Expressions Hair Design v. Schneiderman

Procedural entryThis page is a short order in Expressions Hair Design v. Schneiderman. Read the opinion of the Court — 808 F.3d 118
Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit·Decided December 11, 2015·No. 13-4533 (L)·Published

Opinion

13‐4533 (L) Expressions Hair Design v. Schneiderman

1 UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS 2 FOR THE SECOND CIRCUIT 3 4 August Term 2014 5 6 (Argued: March 5, 2015 Decided: September 29, 2015 7 Amended: December 11, 2015) 8 9 Nos. 13‐4533, 13‐4537 10 11 –––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––– 12 13 EXPRESSIONS HAIR DESIGN, LINDA FIACCO, THE BROOKLYN FARMACY & SODA 14 FOUNTAIN, INC., PETER FREEMAN, BUNDA STARR CORP., DONNA PABST, FIVE POINTS 15 ACADEMY, STEVE MILLES, PATIO.COM LLC, DAVID ROSS, 16 17 Plaintiffs‐Appellees, 18 19 ‐v.‐ 20 21 ERIC T. SCHNEIDERMAN, in his official capacity as Attorney General of the State of 22 New York, CYRUS R. VANCE, JR., in his official capacity as District Attorney of 23 New York County, CHARLES J. HYNES, in his official capacity as District Attorney 24 of Kings County, 25 26 Defendants‐Appellants. 27 28 –––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––– 29 30 Before: WESLEY, LIVINGSTON, and CARNEY, Circuit Judges. 31 32 Defendants appeal from a November 4, 2013 judgment of the United States 33 District Court for the Southern District of New York (Jed S. Rakoff, Judge) declaring

1 1 that New York General Business Law § 518, which prohibits sellers from imposing 2 a surcharge on customers who use credit cards, violates the First Amendment and 3 is unconstitutionally vague under the Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth 4 Amendment, and enjoining Defendants from enforcing the surcharge prohibition 5 against Plaintiffs. We conclude that the district court erred in holding that § 518 6 violates the First Amendment and the Due Process Clause. We therefore vacate the 7 judgment and remand for dismissal of Plaintiffs’ claims. 8 9 VACATED AND REMANDED. 10 11 JUDITH VALE, Assistant Attorney General 12 (Barbara D. Underwood, Solicitor General, 13 Steven C. Wu, Deputy Solicitor General, on 14 the brief), for Defendant‐Appellant Eric T. 15 Schneiderman, in his official capacity as Attorney 16 General of the State of New York. 17 18 Larry A. Sonnenschein, Ronald E. Sternberg, 19 for Zachary W. Carter, Corporation Counsel 20 of the City of New York, for Defendants‐ 21 Appellants Cyrus R. Vance, Jr., in his official 22 capacity as District Attorney of New York 23 County, and Charles J. Hynes, in his official 24 capacity as District Attorney of Kings County. 25 26 Henry C. Meier, Associate General Counsel, 27 for Amicus Curiae Credit Union Association of 28 New York in support of Defendants‐Appellants. 29 30 DEEPAK GUPTA, Gupta Beck PLLC, 31 Washington, DC (Gary Friedman, Friedman 32 Law Group, LLP, New York, NY, on the brief), 33 for Plaintiffs‐Appellees. 34

2 1 Linda P. Nussbaum, Grant & Eisenhofer, 2 P.A., New York, NY, for Amici Curiae The 3 Kroger Company, Safeway Inc., Walgreen Co., 4 Food Lion, LLC, Hy‐Vee Inc., H.E. Butt Grocery 5 Co., The Great Atlantic & Pacific Tea Co., Inc., 6 Albertson’s LLC, and Rite Aid Corp., in support 7 of Plaintiffs‐Appellees. 8 9 J. Douglas Richards, Cohen Milstein Sellers & 10 Toll PLLC, New York, NY, for Amici Curiae 11 Consumer Action, National Association of 12 Consumer Advocates, National Consumers 13 League, and U.S. Public Interest Research Group, 14 in support of Plaintiffs‐Appellees. 15 16 17 DEBRA ANN LIVINGSTON, Circuit Judge:

18 New York General Business Law § 518 (“Section 518”) provides that “[n]o

19 seller in any sales transaction may impose a surcharge on a holder who elects to use

20 a credit card in lieu of payment by cash, check, or similar means.” Plaintiffs‐

21 Appellees in this action (“Plaintiffs”) are five New York businesses and their owners

22 and managers.1 They sued the Attorney General of the State of New York and the

1 Plaintiffs are Expressions Hair Design, a unisex hair salon in Vestal, New York, and its co‐owner, Linda Fiacco; The Brooklyn Farmacy & Soda Fountain, Inc., an ice‐cream parlor in Brooklyn, and its co‐founder, Peter Freeman; Bunda Starr Corp., which owns a Manhattan liquor store, and its president, Donna Pabst; Five Points Academy, a Manhattan martial arts studio, and its vice president, Steve Milles; and Patio.Com LLC, an outdoor furniture and billiards company with stores throughout New York, and its founder and president, David Ross.

3 1 District Attorneys of New York County and Kings County (collectively, “New

2 York”) in the United States District Court for the Southern District of New York,

3 claiming that Section 518 violates the First Amendment’s Free Speech Clause and is

4 void for vagueness under the Fourteenth Amendment’s Due Process Clause. The

5 district court (Jed S. Rakoff, Judge) agreed with Plaintiffs on both counts, and

6 eventually entered a final judgment declaring Section 518 unconstitutional and

7 permanently enjoining New York from enforcing the law against Plaintiffs. On

8 appeal, we conclude that the application of Section 518ʹs text to surcharges added

9 to single sticker prices violates neither the First Amendment nor the Due Process

10 Clause. We further decline to address other applications, invoking Pullman

11 abstention. See R.R. Commʹn of Tex. v. Pullman Co., 312 U.S. 496 (1941). We therefore

12 vacate the judgment entered by the district court and remand for dismissal of

13 Plaintiffs’ claims.

14 BACKGROUND

15 A. “Swipe Fees” and Credit‐Card Surcharges

16 Every time a consumer pays for goods or services with a credit card, the

17 credit‐card issuer charges the merchant a percentage of the purchase price. (The

18 parties and literature refer to these fees as “swipe fees” or “merchant‐discount

4 1 fees.”) The typical fee is two to three percent of the transaction amount. Plaintiffs

2 and other businesses that chafe at these fees would like to pass them along to

3 consumers while also making consumers aware of the charge in an effort to convince

4 them to pay cash. Accordingly, they would like to charge more than their regular

5 price to customers who use credit cards; that is, they would like to impose a

6 “surcharge” on credit‐card users. Another way of passing the cost of credit along

7 to customers is to offer a discount from the regular price to customers who use cash.

8 While these two means of passing along the cost of credit may seem equivalent (in

9 that they both ultimately result in credit‐card customers paying more than cash

10 customers), differences between them have led to a series of efforts by both credit‐

11 card companies and legislators to prohibit credit‐card surcharges specifically.

12 One difference between credit‐card surcharges and cash discounts involves

13 consumers’ reactions to them. A psychological phenomenon known as “loss

14 aversion” means that “changes that make things worse (losses) loom larger than

15 improvements or gains” of an equivalent amount. Daniel Kahneman et al.,

16 Anomalies: The Endowment Effect, Loss Aversion, and Status Quo Bias, 5 J. Econ. Persp.

17 193, 199 (1991). For this reason, credit‐card surcharges are more effective than cash

18 discounts at discouraging credit‐card use among consumers, which has naturally led

5 1 credit‐card companies to oppose them. See Richard Thaler, Toward a Positive Theory

2 of Consumer Choice, 1 J. Econ. Behav. & Org. 39, 45 (1980). But some consumer

3 advocates and lawmakers, too, have favored protecting consumers from the

4 inconvenience and annoyance of having extra charges added to their bills, and have

5 also suggested that discouraging credit‐card use may have adverse economic effects

6 on the broader economy by “dampen[ing] retail sales.” J.A. 114.

Free access — add to your briefcase to read the full text and ask questions with AI

Expressions Hair Design v. Schneiderman, (2d Cir. 2015).

Expressions Hair Design v. Schneiderman (Expressions Hair Design v. Schneiderman) — published by Counsel Stack Legal Research, free access to 12M+ legal documents.

Related

Citizens United v. Federal Election Commission
558 U.S. 310 (Supreme Court, 2010)
Ashwander v. Tennessee Valley Authority
297 U.S. 288 (Supreme Court, 1936)
Railroad Comm'n of Tex. v. Pullman Co.
312 U.S. 496 (Supreme Court, 1941)
Giboney v. Empire Storage & Ice Co.
336 U.S. 490 (Supreme Court, 1949)
Dombrowski v. Pfister
380 U.S. 479 (Supreme Court, 1965)
United States v. O'Brien
391 U.S. 367 (Supreme Court, 1968)
Broadrick v. Oklahoma
413 U.S. 601 (Supreme Court, 1973)
Smith v. Goguen
415 U.S. 566 (Supreme Court, 1974)
Lehman Brothers v. Schein
416 U.S. 386 (Supreme Court, 1974)
Intercounty Constraction Corp. v. Walter
422 U.S. 1 (Supreme Court, 1975)
Young v. American Mini Theatres, Inc.
427 U.S. 50 (Supreme Court, 1976)
Bellotti v. Baird
428 U.S. 132 (Supreme Court, 1976)
Ohralik v. Ohio State Bar Assn.
436 U.S. 447 (Supreme Court, 1978)
Babbitt v. United Farm Workers National Union
442 U.S. 289 (Supreme Court, 1979)
Hoffman Estates v. Flipside, Hoffman Estates, Inc.
455 U.S. 489 (Supreme Court, 1982)
New York v. Ferber
458 U.S. 747 (Supreme Court, 1982)
Kolender v. Lawson
461 U.S. 352 (Supreme Court, 1983)
Virginia v. American Booksellers Assn., Inc.
484 U.S. 383 (Supreme Court, 1988)