ALARCON, Circuit Judge:
The Trastees of the California State Universities and Colleges (Trastees) appeal from the decision of the district court awarding Catherine Felton (Felton) back pay, seniority, benefits and costs of her Title VII action. The Trustees also appeal the district court’s order of dismissal of their counterclaim. The Trustees seek a declaration that Felton received a tenured position as the result of an arbitrator’s decision which, it is alleged; is in violation of the fourteenth amendment of the federal constitution.
I.
Felton presented evidence to the district court that she was a woman, that she applied for the position of assistant professor of meteorology at San Francisco State for which she possessed the minimum qualifications, and that the Trustees selected a man.
The district court correctly concluded that this proof met the requirements of a prima facie case of unlawful discrimination suggested in McDonnell Douglas Corp. v. Green, 411 U.S. 792, 802, 93 S.Ct. 1817, 1824, 36 L.Ed.2d 668 (1973) and Texas Department of Community Affairs v. Burdine, 450 U.S. 248, 253 n. 6, 101 S.Ct. 1089, 1094 n. 6, 67 L.Ed.2d 207 (1981).
II.
The term “prima facie case” as used in a Title VII context denotes the establishment of a legally mandatory, rebuttable presumption. Burdine, 450 U.S. at 254 n. 7, 101 S.Ct. at 1094 n. 7.
To rebut the presumption of unlawful discrimination as the reason for Felton’s rejection, the Trustees presented the following evidence as to the reasons which moved them to select a man:
1. Dr. Monteverdi, the man selected for the position, had received a Ph.D. Felton was the only applicant considered for the position who did not have a doctorate.
2. Dr. Monteverdi demonstrated superi- or research ability. He had published four or five excellent papers, at least one of which had appeared in a professional journal. Felton did not have a good publication record. She had not published since 1966.
3. Dr. Monteverdi had received a fine recommendation from the university which awarded him his Ph.D. Felton did not present a letter of recommendation from the University of California where she was a doctoral candidate at the time of the selection.
4. Dr. Monteverdi had prepared extensive and impressive lab teaching manuals for his students in the geology department at the University of California at Berkeley.
III.
The district court concluded that “[djefendant’s burden of proof in attempting to rebut plaintiff’s prima facie case is to prove, by clear and convincing evidence, that even in the absence of the discrimination she would not have been hired for the position.” This is not an accurate statement of the law. The burden placed on an employer when faced with proof of a prima facie case of unlawful discrimination under the disparate treatment theory of proof has been described by the Supreme Court in Burdine in the following language:
The burden that shifts to the defendant, therefore, is to rebut the presumption of discrimination by producing evidence that the plaintiff was rejected, or someone else was preferred, for a legitimate, nondiscriminatory reason. The defendant need not persuade the court that it was actually motivated by the proffered reasons. See [Board of Trustees of Keene State College v. Sweeney, 439 U.S. 24, 25, 99 S.Ct. 295, 295-96, 58 L.Ed.2d 216 (1978)]. It is sufficient if the defendant’s evidence raises a genuine issue of fact as to whether it discriminated against the plaintiff. To accomplish this, the defendant must clearly set forth, through the introduction of admissible evidence, the reasons for the plaintiff’s rejection. The explanation provided must be legally sufficient to justify a judgment for the defendant. If the defendant carries this burden of production, [1509]*1509the presumption raised by the prima facie case is rebutted, and the factual inquiry proceeds to a new level of specificity. Placing this burden of production on the defendant thus serves simultaneously to meet the plaintiff’s prima facie case by presenting a legitimate reason for the action and to frame the factual issue with sufficient clarity so that the plaintiff will have a full and fair opportunity to demonstrate pretext. The sufficiency of the defendant’s evidence should be evaluated by the extent to which it fulfills these functions.
The plaintiff retains the burden of persuasion. She now must have the opportunity to demonstrate that the proffered reason was not the true reason for the employment decision. This burden now merges with the ultimate burden of persuading the court that she has been the victim of intentional discrimination. She may succeed in this either directly by persuading the court that a discriminatory reason more likely motivated the employer or indirectly by showing that the employer’s proffered explanation is unworthy of credence. See McDonnell Douglas, 411 U.S., at 804-805 [93 S.Ct., at 1825-1826].
450 U.S. at 254-56, 101 S.Ct. at 1094-95 (footnotes omitted).
In the matter before us, the Trustees produced ample admissible evidence that Dr. Monteverdi was preferred for legitimate, nondiscriminatory reasons. Once an employer has carried this burden the plaintiff must “prove by a preponderance of the evidence that the legitimate reasons offered by the defendant were not its true reasons, but were a pretext for discrimination.” Id at 253, 101 S.Ct. at 1093.
The district court, in erroneously allocating the burden of persuasion by clear and convincing evidence to the Trustees to rebut Felton’s prima facie case, relied upon this court’s decision in League of United Latin American Citizens (LULAC), Monte-rey Chapter 2055 v. City of Salinas Fire Department, 654 F.2d 557 (9th Cir.1981). This reliance was misplaced. The LULAC case is not concerned with the type or quantum of evidence which must be produced by an employer to rebut a presumption of unlawful discrimination.
In the LULAC case, this court recognized that Burdine teaches us that the burden of persuading the trier of fact that the defendant intentionally discriminated remains at all times with the plaintiff. We said in LULAC, however, that once the plaintiff has met this burden by a preponderance of the evidence, the plaintiff is entitled to the remedies of retroactive appointment and back pay unless the employer shows by clear and convincing evidence that the “proven discrimination did not cause a plaintiff’s rejection.” Id. at 559. See also Muntin v. State of California Parks and Recreation Department, 671 F.2d 360, 363 (9th Cir.1982) (same). Under such circumstances, the employee must show “that even in the absence of discrimination the rejected applicant would not have been selected for the open position.” Marotta v. Usery,
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ALARCON, Circuit Judge:
The Trastees of the California State Universities and Colleges (Trastees) appeal from the decision of the district court awarding Catherine Felton (Felton) back pay, seniority, benefits and costs of her Title VII action. The Trustees also appeal the district court’s order of dismissal of their counterclaim. The Trustees seek a declaration that Felton received a tenured position as the result of an arbitrator’s decision which, it is alleged; is in violation of the fourteenth amendment of the federal constitution.
I.
Felton presented evidence to the district court that she was a woman, that she applied for the position of assistant professor of meteorology at San Francisco State for which she possessed the minimum qualifications, and that the Trustees selected a man.
The district court correctly concluded that this proof met the requirements of a prima facie case of unlawful discrimination suggested in McDonnell Douglas Corp. v. Green, 411 U.S. 792, 802, 93 S.Ct. 1817, 1824, 36 L.Ed.2d 668 (1973) and Texas Department of Community Affairs v. Burdine, 450 U.S. 248, 253 n. 6, 101 S.Ct. 1089, 1094 n. 6, 67 L.Ed.2d 207 (1981).
II.
The term “prima facie case” as used in a Title VII context denotes the establishment of a legally mandatory, rebuttable presumption. Burdine, 450 U.S. at 254 n. 7, 101 S.Ct. at 1094 n. 7.
To rebut the presumption of unlawful discrimination as the reason for Felton’s rejection, the Trustees presented the following evidence as to the reasons which moved them to select a man:
1. Dr. Monteverdi, the man selected for the position, had received a Ph.D. Felton was the only applicant considered for the position who did not have a doctorate.
2. Dr. Monteverdi demonstrated superi- or research ability. He had published four or five excellent papers, at least one of which had appeared in a professional journal. Felton did not have a good publication record. She had not published since 1966.
3. Dr. Monteverdi had received a fine recommendation from the university which awarded him his Ph.D. Felton did not present a letter of recommendation from the University of California where she was a doctoral candidate at the time of the selection.
4. Dr. Monteverdi had prepared extensive and impressive lab teaching manuals for his students in the geology department at the University of California at Berkeley.
III.
The district court concluded that “[djefendant’s burden of proof in attempting to rebut plaintiff’s prima facie case is to prove, by clear and convincing evidence, that even in the absence of the discrimination she would not have been hired for the position.” This is not an accurate statement of the law. The burden placed on an employer when faced with proof of a prima facie case of unlawful discrimination under the disparate treatment theory of proof has been described by the Supreme Court in Burdine in the following language:
The burden that shifts to the defendant, therefore, is to rebut the presumption of discrimination by producing evidence that the plaintiff was rejected, or someone else was preferred, for a legitimate, nondiscriminatory reason. The defendant need not persuade the court that it was actually motivated by the proffered reasons. See [Board of Trustees of Keene State College v. Sweeney, 439 U.S. 24, 25, 99 S.Ct. 295, 295-96, 58 L.Ed.2d 216 (1978)]. It is sufficient if the defendant’s evidence raises a genuine issue of fact as to whether it discriminated against the plaintiff. To accomplish this, the defendant must clearly set forth, through the introduction of admissible evidence, the reasons for the plaintiff’s rejection. The explanation provided must be legally sufficient to justify a judgment for the defendant. If the defendant carries this burden of production, [1509]*1509the presumption raised by the prima facie case is rebutted, and the factual inquiry proceeds to a new level of specificity. Placing this burden of production on the defendant thus serves simultaneously to meet the plaintiff’s prima facie case by presenting a legitimate reason for the action and to frame the factual issue with sufficient clarity so that the plaintiff will have a full and fair opportunity to demonstrate pretext. The sufficiency of the defendant’s evidence should be evaluated by the extent to which it fulfills these functions.
The plaintiff retains the burden of persuasion. She now must have the opportunity to demonstrate that the proffered reason was not the true reason for the employment decision. This burden now merges with the ultimate burden of persuading the court that she has been the victim of intentional discrimination. She may succeed in this either directly by persuading the court that a discriminatory reason more likely motivated the employer or indirectly by showing that the employer’s proffered explanation is unworthy of credence. See McDonnell Douglas, 411 U.S., at 804-805 [93 S.Ct., at 1825-1826].
450 U.S. at 254-56, 101 S.Ct. at 1094-95 (footnotes omitted).
In the matter before us, the Trustees produced ample admissible evidence that Dr. Monteverdi was preferred for legitimate, nondiscriminatory reasons. Once an employer has carried this burden the plaintiff must “prove by a preponderance of the evidence that the legitimate reasons offered by the defendant were not its true reasons, but were a pretext for discrimination.” Id at 253, 101 S.Ct. at 1093.
The district court, in erroneously allocating the burden of persuasion by clear and convincing evidence to the Trustees to rebut Felton’s prima facie case, relied upon this court’s decision in League of United Latin American Citizens (LULAC), Monte-rey Chapter 2055 v. City of Salinas Fire Department, 654 F.2d 557 (9th Cir.1981). This reliance was misplaced. The LULAC case is not concerned with the type or quantum of evidence which must be produced by an employer to rebut a presumption of unlawful discrimination.
In the LULAC case, this court recognized that Burdine teaches us that the burden of persuading the trier of fact that the defendant intentionally discriminated remains at all times with the plaintiff. We said in LULAC, however, that once the plaintiff has met this burden by a preponderance of the evidence, the plaintiff is entitled to the remedies of retroactive appointment and back pay unless the employer shows by clear and convincing evidence that the “proven discrimination did not cause a plaintiff’s rejection.” Id. at 559. See also Muntin v. State of California Parks and Recreation Department, 671 F.2d 360, 363 (9th Cir.1982) (same). Under such circumstances, the employee must show “that even in the absence of discrimination the rejected applicant would not have been selected for the open position.” Marotta v. Usery, 629 F.2d 615, 618 (9th Cir.1980).
Recently in United States Postal Service Board of Governors v. Aikens, - U.S. -, 103 S.Ct. 1478, 75 L.Ed.2d 403 (1983), the Supreme Court reiterated its view as expressed in Burdine that the plaintiff in a Title VII matter retains the burden of persuasion throughout the trial. Id. 103 S.Ct. at 1482. The Court observed that when the district court decides that the plaintiff has made out a prima facie case of employment discrimination, the employer must respond “to the plaintiff’s proof by offering evidence of the reason for the plaintiff’s rejection, the fact finder must then decide whether the rejection was discriminatory within the meaning of Title VII. At this stage the McDonnell-Burdine presumption ‘drops from the case.’ ” Id. 103 S.Ct. at 1482.
In the instant matter the trial judge apparently made up his mind that Felton was the victim of employment discrimination after the plaintiff had presented a prima facie case under the McDonnell-Burdine presumption and before the employer had an opportunity to offer any evidence that its [1510]*1510conduct was non-discriminatory. In so doing the district court denied the employer the opportunity to rebut the employee’s pri-ma facie showing by proof of the non-discriminatory reasons for rejecting Felton. The Supreme Court has instructed us in United States Postal Service, that in spite of the “sensitive” and “difficult” factual questions presented in Title VII cases, trial courts and reviewing courts should not treat these cases “differently from other ultimate questions of fact.” Id. 103 S.Ct. at 1482. Nowhere in United States Postal Service is there any reference to any requirement that the employer must rebut the employee’s prima facie case of discrimination by clear and convincing evidence. Here, the district court, by placing the burden on the employer to rebut the McDonnell-Burdine presumption by clear and convincing evidence, created a novel method of determining the questions of fact before it. In short, it chose to treat discrimination differently by imposing on an employer the burden of persuasion as to the ultimate fact of discrimination. This allocation of the burden of proof differs from the rules applied to all other civil matters. United States Postal Service teaches us that we cannot create special rules for deciding factual conflicts concerning alleged employment discrimination.
IV.
Because the district court erroneously placed the burden of persuasion on the Trustees after a rebuttable prima facie showing of unlawful discrimination, we cannot determine whether the judgment in favor of Felton was colored by the district court’s mistaken notion of the requirements of McDonnell Douglas, Burdine and the law of this circuit.
For that reason, we must reverse and remand this matter so that the district court may decide whether Felton has met her burden of persuasion by a preponderance of the evidence that the non-discriminatory reasons given by the Trustees for rejecting her were pretextual and that she was in fact the victim of intentional discrimination.
V.
We now turn to the Trustees’ appeal of the dismissal of their counterclaim. The Trustees allege that in violation of the fourteenth amendment Felton was given a tenured position by an arbitrator who resolved the grievance against the University in her favor. The Trustees have cited no authority to support this novel cause of action. The district court dismissed the counterclaim because the fourteenth amendment, by its terms, bars discriminatory action by the states, not individuals. Thus, Felton is not a proper party to such a claim. See Ginn v. Mathews, 533 F.2d 477, 479 (9th Cir.1976) (citing Shelley v. Kraemer, 334 U.S. 1, 13, 68 S.Ct. 836, 842, 92 L.Ed. 1161 (1948) and Civil Rights Cases, 109 U.S. 3, 3 S.Ct. 18, 27 L.Ed. 835 (1882). We agree with the district court that the counterclaim is without merit.
VI.
The judgment in favor of Felton’s Title VII claim is reversed and remanded.
The order dismissing the Trustees’ counterclaim is affirmed.