Fidelity Etc. Co. v. Loughlin

21 A. 163, 139 Pa. 612, 1891 Pa. LEXIS 1029

• Court: Supreme Court of Pennsylvania
• Decided: February 2, 1891
• Docket: Nos. 171-175
• Status: Published

Opinion

OPINION,

Mb. Justice Mitchell :

The question raised in these cases is the extent of the taxation imposed by the act of June 1, 1889, P. L. 420, upon mortgages, etc., owned by corporations. The subject being one of public importance and urgency, the counsel for the commonwealth filed demurrers to the complainants’ bills, and all parties have united in waiving subordinate and collateral matters, and asking us to determine the cases upon the main question.

The first section of the act fixes the subjects of taxation, to wit, all mortgages, moneys due, accounts bearing interest, public and corporate loans and stocks, etc., owned, held, or possessed by any person, copartnership, joint-stock company, limited partnership, bank, or corporation whatsoever, liable to taxation within this commonwealth. This section follows substantially the language of § 17 of the act of June 7,1879, P. L. 112, re-enacted as § 1 of the act of June 30, 1885, P. L. 193, but with some important additions, among which is the one with which we are now concerned, that of “ any joint-stock company or association, limited partnership, bank, or corporation whatsoever,” in the enumeration of taxable owners. The previous acts of 1879 and 1885 had not contained these words, and, as they had adhered to the phraseology of prior statutes, with long-settled judicial construction, they were necessarily held not to include mortgages, etc., belonging to corporations: Fox’s App., 112 Pa. 337; Loughlin’s App., 19 W. N. 517; Trust Co. v. Loughlin, 17 Phila. 123. The act of 1885 was a supplement (as the intermediate act of June 10, 1881, P. L. 99, had been) to the act of 1879; and the latter was a new and elaborate statute “ to pi’ovide revenue by taxation,” and was intended to supply to a large extent previous acts, and be the starting point of a new system. But, as corporations were not included among taxable owners under the section quoted, and as there were not only corporations, limited partnerships, etc., which had no capital stock, but also others which might have mortgages, etc., not properly part of their capital stock, but investments of surplus or reserve funds, etc., it became apparent that there were some corporations, and some assets of others, which would not be reached by the capital-stock tax under other sections to be noticed hereafter, and which would therefore escape taxation under the acts altogether. It was partly, if not principally, to remedy this omission, that the act of 1889 seems to have been passed. Sections 2 to 18, inclusive, relate chiefly to the machinery of collection, and have no special relevancy to corporations, though they expressly include corporations in their terms and provisions throughout, and no question of the liability of mortgages held by corporations, to taxation under § 1, could be raised on these parts of the act. The sections immediately following relate expressly and exclusively to corporations. Sections 19 and 20 provide for the registration of corporations, limited partnerships, etc., in the auditor general’s office, before going into operation, and for specific and detailed returns of amount of capital, number of shares, value, dividends, earnings, price, etc., to be made annually to the auditor general. These sections are substantially re-enactments and expansions of §§ 1 and 2 of the act of 1879, and are clearly preparatory to the next section, which imposes a tax upon the capital stock of corporations. This section, § 21 is a reenactment of § 4 of the act of 1879. It provides for a tax of a half mill upon the capital stock for each one per cent of dividend declared annually, if such dividends amount to six per cent or more ; and if no dividend or less than six per cent be declared, then the tax is to be three mills upon each dollar of the value of the capital stock, as ascertained by the method directed in the preceding section.

The uniformity of the tax thus laid by §§ 1 and 21, and its consequent validity, have been settled in Fox’s Appeal, supra. It is a tax of three mills on the actual value of the property. In the case of a mortgage held by an individual, the act assumes that it is not part of his business, but of his accumulated, income-producing estate; that its income is certain, and it is therefore worth its nominal amount; and hence the tax is fixed at three mills. In the case, however, of corporations, limited partnerships, etc., the mortgages are only part of capital stock engaged in business, which may be of variable profit and therefore produce an uncertain income. The act assumes that if it produces six or more per cent dividends, the capital is worth par or over, and therefore measures its actual value by its rate of declared or earned profits; while, if it produces less than six per cent, a careful system of valuation or appraisement is provided in § 20. The object aimed at is a uniform tax on the actual value, and the different methods of estimating such value, in regard to property which, though of the same kind, is thus differently situated, are, unless manifestly a mere cover for want of uniformity, within the province of the legislature to determine.

The legislature having thus adopted for re-enactment the scheme of the act of 1879 for determining the value of corporation assets, but having written into the list of taxable owners, in the first section, corporations, which had been excluded from the corresponding section of that act, it became apparent that the two sections would produce double taxation on the mortgages, etc., which were taxed eo nomine in § 1, and as part of the capital stock in § 21. To prevent this, they added the proviso to § 21, that corporations, limited partnerships, etc., “ liable to tax on capital stock under this section, shall not be required to pay any further tax on the mortgages, bonds, and other securities belonging to them, and constituting any portion of their assets included within the appraised value of their capital stock.” It is this proviso, especially the phrase, appraised value, which makes the principal difficulty in the present ■question.

Three constructions are suggested: First, by appellants, that the tax plainly imposed by § 1 is not interfered with, but is to be imposed under all circumstances, and then the mortgages, etc., so taxed shall not be subject to any “ further ” or additional tax under § 21; or, in other words, that corporations with capital stock shall not be subject to the tax imposed by § 21 on that portion of their capital stock invested in mortgages, etc., already taxed under § 1. The objection to this construction is that it requires the violent distortion of the arrangement and meaning of the language of the proviso. What is actually said is that “ corporations liable to tax on capital stock under this section shall not be required to pay any further,” i. e., other, tax, etc. To transpose, as appellant asks u’s to do, the words “ under this section,” so as to read, “ shall not be required to pay any further tax under this section,” is not only to make a change without warrant, but one subversive of the plain meaning of the language used. The tax under this section is plainly to be first laid, and the exemption is from any further, i. e., other tax under other sections.

A second construction, also urged by appellants, is that “ appraised value ” means taxable value as ascertained by the dividends paid, taking six per cent to indicate par, and each additional per cent a proportionate increase, so that twelve per cent would indicate twice par. To illustrate: If a corporation having a nominal capital stock of two millions pays dividends of twelve per cent, the appraised or taxable value must be assumed to be four millions, and then if the actual assets are five millions the extra million must pay the three-mill tax under § 1. Upon this view an elaborate scheme is developed which does so far carry out the purpose of the act that it imposes a uniform three-mill tax upon all the mortgages, etc., of corporations, without apparently doubling taxation, except in cases where the percentage' of dividends does not indicate correctly the actual value of the capital stock. But just here is the insuperable objection to it, that it arbitrarily assumes that twelve per cent, for example, represents twice par, and upon this assumption it builds up a highly complicated and artificial scheme which is without substantial foundation in the act. The section aims at actual value, and it establishes the dividends as the measure of such value, upon the basis that in ordinary times and on the average that will produce a fair result. In an exceptionally prosperous year, the dividends may indicate a value larger than the true one, while, in a less profitable year, only the same dividends may be declared upon a much larger actual value. The act charges a uniform rate in both years, upon the basis, as already said, that the average result will be approximately.correct. The appellants’ present contention would charge the full high rate in the first case, and the full rate with the additional three mills in the second. Whether or not this mode would in the end secure with more certainty to the commonwealth its three mills on all taxable property, we are not at liberty to adopt it, in the face of the objection that it is not the mode established by the act.

The third construction, presented by the appellees, is that the tax imposed by § 21 is not cumulative, but in substitution for that of § 1, and that only such of their mortgages, etc., are taxable under the latter as are not included in their capital stock taxed under the former. The principal objection to this construction is that it seems to some extent to run counter to the main purpose of the act as already indicated, to reach for taxation property of the enumerated kinds in the hands of corporations. But, while this general intent of the act is clear, the intent of the proviso is equally clear to prevent double taxation under §§ 1 and 21. All provisos conflict at least in form with the rest of the acts to which they belong. They are meant to exclude something which would otherwise be included, or vice versa. The exclusion may be in matter of substance, as, where the thing excluded belongs properly to the class described, but for other reasons is to be excluded; or, it may be in matter of form only, as where the thing excluded does not really belong to the class, but is apparently within the words of the description. But, though conflicting in form, the act and its proviso need not be repugnant or inconsistent in substance, and notwithstanding some obscurity in the form of expression, we do not think there is any necessary inconsistency here. Double taxation is never to be implied unless the implication is unavoidable. Here double taxation is not only not unavoidably implied, but is clearly intended to be prevented. This is indicated to some extent by the exception in § 1 of “ shares of stock in any corporation or limited partnership liable to the capital-stock tax imposed by the twenty-first section,” etc., and it is the manifest purpose of the proviso to § 21 itself. The phrase used is, “ constituting any portion of their assets included within the appraised value of their capital stock.” It is apparent that something more is meant than the capital stock, strictly so called. As to corporations not paying dividends of six or more per cent a most careful mode of appraisement is provided for by § 20, and as to such corporations there is no difficulty. Their case is literally covered by the words of the proviso. Any mortgages, etc., which are not included in such appraisement, if such there should be, are clearly taxable under the first section, but no others. But as to corporations paying six or more per cent, there is also a sense in which the words, appraised value, may' be applied.

The system of measuring value by dividends, as is done by § 21, is an arbitrary one, and, as already shown, may not in every year represent the actual value with entire accuracy, And this is likely to be especially the case as to mortgages, which are taxed as part of the dividend-paying capital at the rate of the aggregate profit. They may be the least profitable part of the capital. Indeed, it is common knowledge that at the date of the act, and now, no corporation can make six per cent profits on its mortgages alone. As to mortgages, therefore, the valuation by stock dividends is especially, an arbitrary and artificial one. And, besides dividends declared, and therefore properly so called, the section directs that any profits made and added to a sinking fund shall, for the purposes of the act be treated as dividends, and shall subject the capital stock to taxation as such. While, therefore, the phrase, appraised valueg was no doubt suggested by the provisions of § 20, as to which it is the exactly appropriate term, yet it is fairly applicable also to the value of the capital stock of corporations paying six per cent dividends, as assumed or estimated by the mode prescribed in § 21. So read, the proviso applies to all mortgages of corporations, of either class, included in the valuation of the stock prescribed by either § 20 or § 21, and so read it carries out its plain intent of preventing double taxation. Under what circumstances there may be any mortgages not so included in the appraised value, we need not now inquire. If there should at any time be any such, they will be taxable under § 1, but the returns are that there were none such in the present cases, and the truth of the returns is admitted bjr the demurrer. It is to be recollected, also, that the section applies not only to corporations but to joint stock associations and limited partnerships, and that language' had to be used which would include them all.

We conclude, therefore, on examination of both sections, that the intent of the act was to tax all mortgages three mills on the dollar, but not to tax any of them twice. As to individuals, the tax is levied by § 1 directly on the mortgages at their face value; but, as to such mortgages as are included in the capital stock of corporations, the three mills are levied, not directly on the mortgages themselves, but, under § 21, on their value as part of the stock as estimated by the profits earned; while mortgages belonging to corporations, but not included in such estimated or appraised value, if any such there should be,- are taxable directly under § 1, like mortgages in the hands of individuals.

In one of the present cases, no return was made to the assessors, the corporation claiming that none was necessary, as it had paid more than six per cent in dividends, and was therefore taxable only on its dividends, under § 21. The failure to make return was not material in this instance, as the return asked was for the year 1889, and the corporation had, previously to the passage of the act of 1889, paid the six-mill tax imposed by § 3 of the act of 1885, and was therefore, under the terms of that act, exempt from any further tax for that year. But the reason assigned for the refusal to make the return is not tenable. The act of 1889, in § 2, requires a sworn return from every taxable, individual or corporate. It is therefore the duty of all corporations, no matter under which section they are taxable, to make the return to the assessors called for by § 2, in addition to the return made to the auditor general under § 20. Such returns are for the information of the assessors, and are necessary to enable them to see that the proper tax is assessed, and to perform their own duties towards that result. In the present cases, as already said, no question arises on the returns, as their correctness is admitted by the pleadings.

The decrees in these cases are affirmed, and the appeals dismissed, with costs.