MEMORANDUM OPINION
GEORGE S. WRIGHT, Bankruptcy Judge.
Two issues are before the Court: (1) The Court must determine whether the bankruptcy court has subject matter jurisdiction of the objection to discharge and the dis-chargeability complaint under Section 727 and 523(a)(2), (4), and (6)
of the Code respectively, and (2) the Court must also decide whether abstention under 28 U.S.C. Section 1334(c)(1) (1984) or 28 U.S.C. Section 1334(c)(2) (1984) would be appropriate or is required under the facts of this case.
STATEMENT OF THE CASE
1. On July 20, 1980, Charles Hamilton Lorren, Jr., the debtor-defendant, (hereinafter “Lorren”) entered into three agency agreements to sell life insurance with Fidelity Union Life Insurance Company, the plaintiff, (hereinafter called “Fidelity”).
2. Lorren resigned or was terminated by Fidelity on May 16, 1983.
3. Fidelity filed suit against Lorren in the 192nd District Court of Dallas County,
Texas (hereinafter the “Dallas Action”) to recover the overpayment of commissions. A proof of claim (Claim # 3) was filed on July 16, 1984 in Lorren’s later Chapter 7 petition for $63,048.40 for such overpayment.
4. On April 19, 1984, Lorren filed a Chapter 7 petition in the Northern District of Alabama.
5. On June 21, 1984 Lorren, individually
filed a suit in the Circuit Court of Jefferson County, Alabama (hereinafter the “Birmingham Action”) against Fidelity and four co-defendants under four counts: (1) Defamation, (2) Slander, (3) Right of privacy, and (4) Tort of outrage, based primarily on a letter written by Fidelity dated June 21, 1983 to policyholders, which had been sold by Lorren.
6. On July 16, 1984 Fidelity filed in this Court an objection to discharge and a dis-chargeability complaint based upon three separate theories: (1) Tortious interference of contract, (2) Misuse of trade secrets, and (3) Civil conspiracy. These objections are based upon the acts of Lorren after the termination of employment with Fidelity and reemployment with another insurance company for the alleged solicitation of pri- or policy holders of Fidelity and other actions by Lorren.
7. On July 16, 1984, Fidelity filed a proof of claim for the commission overpayment that was the subject matter of the Dallas Action.
8. On July 30, 1984, Lorren filed a Motion to Abate or in the alternative Motion to Remand which was later withdrawn.
9. On October 29, 1984, Lorren filed a Motion to Dismiss based primarily on the lack of subject matter jurisdiction.
10. On October 29, 1984, Lorren filed a Motion to Abstain based primarily on the pendency of the individually filed Birmingham Action, that the result of the continuation of these proceedings would be piecemeal litigation, and that the instant suit is based upon state law issues.
CONCLUSIONS OF LAW
I. SUBJECT MATTER JURISDICTION OF DISCHARGEABILITY
Regarding the jurisdiction of the bankruptcy courts, 3
Collier on Bankruptcy
523.05 (15th Ed. 1984) states:
The 1970 amendments to the Bankruptcy Act empowered the bankruptcy court to determine the dischargeability of particular debts, a type of jurisdiction not generally possessed theretofore. The provision in Bankruptcy Act section 17c granting such jurisdiction has been deleted from the Code in view of the comprehensive grant of jurisdiction prescribed in 28 U.S.C. Section 1471(b) which is adequate to cover the full jurisdiction that the bankruptcy courts had under the Bankruptcy Act over dischargeability and related issues under section 17c of the Act.
On June 28, 1982, the Supreme Court declared in a plurality opinion that the broad grant of jurisdiction to the Article I Bankruptcy Courts was unconstitutional.
Northern Pipeline Const. Co. v. Marathon Pipe Line Co.,
458 U.S. 50, 102 S.Ct. 2858, 73 L.Ed.2d 598 (1982).
On December 22,1982, the Northern District of Alabama adopted the so-called Emergency or Model Rule
as a local rule,
which provides that a Bankruptcy Judge may not enter a final judgment in “related proceedings”. Emergency Rule (d)(3)(B) (December 22,1982). Rule (d)(3)(A) defined “related proceedings” as follows:
(d) Powers of Bankruptcy Judges
(3)(A) Related proceedings are those civil proceedings that, in the absence of a petition in bankruptcy, could have been brought in a district court or a state court. Related proceedings include but are not limited to claims brought by the estate against parties who have not filed claims against the estate. Related proceedings do not include: ... proceedings to determine dischargeability of particular debts; proceedings to object to the discharge....
Emergency Rule (d)(3)(A) (December 22, 1982).
On July 10, 1984, the Bankruptcy Amendments and Federal Judgeship Act of 1984 (hereinafter the “1984 Amendment”) adopted new jurisdictional organization, which re-adopted the provisions of 28 U.S.C. Section 1471(a) and (b) (1978) as 28 U.S.C. Section 1334(a) and (b) (1984). However, the District Court continued to have jurisdiction, but the
automatic
referral to the Bankruptcy Court by District Court contained in Section 1471(c) of the 1978 law was eliminated and a
permissive
referral was adopted in 28 U.S.C. Section 157(a) (1984). The bankruptcy judges constitute a “unit of the district court to be known as the bankruptcy court”, 28 U.S.C. Section 151 (1984) as opposed to “an adjunct to the district court”. 28 U.S.C. Section 151 (1978). Section 104(a) of the 1984 Amendment labeled “Chapter 6 — Bankruptcy Judges” clearly defines and distinguishes when the 1984 amendments are referring to “bankruptcy judges” and “district judges”, whereas Section 101(a) of the 1984 Amendment readopted with minor modifications its predecessors and substituted “District” for “Bankruptcy” wherever it appeared.
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MEMORANDUM OPINION
GEORGE S. WRIGHT, Bankruptcy Judge.
Two issues are before the Court: (1) The Court must determine whether the bankruptcy court has subject matter jurisdiction of the objection to discharge and the dis-chargeability complaint under Section 727 and 523(a)(2), (4), and (6)
of the Code respectively, and (2) the Court must also decide whether abstention under 28 U.S.C. Section 1334(c)(1) (1984) or 28 U.S.C. Section 1334(c)(2) (1984) would be appropriate or is required under the facts of this case.
STATEMENT OF THE CASE
1. On July 20, 1980, Charles Hamilton Lorren, Jr., the debtor-defendant, (hereinafter “Lorren”) entered into three agency agreements to sell life insurance with Fidelity Union Life Insurance Company, the plaintiff, (hereinafter called “Fidelity”).
2. Lorren resigned or was terminated by Fidelity on May 16, 1983.
3. Fidelity filed suit against Lorren in the 192nd District Court of Dallas County,
Texas (hereinafter the “Dallas Action”) to recover the overpayment of commissions. A proof of claim (Claim # 3) was filed on July 16, 1984 in Lorren’s later Chapter 7 petition for $63,048.40 for such overpayment.
4. On April 19, 1984, Lorren filed a Chapter 7 petition in the Northern District of Alabama.
5. On June 21, 1984 Lorren, individually
filed a suit in the Circuit Court of Jefferson County, Alabama (hereinafter the “Birmingham Action”) against Fidelity and four co-defendants under four counts: (1) Defamation, (2) Slander, (3) Right of privacy, and (4) Tort of outrage, based primarily on a letter written by Fidelity dated June 21, 1983 to policyholders, which had been sold by Lorren.
6. On July 16, 1984 Fidelity filed in this Court an objection to discharge and a dis-chargeability complaint based upon three separate theories: (1) Tortious interference of contract, (2) Misuse of trade secrets, and (3) Civil conspiracy. These objections are based upon the acts of Lorren after the termination of employment with Fidelity and reemployment with another insurance company for the alleged solicitation of pri- or policy holders of Fidelity and other actions by Lorren.
7. On July 16, 1984, Fidelity filed a proof of claim for the commission overpayment that was the subject matter of the Dallas Action.
8. On July 30, 1984, Lorren filed a Motion to Abate or in the alternative Motion to Remand which was later withdrawn.
9. On October 29, 1984, Lorren filed a Motion to Dismiss based primarily on the lack of subject matter jurisdiction.
10. On October 29, 1984, Lorren filed a Motion to Abstain based primarily on the pendency of the individually filed Birmingham Action, that the result of the continuation of these proceedings would be piecemeal litigation, and that the instant suit is based upon state law issues.
CONCLUSIONS OF LAW
I. SUBJECT MATTER JURISDICTION OF DISCHARGEABILITY
Regarding the jurisdiction of the bankruptcy courts, 3
Collier on Bankruptcy
523.05 (15th Ed. 1984) states:
The 1970 amendments to the Bankruptcy Act empowered the bankruptcy court to determine the dischargeability of particular debts, a type of jurisdiction not generally possessed theretofore. The provision in Bankruptcy Act section 17c granting such jurisdiction has been deleted from the Code in view of the comprehensive grant of jurisdiction prescribed in 28 U.S.C. Section 1471(b) which is adequate to cover the full jurisdiction that the bankruptcy courts had under the Bankruptcy Act over dischargeability and related issues under section 17c of the Act.
On June 28, 1982, the Supreme Court declared in a plurality opinion that the broad grant of jurisdiction to the Article I Bankruptcy Courts was unconstitutional.
Northern Pipeline Const. Co. v. Marathon Pipe Line Co.,
458 U.S. 50, 102 S.Ct. 2858, 73 L.Ed.2d 598 (1982).
On December 22,1982, the Northern District of Alabama adopted the so-called Emergency or Model Rule
as a local rule,
which provides that a Bankruptcy Judge may not enter a final judgment in “related proceedings”. Emergency Rule (d)(3)(B) (December 22,1982). Rule (d)(3)(A) defined “related proceedings” as follows:
(d) Powers of Bankruptcy Judges
(3)(A) Related proceedings are those civil proceedings that, in the absence of a petition in bankruptcy, could have been brought in a district court or a state court. Related proceedings include but are not limited to claims brought by the estate against parties who have not filed claims against the estate. Related proceedings do not include: ... proceedings to determine dischargeability of particular debts; proceedings to object to the discharge....
Emergency Rule (d)(3)(A) (December 22, 1982).
On July 10, 1984, the Bankruptcy Amendments and Federal Judgeship Act of 1984 (hereinafter the “1984 Amendment”) adopted new jurisdictional organization, which re-adopted the provisions of 28 U.S.C. Section 1471(a) and (b) (1978) as 28 U.S.C. Section 1334(a) and (b) (1984). However, the District Court continued to have jurisdiction, but the
automatic
referral to the Bankruptcy Court by District Court contained in Section 1471(c) of the 1978 law was eliminated and a
permissive
referral was adopted in 28 U.S.C. Section 157(a) (1984). The bankruptcy judges constitute a “unit of the district court to be known as the bankruptcy court”, 28 U.S.C. Section 151 (1984) as opposed to “an adjunct to the district court”. 28 U.S.C. Section 151 (1978). Section 104(a) of the 1984 Amendment labeled “Chapter 6 — Bankruptcy Judges” clearly defines and distinguishes when the 1984 amendments are referring to “bankruptcy judges” and “district judges”, whereas Section 101(a) of the 1984 Amendment readopted with minor modifications its predecessors and substituted “District” for “Bankruptcy” wherever it appeared. The net effect is to make ambiguous and unclear whether the reference in Section 101(a) of the 1984 Amendment is to the “district courts” or to “bankruptcy judges as a unit
of the district court.” 28 U.S.C. Sections 151-158 (1984). This court concludes that the reference to the “district courts” throughout Section 101(a) of the Amendments, 28 U.S.C. Section 1334(a) and (b) (1984), must mean both the “district courts” and the “bankruptcy judges as unit of the district court,” otherwise, Congress would have failed to vest the bankruptcy judges with any jurisdiction over cases and proceedings under title 11. The following chart
illustrates the jurisdictional and venue aspects of the 1984 Amendments:
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" width="1631"/>
Section 157(b)(2) of the recently amended Title 28 defines “core proceedings” to “include, but are not limited to—
(1) determinations as to the discharge-ability of particular debts;
(J) objections to discharge. 28 U.S.C. Section 157(b)(2)(I), (J) (1984).”
Professor Daniel R. Cowans, former Bankruptcy Judge and current Member of the National Bankruptcy Conference, discussed the new amendments in a recent article. Professor Cowans stated the following regarding 28 U.S.C. Section 157(b)(2)(I) and (J) (1978):
“(I) Determinations as to the discharge-ability of particular debts;”
After a long struggle, bankruptcy courts in 1970 were permitted to determine dischargeability of debts. In light of the relatively recent authorization, it could be argued that such determinations are not inherently a part of what bankruptcy court does. Congressional inclusion in core proceedings seems to be an adequate reply.
“(J) Objections to discharges;”
This has long been regarded as a matter for determination by the bankruptcy court. It might be regarded as the stereotypical core proceeding.
Cowans,
The Bankruptcy Court and Its Jurisdiction,
42 B.R. No. 2 (Nov. 13, 1984 Advance Sheet Yellow Sheets p. 17.)
Applying the foregoing to the instant case, the Court concludes that the “Bankruptcy Judge as a unit of the District Court” has subject matter jurisdiction, and the Motion to Dismiss is due to be overruled.
See In re Alabama Fuel Sales, Co.,
44 B.R. 551 (B.C.N.D.Ala.1984) (Bankruptcy Court upheld subject matter jurisdiction of bankruptcy court to approve sale of leasehold as an asset of the estate). The District Court has permissively referred this matter to this Bankruptcy Judge under new Section 157(a) and the locally adopted Emergency Rule
. The Bankruptcy Judge in such a referred case may, therefore,
hear and determine
the dischargeability issues under Section 157(b)(1) including the issue of liability and amount
.
II. ABSTENTION UNDER SECTION 1334(c)(1) and SECTION 1334(c)(2)
New Section 1334(c)(2) (1984) providing for
mandatory
abstention is made inapplicable to cases pending on July 10, 1984 by Section 122(b), 1984 Amendments PL. 98-353 (July 10, 1984). (The instant case was filed on April 19, 1984).
New Section 1334(c)(1) is a
permissive
abstention provision, which provides:
Nothing is this section prevents a district court in the interest of justice, or in the interest of comity with State courts or respect for State law, from abstaining from hearing a particular proceeding arising under title 11 or arising in or related to a case under title 11.
28 U.S.C. Section 1334(c)(1) (1984). The power to abstain should be exercised sparingly and cautiously.
Thompson v. Magnolia Petroleum Co.,
309 U.S. 478, 60 St.Ct. 628, 84 L.Ed. 876, (1940) (unresolved state law);
Colorado River Water Conservation District v. U.S.,
424 U.S. 800, 813, 96 S.Ct. 1236, 47 L.Ed.2d 483, (1976);
In re Lifeguard Indus., Inc.
26 B.R. 858, 860 (Bktcy.S.D.Ohio 1983);
In re LaFayette Radio Electronics Corp.,
8 B.R. 973, 976 (Bktcy.E.D.N.Y.1981).
The Court in the exercise of its discretion concludes that
permissive
abstention under 28 U.S.C. Section 1334(c)(1)
(1984) is also improper for several reasons. There is no pending proceeding that can determine the dischargeability issues including liability and amount. The present Birmingham action is for defamation, slander, right of privacy and tort of outrage against Fidelity and four co-defendants. Fidelity’s bankruptcy cause of action would not be a compulsory counterclaim in the Birmingham action since the subject matter of the objection to discharge and complaint to determine dischargeability does not arise out of the transaction or occurrence that is the subject matter of the Birmingham action.
Cf.
F.R.C.P. Rule 13(a). Further, the Birmingham action would be for the benefit of the trustee in bankruptcy of the estate of Lorren under Sec. 541(a).
See Matter of Smith,
640 F.2d 888, 892 (7th Cir.1981); 11 U.S.C. Sec. 704(1) (1978);
Cf. Lausier v. Goodwin,
7 B.R. 476, 478 (Bktcy.D.Maine 1980) (right of rescission). Whereas, the dischargeability bankruptcy action would be for the benefit of Fidelity and would survive bankruptcy and be against Lorren individually and would be payable out of Lorren’s post-petition earnings and assets. Further, this Court was the first court to exercise its jurisdiction inasmuch as the Birmingham action was filed post-petition by Lorren.
CONCLUSION
The Court finds that: (1) it has subject matter jurisdiction over this proceeding pursuant to 28 U.S.C. Sections 1334(a), (b) (1984) and 28 U.S.C. Sections 157(a), (b) (1984) and (2) declines to abstain under Section 1334(c)(1) and (c)(2) as amended effective July 10, 1984. A separate order will be entered consistent with this opinion.