JOHN R. GIBSON, Senior Circuit Judge.
Fargo Women’s Health Organization and individuals associated with it appeal from the district court’s1 entry of summary judgment in favor of the State of North Dakota upholding the constitutionality of the North Dakota Abortion Control Act, N.D.Cent.Code §§ 14-02.1-01 to 14-02.1-12, amended by 1991 N.D.Laws eh. 141 (effective April 1, 1991). The Organization challenges two of the 1991 amendments2 concerning informed consent: (1) the provision requiring abortion providers to give women seeking abortions certain information twenty-four hours before the abortion concerning assistance benefits that may be available, liability of the father, and the right to review printed material provided by the State; and (2) the definition of “medical emergency.”3 It also challenges two provisions of the preexisting Act — the definition of “abortion”4 and the general penalty provision. We affirm the judgment of the district court.
After North Dakota amended its Abortion Control Act in 1991, the Organization brought this action asserting that the Act is unconstitutional on its face. The Organization sought a declaratory judgment that the provisions were unconstitutional and immediate injunctive relief prohibiting enforcement of the Act.
On August 23, 1991, the district court granted a preliminary injunction as to the informed consent and twenty-four hour waiting period requirements. The parties agreed to hold this case in abeyance pending the Supreme Court’s decision in Planned Parenthood v. Casey, — U.S. -, 112 S.Ct. [528]*5282791, 120 L.Ed.2d 674 (1992), since the statutory provisions at issue in Casey were nearly identical to the provisions in this case. The district court accepted the parties’ stipulations regarding the substantial overlap of this case and Casey, and required that the parties delay filing summary judgment motions until after release of the Casey decision. After the Supreme Court issued its opinion in Casey, the State moved for summary judgment. The district court granted summary judgment for the State, vacated the preliminary injunction, and ordered that the case be dismissed. Fargo Women’s Health Org. v. Sinner, 819 F.Supp. 862, 865 (D.N.D.1993). The Organization then sought a stay pending appeal, which the district court denied. Fargo Women’s Health Org. v. Schafer, 819 F.Supp. 865, 866 (D.N.D.1993). The next day Judge McMillian granted the Organization’s motion for a temporary stay pending appeal. On March 30, 1993, a panel of this court vacated the stay and denied the injunction pending appeal.5 The following day the Organization sought and obtained a stay pending appeal from Justice Blackmun who referred the case to the full Supreme Court for a decision on the stay application. Fargo Women’s Health Org. v. Schafer, No. A-742 (Mar. 31, 1993). On April 2, 1993, the Supreme Court denied the stay pending appeal. Fargo Women’s Health Org. v. Schafer, — U.S. -, 113 S.Ct. 1668, 123 L.Ed.2d 285 (1993). Justice O’Connor, joined by Justice Souter, wrote a separate concurrence, stating that she believed the lower courts should have conducted an inquiry as to whether the North Dakota provisions at issue constitute an undue burden for women seeking abortions. Id. at -, 113 S.Ct. at 1669. We heard argument on the merits and thereafter granted a stay pending determination of this appeal.
The Organization argues on appeal that the Supreme Court’s decision in Casey, — U.S. -, 112 S.Ct. 2791, 120 L.Ed.2d 674 (1992), and its articulation of the “undue burden” standard require that the district court make factual findings, that a facial challenge may succeed even if the statute could be applied constitutionally to some women, and that the preliminary injunction should be reinstated pending trial on the merits. The State argues that the district court properly granted summary judgment and dismissed the Organization’s facial challenge to North Dakota’s law because it is similar to the Pennsylvania statute upheld in Casey, and that the district court correctly rejected the Organization’s claim that the statute was void for vagueness.
We review an appeal from a decision granting summary judgment de novo. Get Away Club, Inc. v. Coleman, 969 F.2d 664, 666 (8th Cir.1992). Summary judgment is proper when there is no genuine issue of material fact and the moving party is entitled to judgment as a matter of law. Fed. R.Civ.P. 56(e).
Relying on United States v. Salerno, 481 U.S. 739, 745, 107 S.Ct. 2095, 2100, 95 L.Ed.2d 697 (1987), and Rust v. Sullivan, 500 U.S. 173, 182-84, 111 S.Ct. 1759, 1767, 114 L.Ed.2d 233 (1991), the district court held that a successful challenge to the facial validity of a statute requires a showing that no set of circumstances exists under which a statute would be constitutional. Fargo Women’s Health Org., 819 F.Supp. at 864. The court stated that merely demonstrating that the Act might operate unconstitutionally under some conceivable set of circumstances is insufficient to render it wholly invalid. Id. (citing Salerno, 481 U.S. at 745, 107 S.Ct. at 2100). The district court rejected the Organization’s argument that the court should factually assess the degree of burden imposed by the Act under the Casey “undue burden” standard.6 819 F.Supp. at 865. [529]*529When a panel of this court considered the Organization’s appeal for a stay pending appeal, it agreed 'with the standard the district court employed in considering a facial challenge. Fargo Women’s Health Org. v. Schafer, No. 93-1579, slip op. at 3-6, 1993 WL 603600 (8th Cir. March 30, 1993). Nevertheless, according to Justice O’Connor in her concurrence with the Supreme Court’s denial of the Organization’s motion for a stay pending appeal of this case, the facial challenge standard should include a factual inquiry in abortion regulation cases. Fargo Women’s Health Org., — U.S. at -, 113 S.Ct. at 1669. Justice O’Connor wrote: “In striking down the Pennsylvania law, we did not require [plaintiffs] to show that the provision would be invalid in all circumstances.” Id. Justice O’Connor, joined by Justice Souter, emphasized that a law constitutes an “undue burden,” and is therefore invalid, if “in a large fraction of the cases in which [the law] is relevant, it will operate as a substantial obstacle to a woman’s choice to undergo an abortion.” Id. (quoting Casey, — U.S. at -, 112 S.Ct. at 2830). Thus, the first question we must decide is whether the district court, and this court in its opinion of March 30, 1993, denying the stay pending appeal, followed Supreme Court mandate in applying the Salerno facial challenge test.
The Casey decision and the comments of Justice O’Connor and Justice Souter concurring in the denial of stay entered April 2, 1993, cause us to question whether the undue burden test of Casey replaces the Salerno test. This is an issue that we believe only the Supreme Court can ultimately decide. In the present posture that we face, we believe we should first analyze the questions before us under the Salerno test, and then analyze the issues as if the undue burden test has replaced Salerno. We pause to explain the cause for our concern with the appropriate standard and our reasons for concluding that we must approach this case first as if Salerno applies and then as if it does not apply.
First, as we pointed out in our opinion of March 30, 1993, we find support from Casey for our conclusion that the Salerno standard remains the law. The Casey joint opinion authors — Justices O’Connor, Souter, and Kennedy — carefully reviewed and selectively departed from other earlier precedent, but did not specifically reject Salerno. See — U.S. at -, 112 S.Ct. at 2823 (overruling parts of Akron v. Akron Ctr. for Reprod. Health, Inc., 462 U.S. 416, 103 S.Ct. 2481, 76 L.Ed.2d 687 (1983) (Akron I), and Thornburgh v. American College of Obstetricians & Gynecologists, 476 U.S. 747, 106 S.Ct. 2169, 90 L.Ed.2d 779 (1986)); id. — U.S. at -, 112 S.Ct. at 2830-31 (holding that Bradwell v. Illinois, 83 U.S. (16 Wall.) 130, 21 L.Ed. 442 (1872), and Hoyt v. Florida, 368 U.S. 57, 82 S.Ct. 159, 7 L.Ed.2d 118 (1961), expressed views inconsistent with today’s understanding of family, individuals, and the Constitution). If the three justices wanted to depart from the Salerno standard, we believe they would have specifically stated that the standard did not apply. Chief Justice Rehnquist stated in his dissent that “because this is a facial challenge to the [Pennsylvania] Act, it is insufficient for petitioners to show that the [spousal] notification provision ‘might operate unconstitutionally under some conceivable set of circumstances.’ ” Casey, — U.S. at -, 112 S.Ct. at 2870 (Rehnquist, C.J., dissenting in part) (quoting Salerno, 481 U.S. at 745, 107 S.Ct. at 2100). In light of this strong statement and the absence of response to it in the three-justice opinion, the continuing vitality of Salerno is at least an open question.
Moreover, Justice Souter joined Justice O’Connor in her April 2, 1993, concurrence, but Justice Kennedy, who had joined in the three-justice opinion in Casey, did not. Further, Justice White, who joined in Justice Rehnquist’s dissent in Casey, has retired, and the Supreme Court has not considered this issue since Justice Ginsburg assumed office. We do not see our role as attempting to divine the Court’s present or future posture on this issue. It is enough that we simply wait further rulings of the Supreme Court to instruct us on the viability of the [530]*530Salerno rule.7 Thus, we first analyze the issues before us under the Salerno test.
I.
We recognize that Salerno requires the Organization to overcome the difficult challenge of proving that no set of circumstances exists under which the law could be constitutionally valid. Salerno, 481 U.S. at 745, 107 S.Ct. at 2100. Because the Organization fañed to do so, summary judgment for the State was proper. The Organization argued that the North Dakota law was different from the Pennsylvania law in Casey and therefore that Casey did not govern. We agree with the district court’s conclusion that the laws are substantially similar, and that the Organization’s facial challenge must fail due to the Supreme Court’s acceptance of nearly identical provisions in Casey. See Webster v. Reproductive Health Servs., 492 U.S. 490, 523, 109 S.Ct. 3040, 3059, 106 L.Ed.2d 410 (1989), (O’Connor J., concurring); Ohio v. Akron Center for Reproductive Health, 497 U.S. 502, 514, 110 S.Ct. 2972, 2980, 111 L.Ed.2d 405 (1990) (Akron II); Barnes v. Moore, 970 F.2d 12 (5th Cir.) (rejecting undue burden standard in facial challenge), cert. denied, — U.S. -, 113 S.Ct. 656, 121 L.Ed.2d 582 (1992); Barnes v. Mississippi, 992 F.2d 1335 (5th Cir.), cert. denied, — U.S. -, 114 S.Ct. 468, 126 L.Ed.2d 419 (1993).
II.
We now consider the propriety of the district court order, assuming that the undue burden test enunciated in Casey, rather than the Salerno test applies. Justice O’Connor’s concurring opinion to' the denial of stay framed the issue as whether the law restricting abortion “constitutes an undue burden, and hence is invalid, if, ‘in a large fraction of the cases in which [the law] is relevant, it will operate as a substantial obstacle to a woman’s choice to undergo an abortion.’” — U.S. -, at -, 113 S.Ct. 1668, at 1669, 123 L.Ed.2d 285 (citing Casey, — U.S. at -, 112 S.Ct. at 2830). Justice O’Connor then referred to the examination developed in the district court in determining whether the informed consent provision created an undue burden, and suggested that the lower courts in this case should have undertaken a fact-intensive analysis. Id.
The district court made no factual findings in this case. We do have, however, a considerable factual record presented to the district court by the Organization in support of its claim that the five provisions of the Act are facially invalid. In analyzing a summary judgment ruling, we assume as true all of the facts in the affidavits or deposition testimony submitted by the non-moving party, the Organization. We first determine whether there is a factual issue that requires determination by a finder of fact, or second, whether the factual record as presented is sufficient to sustain the Organization’s burden to demonstrate facial invalidity.
A.
As we begin this analysis, we first interpret the statute before us, because many of the Organization’s arguments are based on the premise that the North Dakota law constitutes an undue burden because the Act necessitates that a woman make two visits, or for some minors, three trips, to medical facility to obtain an abortion. Before argument in this case, North Dakota’s Office of Attorney General issued an opinion to a county state’s attorney interpreting the informed consent provision of the statute. The Supreme Court of North Dakota has held that an Attorney General’s opinion has the force and effect of law until a contrary ruling by a court. Johnson v. Baker, 74 N.D. 244, 21 N.W.2d 355, 364 (1945). That court has further held that opinions of an Attorney General are “entitled to respect,” and a court should follow them if “they are persuasive.” Svanes v. Grenz, 492 N.W.2d 576, 579 (N.D. 1992). The Attorney General’s interpretation of the statute is highly persuasive to us, [531]*531and is consistent with our independent analysis of the statute.
Principles of statutory construction contained in North Dakota statutes, sections 1-02-02, 1-02-03, and 1-02-05, provide that when the language of a statute is unambiguous, words must be given their plain, ordinary and commonly understood meaning, and must be construed according to the rules of grammar. See Kim-Go v. J.P. Furlong Enters. Inc., 460 N.W.2d 694, 696 (N.D.1990). Various sections of the North Dakota statute require that certain information be given to a woman seeking an abortion twenty-four hours before the abortion. Specifically, the physician who is to perform the abortion, a referring physician, or the physician’s agent must tell the woman the name of the physician who will perform the procedure, the medical risks, probable gestational age of the fetus, and the medical risks of pregnancy. N.D.Cent.Code § 14-02.1-02(5)a. The clear language of the statute authorizes the physician’s agent to give this information with one exception: the attending physician must determine the probable gestational age of the fetus at the time the procedure will be performed because this determination involves a medical judgment. However, the physician may delegate certain tasks to an agent, such as obtaining information from the patient, particularly the key fact of the woman’s last menstrual period. The statute allows the agent to inform the woman of the probable gestational age of the fetus following the physician’s determination.
Further, the statute requires that the physician or physician’s agent inform the woman about the possibility of medical assistance benefits and child support, and that she has the right to review materials prepared by the State of North Dakota which describe the gestational development of the fetus and list agencies that offer alternatives to abortion. N.D.Cent.Code § 14M)2.1-02(5)b. With respect to all of the information the physician or the physician’s agent must provide a woman, there is nothing in the statute that requires that she receive this information during a personal visit. We find no language in the statute that prevents a physician or agent from giving this information over the telephone. The statute only provides a woman must be “told” or “informed.” In today’s society, these words do not necessarily connote a face-to-face verbal exchange. In the March 1993 opinion letter, the Attorney General of North Dakota clearly expresses the opinion that this information can be given by telephone, reasoning that the unambiguous words of the statute and their plain, ordinary and commonly understood meaning so permit. Our own interpretation of these sections of the statute is the same as that expressed by the Attorney General.
Considering the Attorney General’s opinion letter, the only question that remains concerns the information on gestational age. Here, the Attorney General opines that the gestational age can be determined by information obtained from the woman, namely, the date of the last menstrual period or conception; that the physician may delegate the task of obtaining this information to an agent as long as the physician ultimately uses his or her medical judgment to determine gestational age; and that the physician’s agent may then give the information to the patient. Again, our reading of the statute based on the unambiguous words in their plain, ordinary and commonly understood meaning is the same as that expressed by the Attorney General in the March 1993 opinion letter.
Finally, the statute requires that a woman certify that the required information has been furnished to her, and that she has been given the opportunity to review certain printed information. N.D.Cent.Code § 14-02.1-02(5)c. The physician or physician’s agent must receive a copy of the woman’s certification. N.D.Cent.Code § 14-02.1-02(5)d. The statute does not require that this certification be given before the woman appears at the clinic for the abortion procedure. This is the one occasion described in the statute when the woman must appear and give the required certification, and yet nothing requires that she give it at any time until immediately before the medical procedure. Again, the Attorney General’s opinion is the same as the interpretation that we reach by our study of this provision of the statute.
[532]*532B.
We recognize that special provisions apply to a woman under the age of eighteen. N.D.Cent.Code § 14-02.1-03.1.1. These sections are not an issue in this case. The statute provides, however, that twenty-four hours before an unemancipated minor gives her consent, the attending physician must provide to her parents, in person, the information we have referred to above unless forty-eight hours before the minor’s consent, the physician certifies that he or she has caused that information to be sent by certified mail to each of the parents. N.D.Cent. Code § 14-02.1-03. This notification procedure does not apply if the minor elects to proceed with the juvenile court authorization process, if the attending physician obtains the written consent of the minor and her parents, or, if she is married, the attending physician obtains her consent. N.D.Cent. Code § 14-02.1-03.1.1. It is particularly enlightening that the statute only mandates a person-to-person meeting in the parental notification requirement described above, and even then no personal visit is required if the information is mailed forty-eight hours before the minor’s consent.
With the exception of the provisions relating to minors, we believe the statute authorizes the physician or physician’s agent to give the required information by telephone twenty-four hours in advance, with a face-to-face appearance only required for the woman to certify that she has been given the required information and execute the consent for the procedure. It is significant that most, if not all, of the Organization’s arguments are based on the assumption that the woman must appear at the clinic or other medical facility twenty-four hours before a second appearance, at which time the procedure will be performed. We believe the statutes simply do not require two visits as the Organization asserts.
Our conclusion today that the statute does not constitute an undue burden is premised on our interpretation that the statute mandates only one personal visit to the clinic. We recognize that the parties are free to challenge the statute in the future. Should the Attorney General or courts ultimately interpret the statute as requiring more than one in-person visit to the medical facility before a woman may obtain an abortion, the facial validity analysis will be entirely different. See Casey, 947 F.2d at 701 (finding medical emergency provision would be unconstitutional if the State changes application of the Act); Casey, 14 F.3d at 862 (requiring parties to await implementation of the Act before asserting a future challenge). Perhaps the issue will not arise, and if it does, it may be faced at some future date.
With the interpretation set out above, we now turn to whether the North Dakota statute creates an undue burden on a woman seeking an abortion. Three justices in Casey defined undue burden as “shorthand for the conclusion that a state regulation has the purpose or effect of placing a substantial obstacle in the path of a woman seeking an abortion.” — U.S. at -, 112 S.Ct. at 2820. The means chosen by the State to regulate abortions must be “calculated to inform the woman’s free choice, not hinder it.” Id.
With respect to the informed consent requirements of the statute, we observe the close similarity between the North Dakota statute and the Pennsylvania statute at issue in Casey. The requirements that a woman certify that she has been informed of the availability of printed materials describing the fetus, information about medical assistance for childbirth, information about child support from the father, and has received a list of agencies providing adoption and other services as alternatives to abortion are quite similar, if not identical, in the Pennsylvania statute and the North Dakota statute. Casey approved the requirement that a woman give written informed consent and approved the furnishing of information to the woman, including materials relating to the consequences to the fetus, the availability of information relating to fetal development, and the assistance available should she decide to carry the pregnancy to full term. — U.S. at -, 112 S.Ct. at 2823. Casey held these were reasonable measures to insure an informed choice and did not amount to a substantial obstacle, or an undue burden, to [533]*533obtain an abortion. Id. at -, 112 S.Ct. at 2824. According to Casey, compliance with the informed consent provisions is not required if the physician demonstrates by a preponderance of the evidence that he or she reasonably believed that furnishing the information would have resulted in a severely adverse effect on the physical and mental health of the patient. — U.S. at -, 112 S.Ct. at 2825. The North Dakota statute has a similar medical emergency exception. See N.D.Cent.Code § 14-02.1-03. The Supreme Court held the medical emergency provisions of the Pennsylvania statute did not constitute an undue burden. Id. at-, 112 S.Ct. at 2822. The Court reached this conclusion relying on the construction of the statute by the court of appeals. Casey reaffirms our conclusion that these particular provisions of the statute are not an undue burden for women in North Dakota.
Casey also found the twenty-four hour waiting period was not an undue burden, reasoning that “important decisions will be more informed and deliberate” if made after some period of reflection. — ILS. at -, 112 S.Ct. at 2825. Again, the Court looked to the exception for medical emergencies and record evidence that in the vast majority of eases a twenty-four hour delay does not create an appreciable health risk. Id. Recognizing that in practice there is a substantial obstacle in a mandatory twenty-four hour waiting period, the Court found a closer question was whether the waiting period will increase the exposure of women seeking abortions to harassment and hostility of antiabortion protesters. Id. Casey held that these findings, while troublesome, did not demonstrate that the waiting period constituted an undue burden. Id.
The arguments asserted by the Organization, to a great extent, concentrate on the twenty-four hour delay and the fact that such delay requires two trips to the clinic, exposing the woman to dual harassment, stalking, and contact at home in the intervening period. Our interpretation of the provisions in the North Dakota statute as we discussed above completely answers this argument. The statute does not require two trips to the medical facility.
Similarly, the statements in the affidavits provided by the Organization dealing with the distances its patients must travel, and the costs of extended stays in the city, are also answered by the determination that the first contact can be made by telephone. Indeed, we expect that before appearing at the clinic a woman would call for an appointment to ensure that a doctor was available. The required information can be given during this first, or any subsequent telephone contact. Allowing information to be given by telephone and the necessity of only one physical appearance at the medical facility does not change the ordinary procedure that would otherwise exist absent any statutory requirements. We have no hesitation in concluding that under these circumstances there is no state regulation that has the purpose or effect of placing a substantial obstacle in the path of a woman seeking an abortion. Although the distance a woman must travel to obtain an abortion may be a factor in obtaining an abortion, it is not a result of the state regulation. We do not believe a telephone call and a single trip, whatever the distance to the medical facility, create an undue burden. Further, although the physicians who work at the Fargo Women’s Health Organization clinic only schedule abortions on Thursdays and Fridays, this would not cause additional delay or burden because the clinic could make the telephone contact on any day and then schedule the single personal visit on Thursday or Friday. Again, this scheduling limitation is a result of the limited number of days the physicians are present, not the state regulation.
The Organization also attacks the statutory requirement that a woman be informed that medical assistance benefits may be available, and that the father is liable for child support. The Organization has provided affidavits alleging the adverse nature of this information, its possible falsity, and the detrimental impact on women seeking abortions. As we read the statements contained in the affidavits dealing with these provisions, they express opinions and conclusions, but give only limited support to the Organization’s arguments. The provision discussing medical assistance provides that the required ben[534]*534efits “may be available,” not that they are available. N.D.Cent.Code § 14-02.1-02.-5b(l). The statement that the father is liable to assist in supporting the child finds its support in other North Dakota statutes. See N.D.Cent.Code § 14-09-08 (providing that parents have a mutual duty to support their children). If in certain cases such a statement would be misleading or false, it would undoubtedly be because of unique and personal background facts that would be at least suspected if not known to the woman.
Following these two provisions, the statute contains a subparagraph relating to the availability of printed materials. Here, the statute is clear that the physician and agent may disassociate themselves from the materials and may, or may not, comment on them as they choose. If the physician or agent can comment on the printed materials, we do not interpret the statute to be so restrictive that they cannot comment on the medical assistance and father’s liability provisions.
III.
The Organization argues that the definitions of medical emergency and abortion are both void for vagueness. It asserts that this issue was not decided in Casey, and remains an open legal issue.
A.
With respect to the Pennsylvania medical emergency definition at issue in Casey, the Third Circuit rejected arguments that the definition was void for vagueness because the statute allowed doctors to forego the Act’s requirement on the basis of the physician’s good faith clinical judgment. Casey, 947 F.2d at 702. Although the Supreme Court granted certiorari with respect to the definition of medical emergency, — U.S. -, 112 S.Ct. 931, 117 L.Ed.2d 104 (1992), the only arguments advanced in the Supreme Court dealt with the claim of undue burden. — U.S. at -, 112 S.Ct. at 2822.
Like the Pennsylvania Act found constitutional in Casey, which allows the physician to rely on his or her “good faith clinical judgment,” the North Dakota Act allows the physician to rely on his or her “best clinical judgment” in determining whether a condition constitutes a medical emergency. See N.D.Cent.Code § 14-02.1-02(7); 18 Pa.Cons. Stat. § 3203. Further, the North Dakota provision eliminates the waiting period requirement if there is “grave peril of immediate and irreversible loss of major bodily function.” N.D.Cent.Code § 14-02.1-02(7). This language is virtually identical to a “serious risk of substantial and irreversible impairment of a major bodily function” found constitutional in Casey. See — U.S. at -, 112 S.Ct. at 2822.
The Organization argues that the Act must be written to be sufficiently precise, and must define the criminal offense with sufficient clarity so that ordinary people understand what conduct is prohibited. It argues that the terms of the statute, “major bodily function,” “immediate” and “grave,” are ambiguous, and that physicians will be chilled from performing abortions in legitimate medical emergencies. We reject these arguments. As the Third Circuit reasoned in Casey, the reference to doctor’s clinical judgment saves the statute from vagueness. 947 F.2d at 702. While the statute in Casey refers to “clinical judgment” in terms of “good faith” rather than “best” as in North Dakota, it is the exercise of clinical judgment that saves the statute from vagueness, and the difference in the adjectives is not material to our analysis. See United States v. Vuitch, 402 U.S. 62, 71-72, 91 S.Ct. 1294, 1298-99, 28 L.Ed.2d 601 (1971) (rejecting void-for-vagueness attack); Doe v. Bolton, 410 U.S. 179, 191-92, 98 S.Ct. 739, 747, 35 L.Ed.2d 201 (1973) (same).
In addition, the North Dakota Act contains a scienter requirement that we believe prevents a finding of vagueness. See Village of Hoffman Estates v. Flipside, Hoffman Estates, Inc., 455 U.S. 489, 499, 102 S.Ct. 1186, 1193, 71 L.Ed.2d 362 (1982) (“a scienter requirement may mitigate a law’s vagueness”). In fixing general penalties, section 14-02.1-11 does not specify a culpability standard with respect to a violation of the Act. The North Dakota statute provides that if a statute defining a crime does not specify culpability and does not provide explicitly that a person may be found guilty without eulpabili[535]*535ty, the culpability that is required is “willfully.” N.D.Stat.Cent.Code § 12.1-02-02.2. Willfully is then defined to mean conduct done “intentionally, knowingly or recklessly,” and these terms are defined with specificity. See N.D.Stat.Cent.Code § 12.1-02.02.1.(a)-(e). This strict scienter requirement, which adequately notifies physicians that certain conduct is prohibited, is an additional basis for saving the statute from the Organization’s vagueness challenge. Cf. Colautti v. Franklin, 439 U.S. 379, 395, 99 S.Ct. 675, 685, 58 L.Ed.2d 596 (1979) (statute without scienter requirement held void for vagueness).
Further, we believe the medical emergency definition is not vague when viewed in light of the purpose section of the Act, which states that “[t]he purpose of this chapter is to protect unborn human life and maternal health within present constitutional limits ... [and] reaffirms the tradition of the state of North Dakota to protect every human life whether unborn or aged, healthy or sick.” N.D.Cent.Code § 14-02.1-01. Certainly this section supports our interpretation of the medical emergency statute that compliance with the abortion regulations would not in any way pose a significant threat to the life or health of the woman, and the reference to the physician’s best clinical judgment certainly places in the physician’s hands the medical judgment that would satisfy the requirements of the statute. See Akron II, 497 U.S. at 514, 110 S.Ct. at 2980 (statute is not unconstitutionally vague merely because of hypothetical situations that may never occur). We reject the Organization’s void-for-vagueness challenge, observing that the Organization does not urge us to consider whether the definition creates an undue burden.
B.
The Organization also challenges as void for vagueness North Dakota’s definition of abortion, which has been defined for over twenty years as the “termination of human pregnancy with an intention other than to produce a live birth or remove a dead embryo or fetus.” N.D.Cent.Code § 14-02.1-02(1). The Organization argues that this definition would subject certain medical procedures such as amniocentesis to the informed consent provisions because the procedures, although not performed with intent “to produce a live birth or to remove a dead fetus,” could result in termination of the pregnancy as a consequence. The argument is unduly strained. A common sense interpretation of the statute easily leads us to believe that physicians are fully capable of understanding the Act’s requirements and prohibitions. Further, as we have discussed above, section 12.1-02-02(2) imposes criminal penalties only if the physician “willfully” terminates a pregnancy without obtaining the necessary informed consent. This scienter requirement defeats the Organization’s argument as to the vagueness of this provision.
Finally, this definition of abortion is substantially similar to the definition the Supreme Court found constitutional in Casey. See 18 Pa.Cons.Stat.Ann. § 3203 (“abortion” defined as “[t]he use of any means to terminate the clinically diagnosable pregnancy of a woman with knowledge that the termination will ... cause the death of the unborn child.”). See also Charles v. Carey, 627 F.2d 772, 787 (7th Cir.1980) (rejecting a void-for-vagueness challenge to an Illinois statute’s definition of abortion).
The Organization argues that the case should be remanded to the district court for development of a factual record. However, the Organization presented a factual record of substantial dimension in support of its motion for summary judgment. While much of the content of the affidavits is conclusory, we have assumed as true the factual statements in this record. We cannot help but observe substantial similarity between much of the material in the affidavits the Organization filed and the record developed in Casey. The Organization made filings in opposition to the motion over a three-month period. We believe the ease can and should be decided on the record before us, and that needless delay would result if we remanded the case [536]*536to the district court for further proceedings and for its findings on undue burden.8
Because we affirm the summary judgment for the State, we need not discuss the Organization’s request for an injunction pending a trial on the merits.