a clause in the Arbitration Agreement providing that a "modification of or amendment to" the Employee Agreement must be "in writing signed by the party to be charged" (see Peesapati Decl. Ex. A at 11), and, in reliance thereon, asserts that Cavium, LLC never became a party to the Arbitration Agreement due to the lack of such writing. Although not clearly expressed, Fiorentine appears to argue that the above-quoted modification clause overrides the Delaware law cited above. Fiorentine fails to explain, however, how such interpretation of the Employee Agreement would be reasonable, particularly given that the agreement itself expressly provides said agreement "will be for the benefit of the Company, its successors, and its assigns." (See id. Ex. A at 12.)7 Likewise unavailing is Fiorentine's citation to the principle that, under California law, the "'language of a contract is to govern its interpretation, if the language is clear and explicit.'" See Duran v. EmployBridge Holding Co., 92 Cal. App. 5th 59, 66 (2023) (quoting California Civil Code § 1638). In reliance thereon, Fiorentine argues MSI, which entity Fiorentine alleges and MSI has not disputed "is a California corporation" (see Compl. ¶ 6), cannot enforce the Arbitration Agreement because MSI is not a named party thereto. Under California law, however, where an employer assumes the rights and 7 "Company" is defined in the Employee Agreement as "[t]he Marvell Technology Group Ltd. family of companies, including the subsidiary or affiliate with which you are obligations of a predecessor employer, the successor employer may enforce an arbitration agreement between the predecessor employer and the employee, at least where the arbitration agreement has not been "extinguished, rescinded, altered, or revised" and the employee "continue[s]" to work for the successor employer. See Marenco v. DirecTV LLC, 233 Cal. App. 4th 1409, 1420 (2015) (citing principle that "voluntary acceptance of the benefit of a transaction is equivalent to a consent to all the obligations arising from it, so far as the facts are known, or ought to be known, to the person accepting"). Here, Fiorentine, on August 18, 2018, was advised by MSI that, once it acquired Cavium LLC, it would become Fiorentine's "new employer," and that Fiorentine would "continue to be subject to" the Arbitration Agreement he previously signed. (See Peesapati Decl. ¶ 5, Ex. B at 64-65.) Fiorentine does not assert that, at any time, Cavium, Inc., Cavium, LLC, or MSI extinguished, rescinded, altered, or revised the Arbitration Agreement he signed on July 28, 2018. Further, after MSI's acquisition of Cavium, LLC, Fiorentine continued to work for MSI for several years. (See Compl. ¶¶ 12, 31 (alleging Fiorentine worked for MSI upon its acquisition of "Cavium" and continued to do so until his employment with MSI was terminated in January 2023).) Accordingly, MSI, although not a party to the Arbitration Agreement when it was signed by Fiorentine, has standing to enforce its terms. C. Unconscionability Lastly, as noted, Fiorentine argues the Arbitration Agreement is not valid on the ground it is unconscionable. "Under California law, courts may refuse to enforce any contract found to have been unconscionable at the time it was made, or may limit the application of any unconscionable clause." AT&T Mobility LLC v. Concepcion, 563 U.S. 333, 340 (2011) (internal quotation and citation omitted). "A finding of unconscionability requires a procedural and a substantive element, the former focusing on oppression or surprise due quotation and citation omitted). The two elements, however, "need not be present in the same degree; "the more substantively oppressive the contract term, the less evidence of procedural unconscionability is required to come to the conclusion that the term is unenforceable, and vice versa." See Armendariz v. Foundation Health Psychcare Services, Inc., 24 Cal. 4th 83, 114 (2000). 1. Procedural Unconscionability Procedural unconscionability is present where "a party has no meaningful opportunity to negotiate terms or the contract is presented on a take it or leave it basis." See Wherry v. Award, Inc., 192 Cal. App. 4th 1242, 1246 (2011). Here, Fiorentine has offered evidence, undisputed by MSI, that a Cavium, Inc. "manager," on July 26, 2018, told Fiorentine he "had to sign" some "documents," including the Arbitration Agreement, and that "they were 'due' by a certain time that day." (See Fiorentine Decl. ¶ 3.) Based on said comments, Fiorentine states he understood he "did not have the option of trying to negotiate them" and that he "would lose [his] job" if he did not sign them. (See id.) In light of such evidence, the Court finds the "procedural element of an unconscionable contract" is established. See Little v. Auto Stiegler, Inc., 29 Cal. 4th 1064, 1071 (2003) (holding "procedural element" established where employer "impose[s] on [employee] an adhesive arbitration agreement"; observing "few employees are in a position to refuse a job because of an arbitration requirement") (internal quotation and citation omitted).8 8 To the extent Fiorentine argues unconscionability is further shown by MSI's failure to provide him with a copy of the Asset Purchase Agreement at the time it was executed, the Court disagrees. Although Fiorentine asserts that, had MSI filed a lawsuit and he wanted to compel arbitration, he could not have done so without having said Agreement as evidence to show MSI succeeded to the contractual rights of his prior employer, it is undisputed that MSI advised him, shortly before MSI became his employer, that the terms of his employment with MSI would include the provisions of the Arbitration Agreement (see Peesapati Decl. Ex. B at 65), thereby indicating MSI likewise was bound thereby. Further, if MSI had filed a lawsuit and any question arose as to whether it was bound by the Arbitration Agreement, Fiorentine would have been entitled to obtain the Agreement in discovery. See, e.g., Knapke v. PeopleConnect, Inc., 38 F.4th 824, 832-33 (9th Cir. 2022) (holding, where factual dispute existed, district court erred in 2. Substantive Unconscionability: Fiorentine argues the Arbitration Agreement and a related agreement contain unconscionable terms. The Court considers these arguments in turn. a. Prohibition of "Representative" Actions Fiorentine argues the following provision in the Arbitration Agreement is, in part, unconscionable: "I waive the right to initiate, join, or participate in a class, collective or representative action." (See Peesapati Decl. Ex. A at 50.) Specifically, Fiorentine asserts, said provision is unconscionable to the extent it prohibits him from bringing a "representative" action under the Private Attorneys General Act ("PAGA"). As Fiorentine points out, the California Supreme Court has held prohibition of an employee's ability to bring a "representative action[ ]," when contained in an arbitration agreement, includes prohibition of such employee's ability to bring a PAGA action, see Iskanian v. CLS Transportation Los Angeles, LLC, 59 Cal. 4th 348, 378 (2014), and that, although an arbitration agreement requiring arbitration of "individual" PAGA claims is enforceable, "a prohibition of representative [i.e., non-individual] claims frustrates the PAGA's objectives," see Adolph v. Uber Technologies, Inc., 14 Cal. 5th 1104, 117-18 (2023) (internal quotation and citation omitted; internal parenthetical in original). As MSI points out, however, the Arbitration Agreement also provides that it "excludes" claims that "by law cannot be subject to mandatory arbitration" (see Peesapati Decl. Ex. A at 50), e.g., representative PAGA claims. Consequently, the Arbitration Agreement cannot reasonably be interpreted as prohibiting Fiorentine from filing in court a representative, i.e., non-individual, PAGA claim. Accordingly, the Court finds the Arbitration Agreement's prohibition of representative actions is, in light of the exception thereto, not unconscionable. b. MSI's Ability to File Court Action As noted, the Arbitration Agreement requires MSI and Fiorentine to pursue in arbitration "all disputes arising out of or in any way related to [Fiorentine's] employment" bilateral. Fiorentine argues, however, said provision is not bilateral when read in the light of a provision contained in a separate agreement. In that regard, Fiorentine relies on a provision in an agreement titled "Employee Confidentiality Information and Inventions Assignment Agreement" ("ECIIA"), signed by Fiorentine and an officer of Cavium, Inc. in 2009, which agreement requires Fiorentine to, inter alia, "hold in confidence" and "not disclose, use, lecture upon, or publish any of Company's9 [c]onfidential [i]nformation." (See Fiorentine Decl. Ex. A at 5.) The particular provision cited by Fiorentine provides, in a section titled "Governing Law and Venue," as follows: "I hereby expressly consent to the personal jurisdiction and venue in the state and federal courts for the county in which Company's principal place of business is located for any lawsuit filed there against me by Company arising from or related to this Agreement." (See id. Ex. A at 6, § 7.1 (hereinafter, "Venue Provision").) Fiorentine argues that, under said provision, MSI, as successor to Cavium, Inc., "reserv[es] for itself the right to sue [Fiorentine] in court for all claims under the ECIIA rather than agreeing to bring those claims in arbitration." (See Pl.s' Opp. at 18:19-21.) In determining whether Fiorentine's interpretation of the Venue Provision is reasonable, the Court first observes that when MSI advised Fiorentine it would become his employer "[o]n or near January 1, 2019," MSI stated the "terms of [his] employment" would include, inter alia, the terms set forth in "the previously signed Employee Agreement, which contains the . . . Arbitration Agreement," as well as the terms in the "ECIIA" he "signed at Cavium." (See Peesapati Decl. Ex. B at 65-66.) As the Arbitration Agreement and the ECIIA, along with other documents, constitute the terms of Fiorentine's employment with MSI, said writings must be interpreted "together," see Cal. Civ. Code § 1642 (providing "[s]everal contracts relating to the same matters, between the same parties, and made as parts of substantially one transaction, are to be taken
9 "Company" is defined in the ECIIA as "Cavium Networks." (See Fiorentine Decl. together"), and, consequently, any unconscionable terms in the ECIIA can be considered by the Court in determining whether the Arbitration Agreement is unenforceable, see, e.g., Alberto v. Cambrian Homecare, 91 Cal. App. 5th 482, 492-96 (2023) (affirming trial court's finding that, where arbitration agreement contained one unconscionable term and separate confidentiality agreement contained two unconscionable terms, "unconscionability permeated the arbitration agreement"). When interpreting "different contracts relating to the same matter between the same parties," courts, with an "awareness that federal and California law strongly favor" arbitration, "aim to make the parts into a consistent and sensible whole" and "search for a lawful and reasonable interpretation." See Fuentes, 90 Cal. App. 5th at 931. Here, in interpreting the two agreements together, the Court notes that, as discussed above, Cavium, Inc. and Fiorentine entered into the ECIIA in 2009, almost ten years before those parties entered into the Arbitration Agreement, and, under such circumstances, it is readily apparent that the terms of the ECIIA could not have been intended to supersede or alter the Arbitration Agreement. The Court next turns to the question of whether the Venue Provision nonetheless alters the bilateral quality of the Arbitration Agreement. Fiorentine alleges, and MSI has not disputed, that MSI's "principal place of business is in Santa Clara County, California." (See Compl. ¶ 9.) In light thereof, the Venue Provision requires Fiorentine to consent to personal jurisdiction and venue in a court in Santa Clara County, California, when a "lawsuit" alleging a violation of the ECIIA is brought in that county. The Arbitration Agreement, however, requires MSI to bring all claims arising from or related to Fiorentine's employment in an arbitral forum, which claims necessarily would include claims alleging violations of the ECIIA, as the provisions of the ECIIA constitute terms of Fiorentine's employment with MSI and claims for violations of the ECIIA are not included in the list of claims "exclude[d]" from arbitration. See Peesapati Decl. Ex. A at 50 (providing "claims for workers compensation, state or federal unemployment insurance, charges filed with administrative agencies . . . and circumstances, the Court interprets the Venue Provision as applying in only two limited situations. First, under California law, any party to an arbitration agreement may file a court action for the limited purpose of seeking "a provisional remedy in connection with an arbitrable controversy." See Cal. Code Civ. Proc. § 1281.8(b).10 Consequently, if MSI were to file such an action in Santa Clara County, based on an alleged violation of the ECIIA, the Venue Provision would apply and Fiorentine would be required to consent to personal jurisdiction and venue in such court for the limited purpose of a determination as to such request for a provisional remedy. The resolution of the actual merits of any such claim, however, would be resolved in arbitration as required by the Arbitration Agreement. Second, in the event MSI were to file a court action in Santa Clara County alleging a violation of the ECIIA and seeking relief beyond provisional remedies, and Fiorentine elected not to seek to compel arbitration, i.e., if neither party chose to rely on the Arbitration Agreement, the Venue Provision would apply, and Fiorentine would be required to consent to personal jurisdiction and venue in said court. In sum, the Court finds Fiorentine's interpretation of the Venue Provision is not reasonable, and, given said provision's narrow application, finds Fiorentine has not shown the Venue Provision is unconscionable. c. Entitlement to Injunction The ECIIA, in a section titled "Injunctive Relief," includes the following provision: "I acknowledge that, because my services are personal and unique and because I will have access to the [c]onfidential [i]nformation of [MSI], any breach of this Agreement by me would cause irreparable injury to [MSI] for which monetary damages would not be an
10 As used in § 1281.8, the term "provisional remedies" comprises four forms of relief: (1) "[a]ttachments and temporary protective orders," (2) "[w]rits of possession," (3) "[p]reliminary injunctions and temporary restraining orders," and (4) "[r]eceivers." See adequate remedy and, therefore, will entitle [MSI] to injunctive relief (including specific performance)." (See Fiorentine Decl. Ex. A at 7 (hereinafter, "Irreparable Injury Provision").) In other words, as to a claim by MSI for injunctive relief based on an alleged violation of the ECIIA, the section entitles MSI to an injunction without the need to offer any evidence, including evidence of irreparable injury, other than evidence of a breach. Courts to have considered whether such a provision in an arbitration agreement is unconscionable have found it is, and this Court agrees. See, e.g., Lange v. Monster Energy Co., 46 Cal. App. 5th 436, 451 (2020) (holding provision in arbitration agreement "granting [employer] predispute relief from having to establish all of the essential elements for the issuance of an injunction" unconscionable; finding "no legitimate commercial need" exists to support provision) (internal quotation and citation omitted); Alberto, 91 Cal. App. 5th at 492-93 (finding provision in arbitration agreement requiring employee "to agree in advance to the existence of irreparable injury" was "unconscionable"); Carmona v. Lincoln Millenium Car Wash, Inc., 226 Cal. App. 4th 74, 89 (2014) (holding "arbitration agreement lacks mutuality when it presumes harm to the [employers] in their confidentiality claims" and "does not state a reciprocal presumption of harm favoring employees in their claims"). Accordingly, the Court finds the Injunctive Relief Provision is unconscionable. d. Severance As the Arbitration Agreement is procedurally unconscionable to the extent it is mandatory and as it also contains one substantively unconscionable term, the Court next addresses whether the substantively unconscionable term is severable. See Concepcion, 563 U.S. at 339 (2011) (holding, "[u]nder California law," courts "may limit the application of any unconscionable clause”) (internal quotation and citation omitted); Cal. Civ. Code § 1670.5 (providing where court finds "contract or any clause of the contract to have been unconscionable at the time it was made[,] the court may refuse to enforce the contract, or it may enforce the remainder of the contract without the 1 Severance of an unconscionable term is not, however, appropriate where a court 2 "would have to, in effect, reform the contract" in order to preserve the rest of the 3 agreement or where the "central purpose of the contract is tainted with illegality." See 4 Armendariz, 24 Cal. 4th at 125; see also, e.g., Bridge Fund Capital Corp. v. Fastbucks 5 Eranchise Corp., 622 F.3d 996, 1006 (9th Cir. 2010) (applying California law; finding 6 arbitration agreement unenforceable where severance of "offending provisions would 7 have left almost nothing to the arbitration clause"). 8 Here, no reformation or rewriting is necessary, as severance of the Irreparable 9 Injury Provision will serve to maintain an otherwise valid agreement, the central purpose 10 of which is to resolve all employment-related claims by arbitration. See Armendariz, 24 11 Cal. 4th at 124 (noting "doctrine of severance attempts to conserve a contractual g 12 || relationship if to do so would not be condoning an illegal scheme"). The Court thus finds s 13 || severance of the challenged provision appropriate and, in its absence, finds the 14 Arbitration Agreement is not substantively unconscionable. 15 As noted above, a finding of unconscionability requires both "a procedural and a a 16 || substantive element." See Concepcion, 563 U.S. at 340. Consequently, the Arbitration g 17 || Agreement is not unenforceable on grounds of unconscionability. CONCLUSION 19 For the reasons stated above, the Court finds the Arbitration Agreement is 20 enforceable by MSI. 21 Accordingly, MSI's motion to compel arbitration is hereby GRANTED, and the 22 instant action is hereby STAYED pending completion of arbitration proceedings. 24 25 Dated: June 14, 2024 (rer Cate MAXINE M. CHESNEY 26 United States District Judge 27 28