Opinion.
We are first confronted with the exception of the. defendant in rule to the summary proceeding by rule; but, the entire case being before us, the views we hold, on the merits render it unnecessary for us to pass upon the important questions of practice raised thereby.
The solution of the contentions in this case involves a construction of the judgment rendered. by Mr. Justice Sommerville (then sitting as district judge) in suit of Reliman v. Kay.
That suit was brought under the provisions [961]*961of article 233 of the Constitution of 1898, and of Act No. 101 of 1898, passed to carry out the intent of this article, and- no intelligent opinion and decree can be rendered in this case without an examination and analysis of these constitutional and legislative provisions.
Article 233 of the Constitution of 1898, after providing for the sale of property for nonpayment of taxes, and after providing that the property sold shall be redeemable within one year, further provides that—
“All deeds of sale made, or that may be made, by the collectors of taxes, shall be received by courts in evidence as prima facie valid sales.
“No sale of property for taxes shall be set aside for any cause, except on proof of dual assessment, or of payment' of. the taxes for which the property was sold prior to the date of the sale, unless the proceeding to annul is instituted within six months from service of notice of sale, which notice shall not be served until the time of redemption is expired, or within three years from the adoption of this Constitution, as to sales already made, and within three years from the date of recordation of the tax deed as to sales made hereafter, if no notice is given. The manner of notice and form of proceedings to quiet tax title shall be provided by law.”
In obedience to the constitutional mandate the Legislature which met in 1898 adopted and passed act 101 of that year, entitled, “An act to provide a manner of notice and form of proceeding to quiet tax titles in accordance with article 233, of the Constitution.”
This act provides that after the lapse of 12 months from the date of recording the tax deed in the conveyance records of the parish where the property was situated, the tax purchaser or his heirs or assigns may institute suit by petition and citation, as in ordinary actions, against the former proprietor or proprietors of the property, in which petition must appear a description of the property mentioned in the deed, the place of sale and name of the officer who made the same, reference to the page of the record book and date of recording the tax deed, notice that the petitioner is the owner of said property by virtue of said tax sale, and notice that the title will be confirmed, unless a proceeding to annul is instituted within 6 months from date of service of the petition and citation. It provides, further, that the petition and citation shall be served as in ordinary suits, and that a curator ad hoe may be appointed to represent former unknown absent owners or their heirs. It then provides:
“After the lapse of six months from service of petition and citation, if no proceeding to annul the sale has been instituted, judgment shall be rendered quieting and confirming the title.”
‘ Section 3 of the act provides:
“That in all cases where tax titles have been quieted by prescription of three years, as set out in said article 233, the purchaser or his assignee may if he so desires, obtain a judgment of the court confirming said title, same to be done by suit in the manner and form, as above set out, except that the delay for answer shall be ten days instead of six months; provided that the failure to bring said suit shall in no manner affect said prescriptive titles.”
It is thus clear that it was the intention of the constitutional convention of 1898 that tax titles unassailed after three years after recording the tax title in the conveyance office shall be unassailable by the former owner, or his heirs or assigns, unless the action to annul were brought within three years. In other words, that the lapse of three years without the institution of suit should forever bar an action to annul, except only in cases where the taxes had been paid, or a dual assessment had occurred.
It is equally plain that it was the intention . of the Legislature, under the constitutional mandate imposed upon it, to give the right to the tax purchaser to shorten this [963]*963three year prescriptive bar to six months by the proceeding authorized by section 1 of act 101 of 1898. In other words, where the tax purchaser was not willing to sit still and wait until the -three years had passed, he could present his tax deed, which, under the Constitution, was prima facie valid, to the court of competent jurisdiction, and provoke a notice from the court to the former owner of the property that he claimed ownership by virtue of his tax deed, and call on him to bring his action to annul, if any he had, within six months or forever be debarred from bringing it.
[1] It is plain that, when the tax purchaser avails himself'of this proceeding under' section 1 of the act, he does not place at issue the validity vel non of his tax title; he simply invites assault thereon; and it is equally clear that if no action to annul be brought within six months, the only judgment that the court is authorized to render is one quieting and confirming the title by rendering a judgment against the former owner, forever barring and prohibiting him from assailing the tax deed, for the sole reason that he has not brought his action to annul within the six months allowed therefor.
It is quite clear that this suit to annul can be brought by the tax debtor either by an independent suit in that court or some other court of competent jurisdiction, or can be brought by way of reconventional demand, in which whatever invalidities or nullities there be in the tax title can be set up and prayer made for the annulment of the tax deed. '
In Ashley Co. v. Bradford et al., 109 La. 653, 33 South. 639, this court said:
“The constitutional provision under consideration does not seek to validate void or voidable tax titles. It does not merely proscribe a time within which a bad title may ripen into a good one. It does not establish a rule of property. Its object and effect is to bar by limitation the owner’s remedy, if the time be suffered to elapse without suit. It bars all grounds or causes of action for setting aside the tax title save the two excepted from the operation of the provision. The constitutional provision takes nothing away — neither the right nor the remedy. It merely limits the time within which the original owner must present his claim. It really afiirms the existence of a remedy, but limits its operation. The negligent owner is cut off by limitation because he failed to prosecute the remedy limited.
“Such laws are enacted under the sovereign power of the state to limit within reasonable bounds the time for which its courts' shall remain open for the adjustment of controversies, and when the time is not unreasonably short they are grounded in sound policy.”
Further on in the same opinion the court went into the consideration of the history of this legislation and the evils which it was intended to remedy, the court saying:
Free access — add to your briefcase to read the full text and ask questions with AI
Opinion.
We are first confronted with the exception of the. defendant in rule to the summary proceeding by rule; but, the entire case being before us, the views we hold, on the merits render it unnecessary for us to pass upon the important questions of practice raised thereby.
The solution of the contentions in this case involves a construction of the judgment rendered. by Mr. Justice Sommerville (then sitting as district judge) in suit of Reliman v. Kay.
That suit was brought under the provisions [961]*961of article 233 of the Constitution of 1898, and of Act No. 101 of 1898, passed to carry out the intent of this article, and- no intelligent opinion and decree can be rendered in this case without an examination and analysis of these constitutional and legislative provisions.
Article 233 of the Constitution of 1898, after providing for the sale of property for nonpayment of taxes, and after providing that the property sold shall be redeemable within one year, further provides that—
“All deeds of sale made, or that may be made, by the collectors of taxes, shall be received by courts in evidence as prima facie valid sales.
“No sale of property for taxes shall be set aside for any cause, except on proof of dual assessment, or of payment' of. the taxes for which the property was sold prior to the date of the sale, unless the proceeding to annul is instituted within six months from service of notice of sale, which notice shall not be served until the time of redemption is expired, or within three years from the adoption of this Constitution, as to sales already made, and within three years from the date of recordation of the tax deed as to sales made hereafter, if no notice is given. The manner of notice and form of proceedings to quiet tax title shall be provided by law.”
In obedience to the constitutional mandate the Legislature which met in 1898 adopted and passed act 101 of that year, entitled, “An act to provide a manner of notice and form of proceeding to quiet tax titles in accordance with article 233, of the Constitution.”
This act provides that after the lapse of 12 months from the date of recording the tax deed in the conveyance records of the parish where the property was situated, the tax purchaser or his heirs or assigns may institute suit by petition and citation, as in ordinary actions, against the former proprietor or proprietors of the property, in which petition must appear a description of the property mentioned in the deed, the place of sale and name of the officer who made the same, reference to the page of the record book and date of recording the tax deed, notice that the petitioner is the owner of said property by virtue of said tax sale, and notice that the title will be confirmed, unless a proceeding to annul is instituted within 6 months from date of service of the petition and citation. It provides, further, that the petition and citation shall be served as in ordinary suits, and that a curator ad hoe may be appointed to represent former unknown absent owners or their heirs. It then provides:
“After the lapse of six months from service of petition and citation, if no proceeding to annul the sale has been instituted, judgment shall be rendered quieting and confirming the title.”
‘ Section 3 of the act provides:
“That in all cases where tax titles have been quieted by prescription of three years, as set out in said article 233, the purchaser or his assignee may if he so desires, obtain a judgment of the court confirming said title, same to be done by suit in the manner and form, as above set out, except that the delay for answer shall be ten days instead of six months; provided that the failure to bring said suit shall in no manner affect said prescriptive titles.”
It is thus clear that it was the intention of the constitutional convention of 1898 that tax titles unassailed after three years after recording the tax title in the conveyance office shall be unassailable by the former owner, or his heirs or assigns, unless the action to annul were brought within three years. In other words, that the lapse of three years without the institution of suit should forever bar an action to annul, except only in cases where the taxes had been paid, or a dual assessment had occurred.
It is equally plain that it was the intention . of the Legislature, under the constitutional mandate imposed upon it, to give the right to the tax purchaser to shorten this [963]*963three year prescriptive bar to six months by the proceeding authorized by section 1 of act 101 of 1898. In other words, where the tax purchaser was not willing to sit still and wait until the -three years had passed, he could present his tax deed, which, under the Constitution, was prima facie valid, to the court of competent jurisdiction, and provoke a notice from the court to the former owner of the property that he claimed ownership by virtue of his tax deed, and call on him to bring his action to annul, if any he had, within six months or forever be debarred from bringing it.
[1] It is plain that, when the tax purchaser avails himself'of this proceeding under' section 1 of the act, he does not place at issue the validity vel non of his tax title; he simply invites assault thereon; and it is equally clear that if no action to annul be brought within six months, the only judgment that the court is authorized to render is one quieting and confirming the title by rendering a judgment against the former owner, forever barring and prohibiting him from assailing the tax deed, for the sole reason that he has not brought his action to annul within the six months allowed therefor.
It is quite clear that this suit to annul can be brought by the tax debtor either by an independent suit in that court or some other court of competent jurisdiction, or can be brought by way of reconventional demand, in which whatever invalidities or nullities there be in the tax title can be set up and prayer made for the annulment of the tax deed. '
In Ashley Co. v. Bradford et al., 109 La. 653, 33 South. 639, this court said:
“The constitutional provision under consideration does not seek to validate void or voidable tax titles. It does not merely proscribe a time within which a bad title may ripen into a good one. It does not establish a rule of property. Its object and effect is to bar by limitation the owner’s remedy, if the time be suffered to elapse without suit. It bars all grounds or causes of action for setting aside the tax title save the two excepted from the operation of the provision. The constitutional provision takes nothing away — neither the right nor the remedy. It merely limits the time within which the original owner must present his claim. It really afiirms the existence of a remedy, but limits its operation. The negligent owner is cut off by limitation because he failed to prosecute the remedy limited.
“Such laws are enacted under the sovereign power of the state to limit within reasonable bounds the time for which its courts' shall remain open for the adjustment of controversies, and when the time is not unreasonably short they are grounded in sound policy.”
Further on in the same opinion the court went into the consideration of the history of this legislation and the evils which it was intended to remedy, the court saying:
“The letter and spirit, alike, of the constitutional provision support this view, as do likewise the situation, conditions, and exigencies out of which it grew, and which influenced the framers of the organic law to bring about its enactment.
“In part and in brief these were the general knowledge that in the aggregate vast areas of land in the state had been practically abandoned, or forfeited to the state for nonpayment of taxes by the record owners; that these forfeitures had been going on for a quarter of a century or more; that the lands affected by the same were contributing nothing to the support of the state and parochial government, the discharge of the public indebtedness, or to the maintenance of the levee system; that the grants made in the alluvial districts by the Legislature to the bqards of levee commissioners were rendered largely unavailing because of the doubt and uncertainty hanging over the title to much of the lands included in the grants; and that tax titles were more or less in a chaotic state, and the jurisprudence of the state relating thereto uncertain and unsatisfactory.
“Private ownership of the lands affected by this condition of affairs was what was aimed at, to the end of their settlement and improvement, the development of their resources, and making them contribute to the support of the fisc. But owing to the precarious character of [965]*965the ordinary tax title, in the popular mind, this presented a problem of much difficulty.
“So the framers of the Constitution cast about to devise some method of solution, some way of creating public confidence in the validity of the tax titles affecting the lands referred "to, and in the validity of tax titles generally, and the result of their labors was embodied in the second clause of article 233 of the. Constitution. It was intended to announce a future public policy of the state with reference to tax title tenure of lands.
“By article 233 the people of the state, acting through the convention which framed the Constitution, meant to provide a prescription or pre-emption which would operate to quiet tax titles, and thereby settle the ownership of property acquired through them.
“As a statute of limitation it was intended to have a more far-reaching effect than what Act No. 105 of 1874 had been allowed by the courts to have.
“The great majority of the members of the constitutional convention were lawyers familiar with the tax laws, the adjudications of the courts thereon, and the doubt and uncertainty surrounding and attaching to tax titles.
“They meant to put an end to this uncertainty, and did so by the adoption of article 233. By its enactment they intended to give warning to owners of property that they must look after and keep up with the same in respect to assessment for taxes and payment of taxes, and that if they failed to do so and the property appearing upon the assessment rolls was proceeded against for nonpayment of taxes and sold and the title of the purchase recorded, the owner must, at his peril, bring his suit within the time prescribed to set it aside, and if he did not he must forever thereafter hold his peace, except as to the two causes which the article excludes from the operation of the prescriptive limit.
“The law may in individual cases now and then work a hardship, but it is sound in principle, * * * and will, it is thought, redound to the public good.”
It follows, therefore, that when Mrs. Fell-man brought her suit against Bobert Kay, if alive, and his heirs, if dead, she did not tender the issue to them of the validity, vel non, of her tax title; she only gave notice to the defendants that she claimed to own the property by virtue of the tax title prima facie valid, and that, if they did not bring suit to annul it within six months from date of service of the petition and citation, judgment would be rendered against them, forever debarring them from so doing.
Four of the alleged Kay heirs did make an appearance, and did, as plaintiffs in reconvention, assail the legality and validity of the tax title held by Mrs. Fellman, and prayed for judgment rejecting her demand for a decree that would debar them from assailing the tax title, and for a further judgment decreeing them to be the lawful heirs of Kay and his wife, deceased, and putting them in possession of the property.
As before said, the judgment of the district court gave Mrs. Fellman the relief she asked under the constitutional article and the legislative act as to the 4 key lots. It neither granted nor rejected her prayer as to the 10 lots alleged by her to front on Pearl (or Nineteenth) street.
[2] If the failure to grant the relief prayed for by silence be a rejection of her demand, then it is only res adjudicata as to her demand for judgment limiting the time within which the heirs of Kay could bring their action to annul her title to any of the Pearl (or Nineteenth) street lots within six months from notice. By no stretch of the imagination could the silence of the court as to those lots be considered as a judgment annulling her title, when the validity of the tax title under the constitutional provision and Act No. 101 was not and could not be brought in judice in such a proceeding by her.
It is, however, absolutely true that the four alleged heirs of Kay, by reconvention, did assail the validity of any claim that Mrs. Fellman might have under her tax deed to the 10 lots fronting on Marks street, and did, as plaintiffs in reconvention, seek to have the ownership of said lots decreed to them, and to have themselves put in possession thereof, but the judgment on their de* [967]*967mand in reconvention was one rejecting it in unmistakable terms.
“It is further ordered adjudged and decreed that the demand in reconvention be dismissed, reserving the rights of the defendants, plaintiffs in reconvention, to file proceedings, on demands contained in' said reconventional demand.”
[3] It thus appearing that the validity of Mrs. Fellman’s tax title, never having been passed upon on her petition, because no such issue was tendered by her petition, and consequently could not have been joined on her petition, and it further appearing that the issue of the validity of the tax title tendered by the reconventional demand of the alleged Kay heirs and tacitly joined by a presumed denial, under the practice of our courts, having been in effect dismissed as in case of nonsuit, the allegations of the rule of October 16, 1916, are not founded in fact, and the mover is not entitled to the relief prayed for thereunder. The judgment of the district court dismissing the rule was correct and accordingly it is Affirmed.
MONROE, O. J., and SOMMERVILLE, J., take no part.