TEXAS COURT OF APPEALS, THIRD DISTRICT, AT AUSTIN
NO. 03-17-00666-CV
Facility Insurance Corporation, Appellant
v.
Patients Medical Center, Appellee
FROM THE DISTRICT COURT OF TRAVIS COUNTY, 200TH JUDICIAL DISTRICT NO. D-1-GN-13-003388, HONORABLE LORA J. LIVINGSTON, JUDGE PRESIDING
OPINION
This appeal emanates from a “medical fee dispute” arising within the context of the
Texas Workers’ Compensation Act (the Act), see generally Tex. Lab. Code §§ 401.001–419.007,
and the exclusive jurisdiction of the Texas Department of Insurance’s Division of Workers’
Compensation (the Division) to determine such disputes. The dispute concerns the amount of
reimbursement owed by a workers’ compensation insurance carrier, Facility Insurance Corporation
(Carrier), to a hospital, Patients Medical Center (Provider), for providing medical services to an
injured worker. Carrier appeals the trial court’s final judgment affirming a SOAH1 Decision and
1 SOAH is an acronym for the State Office of Administrative Hearings, which is the agency authorized to conduct “appeals” (in the form of contested-case hearings) from a decision of the Division on a medical-fee dispute, after which hearing an administrative law judge (ALJ) renders the final administrative order on the claim. See Vista Med. Ctr. Hosp. v. Texas Mut. Ins. Co., 416 S.W.3d 11, 17–18 (Tex. App.—Austin 2013, no pet.). Order determining that Carrier shall pay Provider $20,495.78, plus any applicable interest. We will
reverse the trial court’s final judgment and remand this cause to the Division for further proceedings.
BACKGROUND
Workers’ compensation medical-fee disputes generally
Because the parties’ contentions on appeal arise from and center on the Act’s
regulation of medical reimbursement paid to health-care providers and resolution of disputes about
such payments, we provide only a brief summary of the applicable procedures and regulations
and direct readers to other opinions from this Court outlining in detail the procedural framework.
See, e.g., Vista Med. Ctr. Hosp. v. Texas Mut. Ins. Co., 416 S.W.3d 11 (Tex. App.—Austin 2013,
no pet.).
Medical-fee disputes such as the one at issue in this case are resolved by the Division
pursuant to its duly promulgated rules, including Rule 133.307, relating to “medical fee dispute
resolution” (MFDR). See 28 Tex. Admin. Code § 133.307 (2018) (Texas Dep’t of Ins., MDR of Fee
Disputes); In re Mid-Century Ins. Co. of Tex., 426 S.W.3d 169, 174 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.]
2012, orig. proceeding). A health-care provider dissatisfied with a carrier’s payment on a claim can
file an administrative dispute with the Division.2 See Tex. Lab. Code § 413.031(a); Texas Mut. Ins.
Co. v. Vista Cmty. Med. Ctr., LLP, 275 S.W.3d 538, 544 (Tex. App.—Austin 2008, pet. denied).
To adjudicate the dispute, a Division employee known as a “medical dispute resolution officer”
2 Similarly, MFDR is also available to providers who are ordered by the Division to refund a payment received from a carrier and to carriers who have made refund requests of providers and been refused. Vista Med. Ctr., 416 S.W.3d at 17 (citing Tex. Lab. Code § 413.031(a)(3); 28 Tex. Admin. Code §§ 133.304(p), .305 (2018)).
2 (MDRO) reviews the complaint and documentation filed by the provider and the carrier and
determines the appropriate reimbursement due the provider under the Labor Code and the Division’s
rules. Texas Mut. Ins. Co., 275 S.W.3d at 544. Procedurally, the MDRO determines a medical-fee
dispute on the papers submitted by each party; it is not a contested-case hearing. Vista Med. Ctr.,
416 S.W.3d at 17. The MDRO decides whether a Division fee schedule or a contractual arrangement
applies to the dispute, and the MDRO then resolves the dispute accordingly. See In re Mid-Century,
426 S.W.3d at 174.
If the medical-fee dispute “remains unresolved” after the MFDR renders a decision,
any party to the dispute may request a benefit review conference. Tex. Lab. Code §§ 413.031(k),
.0312(a), (b). If the dispute still “remains unresolved” after the benefit review conference, the parties
may elect to either arbitrate or proceed to a contested-case hearing before SOAH. Id. § 413.0312(d),
(e); see id. § 413.031(k); In re Mid-Century, 426 S.W.3d at 174. After the contested-case hearing,
the ALJ issues the final administrative order. See Tex. Lab. Code §§ 402.073(b), 413.031(k). A
party who is “aggrieved” by SOAH’s final decision may seek judicial review from a district court.
Id. § 413.031(k-1).
Factual and procedural background
Prior to the events from which this dispute arose, the injured worker (Patient) had
undergone permanent implantation of an internal spinal cord stimulator (or “generator”) and
electrode arrays (or “leads”)3 to help control pain from an injury she sustained while moving a desk
3 Appellee’s brief explains that “a spinal cord stimulator is a device used to apply pulsed electrical signals to the spinal cord,” usually consisting of stimulating electrodes implanted in the
3 at work. In August 2009, one of Provider’s surgeons requested preauthorization from Carrier to
perform two surgical procedures on Patient: “Spinal cord stimulator-revision (CPT4 63660) and
Programming (CPT 95972).” In its preauthorization letter in response, Carrier stated that Patient’s
stimulator leads had been “removed in 10/08 due to migration” and that Provider’s surgeon was
“requesting replacement of the leads.” Carrier’s letter concluded that the surgeon’s proposal to
“replace the leads, hook them back up, and reprogram the [generator] unit to get maximum
coverage” was “a very reasonable tx [treatment] plan.” Carrier’s letter also “approved” the surgeon’s
two requested procedures.
The surgery was later performed, after which Provider sent a bill to Carrier for its
services in the amount of $94,640.48. Provider’s bill identified charges for the two preauthorized
CPT codes as well as several others. Carrier paid Provider only $2,345.75, explaining its denial of
most of the billed charges as exceeding the preauthorization and asserting that it was entitled to pay
only 92% of the “allowable” charges due to an informal network contract that existed between
Provider and Aetna and to which Carrier was entitled to access to receive the benefit of discounted
rates. Provider requested that Carrier reconsider its denial of its claim. See 28 Tex. Admin. Code
§ 133.250 (2018) (Tex. Dep’t of Ins., Reconsideration for Payment of Medical Bills). Carrier denied
any additional payments.
epidural space, an electrical pulse generator implanted in the lower abdominal or gluteal region, conducting wires connecting the electrodes to the generator, and an external generator remote control. 4 The Current Procedural Terminology (CPT) is a medical-code set maintained by the American Medical Association.
4 Provider then sent Carrier a “corrected” bill, which omitted some of the previous CPT
codes appearing on the original bill, and accompanied the corrected bill with a request for “2nd level
of reconsideration.” Carrier denied payment on the corrected bill, asserting that Provider had failed
to submit the bill within 95 days from the date of service. See Tex. Lab. Code § 408.027(a) (stating
that provider’s failure to submit claim to carrier within 95 days of service “constitutes a forfeiture
of the provider’s right to reimbursement for that claim”).
Provider timely requested that the Division conduct MFDR. See id. § 413.031(a).
The MDRO later issued her decision, in which she explained that she had considered the
disputed services and Carrier’s denial thereof as explained in Carrier’s Explanation of Benefits
dated November 9, 2010 (issued in response to Provider’s first reconsideration request). The
MDRO’s decision awarded Provider additional reimbursement in the amount of $20,495.78. Carrier
requested a contested-case hearing at SOAH, after which the ALJ issued a Decision and Order (the
SOAH Order).
The SOAH Order identified as the “three issues in this case”: (1) whether the original
medical bill sent by Provider to Carrier “was a complete medical bill as defined by 28 Texas
Administrative Code (TAC) § 133.2”; (2) “whether the Carrier had the burden of proof” in the
contested-case hearing; and (3) “whether the services were preauthorized.”5 The SOAH Order
concluded that Carrier “failed to carry its burden that Provider is not entitled to $20,495.78” in
5 Carrier raised other issues—including the alleged miscalculation of the reimbursement amount—in its Written Closing Argument submitted to the ALJ, but the ALJ specifically addressed only the three issues identified above.
5 additional reimbursement and ordered that Carrier pay Provider that sum. Carrier appeals the
SOAH Order.
STANDARD OF REVIEW
Our review of the SOAH Order is governed by the same analysis as that in the
district court—the “substantial-evidence rule.” Jenkins v. Crosby Indep. Sch. Dist., 537 S.W.3d 142,
148 (Tex. App.—Austin 2017, no pet.); see Tex. Lab. Code § 410.255(b); Hartford Ins. Co. v. Crain,
246 S.W.3d 374, 379 (Tex. App.—Austin 2008, no pet.) (noting that under workers’ compensation
statutes, all issues besides compensability or income or death benefits are reviewed using
substantial-evidence rule). Under that standard, we must reverse or remand the case for further
proceedings “if substantial rights of the appellant have been prejudiced because the administrative
findings, inferences, conclusions, or decisions are”
(A) in violation of a constitutional or statutory provision; (B) in excess of the agency’s statutory authority; (C) made through unlawful procedure; (D) affected by other error of law; (E) not reasonably supported by substantial evidence considering the reliable and probative evidence in the record as a whole; or (F) arbitrary or capricious or characterized by abuse of discretion or clearly unwarranted exercise of discretion.
Tex. Gov’t Code § 2001.174. Essentially, this is a rational-basis test to determine, as a matter of
law, whether there is a reasonable basis in the record for the agency’s action; we do not determine
whether the agency made the correct conclusion in our view. Jenkins, 537 S.W.3d at 149. We apply
this analysis without deference to the district court’s judgment. Id.; see Texas Dep’t of Pub. Safety
v. Alford, 209 S.W.3d 101, 103 (Tex. 2006) (per curiam).
6 DISCUSSION
Carrier raises five issues on appeal, asserting that: (1) the ALJ committed “legal
error” in failing to apply the “informal” or “voluntary” network rate allowed for by contract between
Provider and Aetna, which Carrier was allegedly entitled to access; (2) Provider “forfeited” the right
to payment for failing to submit a “complete” and timely bill; (3) Provider “waived” its entitlement
to the Division’s MFDR process by failing to request reconsideration of the Carrier’s response to
Provider’s “corrected” bill; (4) the ALJ incorrectly determined Provider’s entitlement to and amount
of reimbursement; and (5) the ALJ committed “legal error” in improperly “reversing” the burden of
proof at the contested-case hearing. We will address Carrier’s last issue first because it pertains to
alleged legal and procedural error in the SOAH proceedings, which could potentially obviate our
review of Carrier’s other issues. See Tex. Gov’t Code § 2001.174 (requiring reversal of agency order
if party’s substantial rights have been prejudiced because agency’s findings, inferences, conclusions,
or decisions are made through unlawful procedure or are affected by other error of law).
Whether the ALJ improperly shifted the burden of proof to Carrier
Carrier contends that the ALJ improperly shifted the burden of proof from Provider
to Carrier, requiring it to “disprove the amount [of additional reimbursement] calculated by the
MDRO.” Carrier points to the following conclusion of law by the ALJ: “Carrier failed to carry its
burden that Provider is not entitled to $20,495.78 in additional reimbursement.” Carrier argues that
the “dispositive issue” in a medical-fee dispute remains, throughout the entire dispute-resolution
process, “whether the provider is entitled to the additional amount claimed.” Therefore, Carrier
7 continues, Provider carries the burden of proof on its claim to the additional amount owed even
throughout proceedings at SOAH. We agree.
For medical-fee disputes proceeding to a SOAH hearing provided for by the
Legislature, as here, the SOAH hearing is to be “a de novo contested-case hearing on the
reimbursement or refund claim.” See Vista Med. Ctr., 416 S.W.3d at 17–18. In determining which
party has the burden of proof in a de novo contested-case hearing, SOAH’s rules require the ALJ to
“first consider the applicable statute, the referring agency’s rules, and the referring agency’s policy.”
1 Tex. Admin. Code § 155.427 (2018) (State Office of Admin. Hearings, Burden of Proof). After
considering those sources, the ALJ “may” consider other factors, including, relevantly here: (a) who
is the party seeking affirmative relief, (b) who is the party seeking to change the status quo, and (c)
whether a party would be required to prove a negative. Id. While the Labor Code does not speak
to the burden of proof in SOAH hearings, the Division’s rules do: “The burden of proof rests with
the party seeking relief in hearings conducted pursuant to Labor Code [sections 413.031 and
413.0312, relevant here, pertaining to medical-fee disputes].” 28 Tex. Admin. Code § 148.14(b)
(2018) (Texas Dep’t of Ins., Burden of Proof); see Tex. Lab. Code §§ 413.031(k), .0312(e). We
therefore consider which party is “seeking relief” here.
Neither the applicable rules nor statutes define the common term “relief,” which in
ordinary legal usage, as relevant here, means “[t]he redress or benefit, esp. equitable in nature (such
as an injunction or specific performance), that a party asks of a court.” Relief, Black’s Law
Dictionary (10th ed. 2014). A contested-case hearing concerning a medical-fee dispute is conducted
in the context of, and pursuant to, the Labor Code’s specific MFDR process, which “delegates to the
8 Division (and, in turn, SOAH) exclusive jurisdiction to determine the amount of medical
reimbursement that is owed by a carrier to a health care provider . . . subject to judicial review under
the APA substantial-evidence standard.” See Vista Med. Ctr., 416 S.W.3d at 18. If a party is
dissatisfied with the decision of the MDRO, it may “seek review of the decision” by first requesting
a benefit review conference with the Division and then, if still dissatisfied, filing a written request
for a SOAH hearing with the Division. See 28 Tex. Admin. Code § 133.307(g).
The SOAH hearing comprises, essentially, yet another step in the statutorily
prescribed process initiated by a provider via its filing of an administrative dispute with the Division
on its claim for reimbursement after being denied payment by a carrier. See Tex. Lab. Code
§ 413.031(a) (“A party, including a health care provider, is entitled to review of a medical service
provided or for which authorization of payment is sought if a health care provider is . . . denied
payment or paid a reduced amount for the medical service rendered . . . .”); 28 Tex. Admin. Code
§ 133.250(i) (“If the health care provider is dissatisfied with the insurance carrier’s final action on
a medical bill after reconsideration, the health care provider may request medical dispute resolution
. . . .”); see also Texas Mut. Ins. Co., 275 S.W.3d at 544. Therefore, the Division (and, in turn,
SOAH) is the adjudicative body charged with determining whether the provider is entitled to
payment on its reimbursement claim—in other words, in determining whether the provider is entitled
to the “relief” it seeks in the form of reimbursement.6
6 This Court has previously noted that the ALJ effectively stands in the shoes of the Division in rendering the final order on a provider’s claim: “Following the contested-case hearing (colloquially termed an ‘appeal’), the ALJ renders the final administrative order on the claim.” Vista Med. Ctr., 416 S.W.3d at 18.
9 In this administrative-adjudicative context, the salient dispute remains a constant
throughout the MFDR process, including the hearing at SOAH: to how much reimbursement is the
provider entitled? Indeed, the MFDR process continues until ultimately decided by SOAH precisely
because the dispute “remains unresolved” until that point. See Tex. Lab. Code §§ 413.031(k),
413.0312(a),(b), (d), (e). Similarly, it is the provider’s claim to a certain amount of reimbursement
refused by a carrier that initiates the MFDR process, an inherent part of which is the SOAH hearing.
By invoking the MFDR process, the provider is seeking to change the status quo—the status quo
being that the carrier has refused to pay a reimbursement claim.7 Furthermore, the provider is the
party seeking “affirmative relief” (in the form of reimbursement) throughout the entire review
process under the workers’ compensation regime, despite a carrier’s challenging a reimbursement
award at any given stage within the MFDR context. Cf. Manbeck v. Austin Indep. Sch. Dist.,
381 S.W.3d 528, 532–33 (Tex. 2012) (holding that school-district carrier under Act “never sought
affirmative relief” by merely availing itself of “the administrative phase of the [Act’s dispute-
resolution] process” in seeking review of Division’s decision on extent of worker’s compensable
injury). It follows that the provider is the party “seeking relief” on its reimbursement claim from the
Division and, by extension of the Division’s exclusive jurisdiction and delegation to SOAH, from
that tribunal as well. Thus, the provider carries the burden of proof in de novo contested-case
hearings at SOAH conducted on the provider’s claim to reimbursement.
7 Conversely, in a medical-fee dispute in which a carrier seeks a refund from a provider on the carrier’s claim of overpayment, the status quo would be the provider’s refusal to pay a refund, and the carrier would be the party seeking to change that status quo.
10 Yet, the ALJ explicitly placed the burden of proof on Carrier when he concluded
that “Carrier failed to carry its burden that Provider is not entitled to $20,495.78 in additional
reimbursement.” Carrier was, therefore, required to prove a negative, and the result of its failure
to prove that negative means that Provider is unequivocally entitled to the same amount awarded
by the MDRO—$20,495.78—without having to bring forth any evidence supporting that amount,
apart from the MDRO’s decision itself.8 Such legal and procedural error prejudiced Carrier’s
substantial rights because, as a result thereof, Carrier was ordered by the Division to pay Provider
a sum of money.
Moreover, the ALJ’s improper burden-shifting rendered the Legislature’s grant of a
contested-case hearing to Carrier useless; if an ALJ may simply uphold the decision of the MDRO
on the basis of the MDRO’s decision itself, there is a lack of any meaningful review, despite the
Legislature’s express provision for a SOAH hearing. See Columbia Med. Ctr. of Las Colinas, Inc.
v. Hogue, 271 S.W.3d 238, 256 (Tex. 2008) (“The Court must not interpret the statute in a
manner that renders any part of the statute meaningless or superfluous.”); see also Tex. Gov’t
Code § 311.021(2) (presumption that entire statute is intended to be effective); Texas Lottery
Comm’n v. First State Bank of DeQueen, 325 S.W.3d 628, 637 (Tex. 2010) (“Courts ‘do not lightly
presume that the Legislature may have done a useless act.’” (quoting Liberty Mut. Ins. Co. v.
Garrison Contractors, Inc., 966 S.W.2d 482, 485 (Tex. 1998))). A dissatisfied party’s subsequent
8 As outlined in great detail in Carrier’s brief, a critical component of the formula used in the MDRO’s calculation of the reimbursement amount is the so-called “sum of all packaged costs,” which the MDRO—without any explanation—declared to be $20,649.75. This “packaged costs” amount was determinative in the MDRO’s conclusion that Provider was entitled to so-called “outlier payments,” which comprised the largest component of the total reimbursement awarded.
11 filing of a petition for judicial review—after the lack of any meaningful review at SOAH—would
only magnify the error and constitute yet another layer of meaningless review. After all, how would
any administrative record not contain substantial evidence to support an ALJ’s conclusion that a
carrier failed to prove a negative, especially when a provider presented no relevant evidence? The
ALJ’s legal and procedural error requires reversal and remand for a new contested-case hearing in
accordance with this opinion, in which Provider has the burden of proving the amount of
reimbursement to which it claims it is entitled.
Accordingly, we sustain Carrier’s fifth issue and hold that the trial court erred in
affirming the SOAH Order. In sustaining this issue, we need not reach Carrier’s other issues.
CONCLUSION
Having sustained Carrier’s fifth issue and concluding that the ALJ improperly
shifted the burden of proof from Provider to Carrier, we reverse the judgment of the district court
affirming the SOAH Order and remand this cause to the Division for further proceedings consistent
with this opinion.
_________________________________________ David Puryear, Justice
Before Justices Puryear, Goodwin, and Bourland
Reversed and Remanded
Filed: December 5, 2018