OPINION
EDELMAN, J.
Anthony Starnes appeals the denial of his application for writ of habeas corpus on the ground that his prosecution in this case is barred by double jeopardy. We affirm.
Background
Appellant was charged with engaging in organized criminal activity in both Brazo-ria and Fort Bend Counties. After entering a guilty or no contest plea
in Brazoria
County and receiving deferred adjudication community supervision, appellant filed a pretrial application for writ of habeas corpus in Fort Bend County based on double jeopardy. The trial court denied this application.
Standard of Review
Appellate courts should afford almost total deference to a trial court’s determination of the historical facts that the record supports, especially when the trial court’s fact findings are based on an evaluation of credibility and demeanor.
See Guzman v. State,
955 S.W.2d 85, 89 (Tex. Crim.App.1997). Appellate courts should afford the same amount of deference to trial courts’ rulings on “application of law to fact questions,” also known as “mixed questions of law and fact,” if the resolution of those ultimate questions turns on an evaluation of credibility and demeanor.
See id.
Appellate courts may review de novo “mixed questions of law and fact” not falling within this category.
See id.
Double Jeopardy
Appellant’s two points of error argue that his prosecution in Fort Bend County is barred by the double jeopardy protections of the United States and Texas Constitutions because he has already been tried and punished for the same offense in Brazoria County. The State argues that, under Blockburger;
the offense alleged in Brazoria County is factually distinct from that alleged in Fort Bend County because the dates, places, and victims of the underlying offenses are different and must be proven as elements of the crime.
The Double Jeopardy Clause
protects against successive prosecutions and multiple punishments for the same offense.
See Monge v. California,
524 U.S. 721, 118 S.Ct. 2246, 2250, 141 L.Ed.2d 615 (1998);
Ex parte Ward,
964 S.W.2d 617, 624 (Tex.Crim.App.),
cert.
denied, - U.S. -, 119 S.Ct. 66, 142 L.Ed.2d 52 (1998).
Generally, under the
Blockburger
test, two offenses do not constitute the same offense for double jeopardy purposes if each offense contains an element that the other does not.
See United States v. Dixon,
509 U.S. 688, 696, 113 S.Ct. 2849, 125 L.Ed.2d 556 (1993). In conducting the
Blockburger
test, the elements in the charging instruments, rather than solely those in the penal provisions, are controlling.
See State v. Perez,
947 S.W.2d 268, 270 (Tex.Crim.App.1997).
However, in cases where a defendant’s conduct allegedly violates the same statute more than once, we must determine whether that conduct constituted more than one offense under the statute as a matter of statutory interpretation.
See Vineyard v. State,
958 S.W.2d 834, 836-37
nn. 5-6 (Tex.Crim.App.1998);
Iglehart v. State,
837 S.W.2d 122, 127 (Tex. Crim.App. 1992). This determination is necessary because, although our state courts are bound by United States Supreme Court decisions interpreting the scope of double jeopardy, the determination of what' constitutes an “offense” is largely a matter of state law. See
Vineyard,
958 S.W.2d at 837 n. 6;
Iglehart,
837 S.W.2d at 127.
Few, if any, limitations are imposed by the Double Jeopardy Clause on the legislative power to define offenses.
See Sanabria v. United States,
437 U.S. 54, 69, 98 S.Ct. 2170, 57 L.Ed.2d 43 (1978);
Vineyard,
958 S.W.2d at 837 n. 6;
Iglehart,
837 S.W.2d at 127. Once the legislative body has defined a statutory offense by the “allowable unit of prosecution,” that proscription determines the scope of protection afforded by a prior conviction or acquittal.
See Sanabria,
437 U.S. at 69-70, 98 S.Ct. 2170;
Spradling v. State,
773 S.W.2d 553, 556 (Tex.Crim.App.1989). For example, because the theft statute defines an offense in terms of depriving “the owner” of property, taking property from two owners during the same criminal transaction constitutes two distinct offenses notwithstanding that both violate the same statute.
See Iglehart,
837 S.W.2d at 127. Similarly, because the manslaughter statute defines an offense in terms of causing the death of “an individual,” each individual death in a single transaction constitutes a separate offense.
See Ex parte Rathmell,
717 S.W.2d 33, 35 (Tex.Crim.App.1986).
In this case, the parties have cited and we have found no ease law determining the allowable unit of prosecution under the organized criminal activity statute. Appellant contends that, because the offenses in both counties were all committed pursuant to a single agreement or combination, they should be treated as a single offense for double jeopardy purposes,
ie.,
as in the case of a conspiracy. With a conspiracy offense, the act of agreeing is the central and operative action and thus the essence of the offense, as illustrated by the Texas conspiracy statute:
(a) A person commits criminal conspiracy if, with intent that a felony be committed:
(1) he
agrees
with one or more persons that they or one or more of them engage in conduct that would constitute the offense; and
(2) he or one or more of them performs an overt act in pursuance of . the agreement.
Tex.Penal Code Ann. § 15.02 (Vernon 1994) (emphasis added). Because it is the agreement that is the focus of a conspiracy, a single continuing agreement constitutes a single conspiracy offense regardless whether the object of the agreement is to commit one crime or many..
See Braverman v. United States,
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OPINION
EDELMAN, J.
Anthony Starnes appeals the denial of his application for writ of habeas corpus on the ground that his prosecution in this case is barred by double jeopardy. We affirm.
Background
Appellant was charged with engaging in organized criminal activity in both Brazo-ria and Fort Bend Counties. After entering a guilty or no contest plea
in Brazoria
County and receiving deferred adjudication community supervision, appellant filed a pretrial application for writ of habeas corpus in Fort Bend County based on double jeopardy. The trial court denied this application.
Standard of Review
Appellate courts should afford almost total deference to a trial court’s determination of the historical facts that the record supports, especially when the trial court’s fact findings are based on an evaluation of credibility and demeanor.
See Guzman v. State,
955 S.W.2d 85, 89 (Tex. Crim.App.1997). Appellate courts should afford the same amount of deference to trial courts’ rulings on “application of law to fact questions,” also known as “mixed questions of law and fact,” if the resolution of those ultimate questions turns on an evaluation of credibility and demeanor.
See id.
Appellate courts may review de novo “mixed questions of law and fact” not falling within this category.
See id.
Double Jeopardy
Appellant’s two points of error argue that his prosecution in Fort Bend County is barred by the double jeopardy protections of the United States and Texas Constitutions because he has already been tried and punished for the same offense in Brazoria County. The State argues that, under Blockburger;
the offense alleged in Brazoria County is factually distinct from that alleged in Fort Bend County because the dates, places, and victims of the underlying offenses are different and must be proven as elements of the crime.
The Double Jeopardy Clause
protects against successive prosecutions and multiple punishments for the same offense.
See Monge v. California,
524 U.S. 721, 118 S.Ct. 2246, 2250, 141 L.Ed.2d 615 (1998);
Ex parte Ward,
964 S.W.2d 617, 624 (Tex.Crim.App.),
cert.
denied, - U.S. -, 119 S.Ct. 66, 142 L.Ed.2d 52 (1998).
Generally, under the
Blockburger
test, two offenses do not constitute the same offense for double jeopardy purposes if each offense contains an element that the other does not.
See United States v. Dixon,
509 U.S. 688, 696, 113 S.Ct. 2849, 125 L.Ed.2d 556 (1993). In conducting the
Blockburger
test, the elements in the charging instruments, rather than solely those in the penal provisions, are controlling.
See State v. Perez,
947 S.W.2d 268, 270 (Tex.Crim.App.1997).
However, in cases where a defendant’s conduct allegedly violates the same statute more than once, we must determine whether that conduct constituted more than one offense under the statute as a matter of statutory interpretation.
See Vineyard v. State,
958 S.W.2d 834, 836-37
nn. 5-6 (Tex.Crim.App.1998);
Iglehart v. State,
837 S.W.2d 122, 127 (Tex. Crim.App. 1992). This determination is necessary because, although our state courts are bound by United States Supreme Court decisions interpreting the scope of double jeopardy, the determination of what' constitutes an “offense” is largely a matter of state law. See
Vineyard,
958 S.W.2d at 837 n. 6;
Iglehart,
837 S.W.2d at 127.
Few, if any, limitations are imposed by the Double Jeopardy Clause on the legislative power to define offenses.
See Sanabria v. United States,
437 U.S. 54, 69, 98 S.Ct. 2170, 57 L.Ed.2d 43 (1978);
Vineyard,
958 S.W.2d at 837 n. 6;
Iglehart,
837 S.W.2d at 127. Once the legislative body has defined a statutory offense by the “allowable unit of prosecution,” that proscription determines the scope of protection afforded by a prior conviction or acquittal.
See Sanabria,
437 U.S. at 69-70, 98 S.Ct. 2170;
Spradling v. State,
773 S.W.2d 553, 556 (Tex.Crim.App.1989). For example, because the theft statute defines an offense in terms of depriving “the owner” of property, taking property from two owners during the same criminal transaction constitutes two distinct offenses notwithstanding that both violate the same statute.
See Iglehart,
837 S.W.2d at 127. Similarly, because the manslaughter statute defines an offense in terms of causing the death of “an individual,” each individual death in a single transaction constitutes a separate offense.
See Ex parte Rathmell,
717 S.W.2d 33, 35 (Tex.Crim.App.1986).
In this case, the parties have cited and we have found no ease law determining the allowable unit of prosecution under the organized criminal activity statute. Appellant contends that, because the offenses in both counties were all committed pursuant to a single agreement or combination, they should be treated as a single offense for double jeopardy purposes,
ie.,
as in the case of a conspiracy. With a conspiracy offense, the act of agreeing is the central and operative action and thus the essence of the offense, as illustrated by the Texas conspiracy statute:
(a) A person commits criminal conspiracy if, with intent that a felony be committed:
(1) he
agrees
with one or more persons that they or one or more of them engage in conduct that would constitute the offense; and
(2) he or one or more of them performs an overt act in pursuance of . the agreement.
Tex.Penal Code Ann. § 15.02 (Vernon 1994) (emphasis added). Because it is the agreement that is the focus of a conspiracy, a single continuing agreement constitutes a single conspiracy offense regardless whether the object of the agreement is to commit one crime or many..
See Braverman v. United States,
317 U.S. 49, 54, 63 S.Ct. 99, 87 L.Ed. 23 (1942).
Under the organized criminal activity statute, the operative action and thus the essence of the offense is committing or conspiring to commit one or more of the specified crimes:
(a) A person commits an offense if, with the intent to establish, maintain, or participate in a combination
or in the profits of a combination ..., he
commits or conspires to
commit
one or more of the following:
(1) murder, capital murder, arson, aggravated robbery, robbery, burglary, theft....
Tex.Pen.Code Ann. § 71.02 (Vernon 1994) (emphasis added).
With regard to conspiring to commit under this statute, as with conventional conspiracy, we believe that the agreement is the essential element of the offense and therefore defines the allowable unit of prosecution and extends to whatever crimes are conspired to be committed.
However, with regard to organized criminal activity where a conspiracy is not alleged, such as in this case, the statute essentially provides that a person is guilty of an offense if, with the requisite intent, he
commits
one or more of the specified crimes.
In that context, the statute permits an allowable unit of prosecution to consist of the commission of one or, alternatively, more than one of the specified crimes.
In this case, appellant was charged in Brazoria County with the following:
[Appellant] ... on or about the 12th day of OCTOBER, 1996 ... in the [County of Brazoria, State of Texas], did then and there with intent to establish, maintain, and participate in a combination and in the profits of a combination with at least two (2) of the following: BILLY SWALLOWS and DONNA MEYEN, did then and there unlawfully, intentionally and knowingly appropriate by acquiring and by exercising control over property, other than real property, namely, A HORSE owned by KERRY LEE OSBURN hereinafter referred to as Complainant without the effective consent of Complainant and with intent to deprive the Complainant of said property. ...
[Appellant] ... on or about the 16th day of OCTOBER, 1996 ... in [the County of Brazoria, State of Texas], did then and there with intent to establish, maintain, and participate in a combination and in the profits of a combination with at least two (2) of the following: BILLY SWALLOWS and DONNA MEYEN, did then and there unlawfully, intentionally and knowingly appropriate by acquiring and by exercising control over property, other than real property, namely, THREE (3) HORSES owned by
RICHARD CROWSON hereinafter referred to as Complainant, without the effective consent of Complainant and with intent to deprive the Complainant of said property....
After entering a plea on the Brazoria County charge, appellant was indicted in Fort Bend County. That indictment alleged, in part, that:
in Fort Bend County, Texas, On or about the 30th day of August, 1996, continuing until on or about the 15th day of November, 1996, pursuant to one scheme and continuing course of conduct, TOM RICHARD DOYLE, DONNA EAYE MEYEN, [APPELLANT], AND BILLY WAYNE SWALLOWS ... with intent to establish, maintain and participate in a combination consisting of three or more of said defendants, and in the profits of said combination, did then and there commit the offense of THEFT, and in furtherance of said organized criminal activity ...
Paragraph B of this indictment then alleged six different instances of theft from six different complainants in which appellant and three others participated “pursuant to one scheme and continuing course of conduct....” The complainants listed in each indictment were not among those listed in the other.
Because we interpret the organized criminal activity statute to allow the commission of crimes to be either separately or collectively prosecuted where no conspiracy is alleged, we conclude that the Fort Bend County prosecution does not subject appellant to a second prosecution for the same offense as alleged in the Brazoria County prosecution so as to violate his rights against double jeopardy. Accordingly, we overrule appellant’s two points of error and affirm the judgment of the trial court.